Approach to simulation of phase behavior

Transcription

1 Approach to simulation of phase behavior Classical approach Assay analysis Based on TBP, API gravity, Distillation behavior Water solubility by special correlations Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 1

2 Approach to simulation of phase behavior PDC s approach Molecular analysis Mixture of identified substances GC analysis with peak identification Component classes PONA or PA for liquid-liquid behavior PIONA for vapor-liquid behavior Oxygenates Carbon numbers Describes/predicts behavior of hydrocarbon/oxygenates blends Ethanol / gasoline Other components Vapor-liquid Liquid-liquid Multidimensional GC method pren ISO 22854:2007 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 2

3 Molecular approach: activity coefficients Vapor-liquid equilibria Sensitive to molecular composition Component classes Carbon number per class Distinguish among isomers Compromise Accuracy Required data Paraffins carbon number nr. of isomers ,319 p P i = γ = N i i = 1 sat ( x, T ) x P ( T ) p Hexane isomers i H 3 C CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 i CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 i H 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 BP ( C) H 3 C 49.7 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 3

4 Molecular approach: activity coefficients Liquid-liquid equilibria Sensitive to composition Component class Paraffinic Aromatic Carbon number Overall or per class Less complex analysis I i ( I ) I II ( II x, T x γ x, T ) x II γ = i i i Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 4

5 Molecular approach: activity coefficients How to calculate γ i x,t? Solution models Requires binary interaction parameters Nr. of binaries in an n-component mixture: Fuel: > 30 components: 435 binaries Group-contribution models Mixture of molecular groups Binary group interactions Group activity coefficient 5 molecular groups 10 group interactions No limit to nr. of fuel components UNIFAC method ( ) Functional-group Activity Coefficients γ G ( x T ) G i, HC HC n( n 1) 2 CH 2 CH 2 H 3 C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH CH H 3 C CH 2 CH 2 OH CH CH H 2 C H 2 C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 5

6 Simulation of ASTM D-86 Heat loss = F(T bp -T amb ) Nr. of stages reflux distillate Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 6

7 Results: Gasoline and E temperature C gasoline 60 gasoline + 10 %vol ethanol % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 7

8 Results: Gasoline and E %wt ethanol blend - boiling point gasoline C gasoline gasoline + 10 %vol ethanol -25 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 8

9 Results: E10 fuels 200 E10 Canada 200 E10 Thailand temperatuire C temperatuire C % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volum e fraction dis tilled volum e fraction dis tilled T/ C Exp Calc % T/ C Exp Calc % Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 9

10 Results: E25 fuels 200 E25 Brasil #6 200 E25 Brasil # temperatuire C temperatuire C % 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 20 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volum e fraction dis tilled volum e fraction dis tilled T/ C Exp Calc % T/ C Exp Calc % Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 10

11 Results: Martini 2007 Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 11

12 Results: Martini boiling temperature C Fuel B Fuel A vol% dis tilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 12

13 Results: Martini T(fuel A) - T(fuel B) C % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 13

14 Results: Martini % ethanol -5.0 T(ethanol blend) - T(gasoline) C % ethanol vol% distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 14

15 Boiling point depression: azeotropic effect 200 aromats n-paraffins 150 i-paraffins atmospheric boiling point C ethanol 0 intermediate-boilers: azeotropes heavy boiliers light-boilers carbon number Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 15

16 Boiling point depression: azeotropic effect C n-pentane 100 n-heptane vapor pressure kpa 10 n-decane 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% %wt hydrocarbon Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 16

17 Distillation of ethanol blends temperature C gasoline %wt ethanol % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% %vol distilled Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 17

18 Distillation of ethanol blends 100% 90% 80% 70% E150 E100 EN228 E150 spec Distillation parameters 60% 50% 40% EN228 E100 spec EN228 E70 spec class A-B 30% 20% EN228 E70 spec class C-F 10% E70 0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% %wt ethanol Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 18

19 DVPE of ethanol blends class B F E 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous anhydrous % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 19

20 DVPE of ethanol blends class B % isopentane in blendstock 5% butane in blendstock 70 F E 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous anhydrous % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 20

21 DVPE of ethanol blends class B % isopentane in blendstock 5% butane in blendstock 70 F E 5% hydrous 5% isopentane in blend 60 D EN228 classes DVPE kpa 50 C B A class A 10% hydrous 40 5% hydrous anhydrous % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % wt ethanol (anhydrous) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 21

22 Phase stability of hydrous ethanol blends 20 0% TBA E3 E5 E turbidity temperature C % TBA -30 E1 E3-40 E5-50 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% weight% water on ethanol Terschel, DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) report 645 (2005) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 22

23 Liquid-liquid behavior 5 %wt 10 %wt ethanol ethanol bezene water n-hexane water Ross S., Patterson R.E., J.Chem.Eng.Data 24 (1979) Vorob'eva A.I., Karapet'yants M.Kh., Russ.J.Phys.Chem. 40 (1966) Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 23

24 Liquid-liquid behavior 30% 5% water on ethanol 25% n-hexane benzene 20% %wt ethanol 15% 10% 5% 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% phase boundary, %wt water Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 24

25 Liquid-liquid behavior 18% 16% phase boundary, %wt water in ethanol 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% benzene n-hexane 2% 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% phase %wt ethanol Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 25

26 Liquid-liquid behavior 9% 8% 1% TBA phase boundary, %wt water on ethanol 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0.5% TBA no TBA 0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% %vol ethanol in blend Engelen B. (chair), 'Guidelines for blending and handling motor gasoline containing up to 10% v/v ethanol', Concawe, Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 26

27 US initiatives Pilot Programs for Mid-Range Ethanol Blends and Hydrous Ethanol Link to legislation: 24 June 2008 Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal signed into law the Advanced Biofuel Industry Development Initiative (HB 1270), an act intended to support the development of a statewide advanced biofuel industry. Louisiana is now the first state to enact alternative transportation fuel legislation that includes a variable blending pump pilot program with mid-range blends (blends of E10, E20, E30 and E85) and a pilot program for the use of hydrous ethanol.. The state is also testing the use of hydrous ethanol blends of E10, E20, E30 and E85 in motor vehicles specifically selected for test purposes until 1 January During this period the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry Division of Weights & Measures will monitor the performance of the motor vehicles. The hydrous blends will be tested for blend optimization with respect to fuel consumption and engine emissions. Preliminary tests conducted in Europe have proven that the use of hydrous ethanol, which eliminates the need for the hydrous-to-anhydrous dehydration processing step, results in an energy savings of between ten percent and forty-five percent during processing, a four percent product volume increase, higher mileage per gallon, a cleaner engine interior, and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.. Presentation at CEN/TC19/WG21/TF E85, Brussels, July Slide 27