Production and Properties of Biodistillate Transportation Fuels

Transcription

1 Production and Properties of Biodistillate Transportation Fuels AWMA International Specialty Conference: Leapfrogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement May 10-14, 2010 Xi an, Shaanxi Province, China S. Kent Hoekman, Alan Gertler, Amber Broch, Curt Robbins Desert Research Institute Mani Natarajan Marathon Petroleum Company

2 Outline Motivation and Objectives Terminology Feedstocks and Volumes Production Technologies Biodistillate Properties In-Use Performance Conclusions 2

3 Motivation and Objectives Interest in biodiesel and its use is increasing worldwide Improve energy security non-petroleum fuel sources Address greenhouse gas and climate change concerns Promote local agriculture and economic development Objective: Assess state-of-knowledge regarding bio-derived mid-distillate fuels Very active area of work Many topics of interest Policy drivers Biofuel feedstocks Production technologies Fuel properties & specs In-use handling Exhaust emissions Life-cycle impacts Number of Papers Relevant Biodiesel Publications Papers Journals Reports Publication Year 3

4 Biodistillate Terminology Biodiesel Fuel (BD): ASTM D 6751: mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats. Transesterified triglycerides Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) B100 Renewable Diesel (RD) Hydro-processed triglycerides Hydrocarbons, not FAME Green Diesel; NExBTL The term Biodistillate includes both BD and RD 1 st Generation vs. 2 nd Generation fuels 4

5 Feedstocks and Volumes Worldwide production is about 3 billion gallons/year (bg/y) Nearly all is biodiesel; renewable diesel still very small Current U.S. growth is driven by incentives and legal requirements 0.5 bg/y by 2009 Increases to 1.0 bg/y in 2012 Growth in Global Biodiesel Production Future growth is limited by availability & cost of feedstocks Soybean oil in U.S. Rapeseed oil in Europe Billion Gallons Rest of World Rest of Europe Italy France Germany Palm oil elsewhere 0.5 U.S. Great interest in nonconventional feedstocks: Year Jatropha, Karanja, Algae, etc.. 5

6 Production Technology Biodiesel: transesterification of triglycerides Requires alcohol -- produces glycerol as by-product Renewable diesel: hydroprocessing of triglycerides Requires use of H 2 produces no glycerol 6

7 Properties and Specifications Two critical factors define physical properties and performance attributes of biodiesel Carbon chain length of fatty acids (C 16 and C 18 predominate) Degree of unsaturation in fatty acid Linoleic Acid (C18:2) O Oleic Acid (C18:1) O OH OH Soybean Oil Rapeseed Oil 61% Weight % Weight % : : :1 18:2 18: : :1 Carbon Number and Unsaturation 16 16: :1 18:2 18: :1 7

8 Typical Properties of Petroleum Diesel, Biodiesel, and and Renewable Diesel Property No. 2 Petroleum ULSD Biodiesel (FAME) Renewable Diesel Carbon, wt% Hydrogen, wt% Oxygen, wt% Specific Gravity Cetane No T 90, C Viscosity, mm 2 40 C Energy Content (LHV) Mass basis, MJ/kg Mass basis, BTU/lb. 18,500 16,600 18,900 Vol. basis, 1000 BTU/gal

9 In-Use Performance Issues Main concerns with biodiesel: Water solubility Oxidative stability Low temperature operability Precautions to ensure satisfactory quality Adherence to established product specifications Adherence to BQ-9000 producer and marketer requirements Limit blend concentration to B20 and below Need for extra housekeeping when handling biodiesel fuel 9

10 Conclusions Biodistillate fuels offer numerous potential benefits Local/regional fuel source Reduced GHG emissions (on life-cycle basis) Rural economic development Opportunity to leapfrog to new feedstocks Wide diversity of non-edible feedstocks Waste cooking oils Algae, Jatropha, and others 10

11 Acknowledgements: This work was sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) under Project AVFL-17 References: Hoekman, S.K. et al., Investigation of Biodistillates as Potential Blendstocks for Transportation Fuels, CRC AVFL-17 Final Report, June Hoekman, S.K., et al., Biodistillate Transportation Fuels 1. Production and Properties, SAE Technical Paper Series