Crude Assay, ASTM, TBP distillations, Evaluation of crude oil properties.
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1 Crude Assay, ASTM, TBP distillations, Evaluation of crude oil properties. Crude Oil Distillation Crude oil distillation is an open art technology. The crude oil is distilled at atmospheric pressure and separated into various fractions as desired in Crude oil distillation unit. The reduced crude oil is further fractionated under vacuum to produce vacuum gas oil (VGO) as a feed to Hydrocracker or FCCU in a Fuel type Vacuum Unit,or distilled to produce Lube oil feed stock in a Lube type Vacuum Unit. Crude Oil Distillation Scheme [1,2] Crude Oil Properties Fig:2.5 Crude Oil Distillation Scheme Sulfur, nitrogen, and metals content. Sulfur. Sour vs sweet ~0.5 wt% cutoff restrictions on sulfur in final products. Nitrogen Usually tolerate up to 0.25 wt%. Nickel, vanadium, copper Can poison catalysts. data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 1/6
2 Tend to be in the largest molecules/highest boiling fractions. Properties appropriate for certain boiling point ranges [1,2] Octane number Cetane number Viscosities Carbon residue Crude Assay The complete and definite analysis of a crude oil is called crude assay.a complete crude assay will contain some or all of the following: 1. Whole crude gravity, Viscosity, S content, pour point etc. 2. TBP curve, Mid Volume plot of gravity, Viscosity etc. 3. Light end analysis up to C 8 and C Properties of fractions. (naphtha, middle distillates, gas oil residue).yield vs Vol.%, gravity, S, viscosity, octane no., diesel index, Flash point, Fire point, Smoke point, Pore point, Vapor Pressure etc. 5. Properties of lube distillates ( only if the crude is suitable for the manufacture of lube base stocks). 6. Properties of asphalt (only if residue have suitable characteristics for preparation of asphalt. 7. EFV curve run at atm. Pressure. Not useful for design work but is of great importance to the refinery or to a crude oil purchaser. Crude Oil Characterization [1,2] Trading: Density,API Gravity Transportation: RVP,Pour Point,KV,Wax content Contamination: Salt content,bs&w Processability: Sulfur,Nitrogen,TAN,Asphaltene,MCR Cracking Point: ASTM Distillation LPG Potential: Light hydrocarbons(gc) Classification: Characterization factor API & S, N & Asphaltene data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 2/6
3 Crude Oil Assay Fig:2.6 API & S, N & Asphaltene Indicates distribution quantity and quality of crude oil feedstock based upon boiling point temperature range. Represents expected products from crude and vacuum distillation. Quality measures [1,2] Specific gravity and API gravity. Sulfur content. Octane number and Cetane number. Viscosity. Carbon residue. TBP Curves data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 3/6
4 Fig:2.7 TBP Curves Watson characterization factor (Paraffinic) to 10 (Aromatic) Laboratory Distillation [1 6] Helps to characterize a product and also helpful in data designing. Forms a basis of design of distillation. Three different types: A:True boiling point distillation (TBP) for crude used to obtain true boiling point distillation curve good fractionation. Number of plates and amount of reflux must specified. True Boiling Point(TBP)(ASTM D2892) 10 to 20 theroretical stages near infinite reflux. 1 atm; no hotter than 650 o F minimize cracking. TBP DATA Large no. of stages and a high reflux to distillate ratio so as the temperature at any point on temperature Vs volumetric yields curve represents the actual boiling (true boiling) points of the hydrocarbon material present at the Vol. % point. Hempel Distillation:Semi fractionating type distillation, but data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 4/6
5 can be used TBP data, where TBP data are insufficient. ASTM Distillation or Engler Distillation Simple distillation carried out with standard ASTM flask of 100, 200, 500 ml capacity. No reflux is provided. Rapid batch distillation employing no trays or reflux between the still pot and condensation. Separation is poorer: more volatile and high volatile components are present in initial condition. So IBP is higher than TBP. [1,7] Distillation Analyses ASTM D86 Low resolution no packing reflux from heat loses. 1 atm; no hotter than 650 o F minimize cracking. Correlation to correct to TBP basis. ASTM Distillation Analyses ASTM D1160 Used on Resids (650 o F). Relatively low resolution. Vaccum conditions 10 to 40mmHg,no hotter than 1000 o F AEBP. Correlations to correct to atmospheric pressure & TBP basis. ASTM Distillation At the end in TBP only pure component less volatile component is present. Whereas in ASTM more volatile components and less volatile both are present so FBP is lower in ASTM. Separation is poorer compared to TBP. IBP for ASTM is higher than that for the TBP. FBP for ASTM is lower than that for the TBP. e.g. Kerosene TBP Range o C. ASTM range o C. data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 5/6
6 Equilibrium Flash Vaporization [1,2,7] By conducting operation at a series of temperature,curve,% vaporized Vs temperature may be plotted. Mixture is heated without allowing the vapor to separate from the remaining liquids, the vapor assist in causing the high boiling point of the mixture to vaporize. Similar to ASTM but vapor and liquid are kept in contact till the desired degree of vaporization is reached. Poorer separation. (Higher IBP LOWER FBP than ASTM). data:text/html;charset=utf 8,%3Ctable%20width%3D%2280%25%22%20border%3D%220%22%20align%3D%22center%22%20cellpadding%3D%220%22%2 6/6
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