Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass

Transcription

1 Cluster of Excellence Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass Florian Kremer FAPESP International Workshop on Ethanol Combustion Engines 04./ , Sao Paulo, Brasil

2 Overview of the Production Processes of Biofuels Generation of of Biofuels: Generation of of Biofuels: Grains (Sugar Cane, corn, etc.) Rape, Sunflowers, Sojbeans, etc. Bioethanol Biodiesel Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) Biomass (entire plant material) Alcohols Mixture of different Hydrocarbons (BTL) 4

3 TMFB Approach The Vision of Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass Model-Based Description of Synthesis and Production Routes From Biomass to Biofuels Fuel Design: Overall optimum of biofuel production and biofuel combustion From Biofuels to Propulsion Model-Based Specification of Target Properties 5

4 TMFB Approach Efficient Biofuel Production C-atoms Biomass Preserving the Synthesis of Nature TMFB approach 10 Biomass-to-Liquid approach Tailor-Made Fuels defined oxygenates Fuel Substitutes hydrocarbon mixtures 1 Synthesis gas: CO/H 2 Exergy loss 6

5 Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass TMFB Approach Optimized Research Structure IRF-A From Biomass to Biofuels Biorefineries Fuel Design Center Aachen CIF Fuel Design IRF-B From Biofuels to Propulsion Engines Device Phenomena System 9 IRF: Integrated Research Field CIF: Core Interaction Field

6 Integrated Research Field: From Biofuels to Propulsion IRF-B: Research Structure IRF-B3: Fuel Injection and Combustion Systems Air Fuel Blend Emissions IRF-B1: Combustion Kinetics IRF-B2: Fuel Spray, Flow and Mixing Efficiency 10

7 Combustion Research within TMFB: Combining fundamental and applied sciences Shock tube Rapid compression machine High-p-chamber/ reactors CFD-simulations ignition delay in high temperature range ignition delay in low temperature range ignition delay laminar flame speed evaporation behavior soot formation mixture preparation combustion behavior, T allocation emissions Engines (optical) (Gasoline/Diesel) Engines (thermodynamic) Diesel Gasoline flow-analysis mixture preparation emission-allocation development of combustion systems emission performance 11

8 pressure [bar] Combustion Research within TMFB: Rapid Compression Machine Impact of fuel structure on combustion kinetics P(t) (bar) P'(t) (bar/ms) Findings Investigation of new fuel molecules Only small quantities necessary Fast screening method heat loss 30 End of compression Ignition delay, t ign initiation Piston deceleration time [ms] 12

9 t ign [ms] Combustion Research within TMFB: Rapid Compression Machine Impact of fuel structure on combustion kinetics Findings RON 95, shock tube, P exp = 20bar RON 95, RCM, P exp = 20bar ethanol, shock tube, P exp = 40bar ethanol, RCM, P exp = 40bar 2-MF, shock tube, P exp = 40bar 2-MF, RCM, P exp = 20bar n-butanol, shock tube, P exp = 20bar n-butanol, RCM, P exp = 20bar Combination of RCM and Shock-Wave experiments allow characterization of lowand high temperature regime 2-MF as Tailor-Made Fuel candidate reveals long ignition delay high knock resistance can be expected ,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1, / T [1/K] C. LEE ET AL., ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE, 226, 1, 2012 S. VRANCK, ET AL., COMBUSTION AND FLAME 158, 1444, 2011 BRASSAT ET AL., SAE PAPER C. LEE ET AL.,THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMBUSTION AND ENERGY UTILIZATION, MAY, 9-13, 2012, COIMBRA, PORTUGAL

10 Combustion Research within TMFB: Single Cylinder Combustion Investigations Optical and thermodynamic investigations Gasoline Engine Common 4-valve cylinder head geometry Bore: 75 mm Stroke: 82.5 mm Displacement: 364 cm³ Peak pressure capability: 200 bar (fired) 29 bar (motored) Common injection system Injector: Continental, piezoactuated, outward opening nozzle Max. fuel pressure: 200 bar 14

11 Combustion Research within TMFB: Gasoline Engine Experiments Raw images Statistical analysis Iso Octane Iso Octane Ethanol Ethanol 1-Butanol 1-Butanol 2-MTHF 2-MTHF 2-MF SOI + 4CAD SOI + 14CAD SOI + 24CAD SOI + 34CAD SOI + 44CAD 2-MF SOI + 4CAD SOI + 14CAD SOI + 24CAD SOI + 34CAD SOI + 44CAD 15 THEWES, MÜTHER, PISCHINGER, BRUNN, ADOMEIT: Analysis of the Impact of 2-Methylfuran, 2,5 Dimethylfuran and Tetrahydro-2-Methylfuran on Mixture Formation and Combustion in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine, Energy & Fuels, 2011 THEWES, MÜTHER, PISCHINGER, BRUNN, ADOMEIT: Measurements of Visible Light Soot Radiation during Catalyst Heating Operation in a Direct- Injection Spark-Ignition Engine fuelled with 2-methylfuran, Fuel 2012

12 Combustion Research within TMFB: Gasoline Engine Experiments 2-Methylfuran Ethanol 2-Methylfuran has the best mixture formation of all investigated bio fuels 16 THEWES, MÜTHER, PISCHINGER, BRUNN, ADOMEIT: Analysis of the Impact of 2-Methylfuran, 2,5 Dimethylfuran and Tetrahydro-2-Methylfuran on Mixture Formation and Combustion in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine, Energy & Fuels, 2011 THEWES, MÜTHER, PISCHINGER, BRUNN, ADOMEIT: Measurements of Visible Light Soot Radiation during Catalyst Heating Operation in a Direct- Injection Spark-Ignition Engine fuelled with 2-methylfuran, Fuel 2012

13 Ind. Efficiency / % Combustion Research within TMFB: Gasoline Engine Experiments Summary Significant efficiency benefits with highly knock resistant due to higher possible compression ratio r c Engine speed = /min Conventional gasoline, r C = TMFB: 2-methylfurane, r C = 12 2-Methylfurane % Load / %

14 Soot Radiation Increasing intensity Smoke Number / FSN Combustion Research within TMFB: Diesel Engine Experiments Summary Soot emissions in compression ignition engines Further Topics iso-octane/ n-heptane blends 1-decanol Influence cetane number n-decane Influence of oxygen content new TMFB fuels Cetane number / - TMFB fuel 1 n-decane Joint fuel/engine optimization Novel ignition concepts Fuel blending Injection system Facilitated by development of new high fidelity simulation technologies CA ATDC: crank angle after top dead center Optimization challenge: low cetane number fuels lead to higher HC-/CO-emissions and lower combustion stability 1 blend of 70 vol.-% butyl levulinate and 30 vol.% n-tetradecane 19 Pischinger et. al.: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 3(2), pp , 2010 Pischinger, Grünefed et. al.: SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., vol. 3(1), pp , 2010

15 Combustion Research within TMFB: Diesel Engine Combustion System Adjustment Injector Front view T Chamber = 630K p Chamber = 40bar p rail = 400bar t inj = 2ms Fuel: E85 Glowplug 20 20

16 Propability Distribution flame radiation First cycle flame radiation Combustion Research within TMFB: Diesel Engine Combustion with Ethanol Conditions: Injector p rail = 800bar p rail = 600bar p rail = 400bar T Chamber = 470K p Chamber = 40bar Glowplug: ceramic p rail : variable t inj1 = 450µs α Twist = 10 fuel: Ethanol TAI = 2.2ms Reproducible flame propagation 21 with rail pressures Glowplug 400bar Janssen et.al.: Chancen und Herausforderungen der Ethanolbeimischung zum Dieselkraftstoff, MTZ 07/

17 Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomasse Summary Fuel development and research needs deep understanding on different levels: Fundamental chemistry and kinetics Mechanistic understanding of mixture preparation, ignition and combustion Transfer from lab-to-street: application Each level needs to be addressed with a specifically designed experiment With the developed fuels (2-MF and 2-MTHF), the feasibility of the integrated Fuel Design Process by different disciplines was proved! 22

18 Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass Contact Florian Kremer

19 Annual TMFB International Workshop and Conference 6. TMFB International Workshop of the Cluster of Excellence Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass June 18th-20th, 2012 Annual TMFB International Workshop starting in 2008 incl. Meeting of the International Advisory Board Establishment of a Technology with public Watch sessions Day Future in Biofuels 2013 in 2011 Attendance of over 170 international industry and research experts in 2011 Transition to an internationally visible conference 24

20 Organisation and Management The TMFB-Team The Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass -Team Expertise: Heterogeneous Catalysis Homogeneous Catalysis Organic Synthesis Organometallic Chemistry Core team expertise: Chemistry Biotechn. / Microbiology Process Engineering Tribology Combustion Engineering Computational Engineering Expertise: Industrial Biotechnology Plant Biotechnology Integrated Production Platforms Systems Biotechnology Contribution: Economically and ecologically benchmarking Comparison to competing processes 25

21 Operational Cluster Management The Advisory Board 26 Scientific Advisors Yale University Paul Anastas Center of Green Chemistry and Engineering Universidad de Valencia Avelino Corma Chemistry Tech.-Univ. of Denmark Jochen Förster Biology Science The University of Nottingham Martyn Poliakoff Chemistry University of California C. K. Westbrook Combustion Chemistry Energy Biosc. Institute Alexis Bell Chemical Engineering Princeton University Ludolf Plass Director Technology A. Schamel Chief Technical Officer Ford Europe H. Breitbach Leader Injection and Fuels Hans Gosselink Regional Manager Innovation & Research Frederick L.Dryer J. A. Dumesic Collaboration program for external companies Combustion Science Chemical and Biological Eng. Up-to-Date information and latest results Leslaw of TMFB Mleczko Tech.-Univ. of Denmark Division Technology Manager Process Cost-free participation in all TMFB events (International Rafiqul Gani Chemical Engineering Fees ( /a) will be used for financing PhD students Massachusetts Inst. of Techn. G.Stephanopoulos Biotechnology and Chemical Eng. CatchBio B. Weckhuysen Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis University of Notre Dame J. F. Brennecke Chemical Engineering Univ. Wisconsin- Madison Workshop, TMFB Seminar, etc.) within the cluster TMFB Industrial Affiliates Program Anders Röj Head of the Fuels and Lubricants Group DECHEMA Kurt Wagemann Chief Executive Officer Industrial Advisors Germ. Assoc. Automotive Ind. H.-G. Frischkorn Chief Operating Officer T. Lösche-ter Horst Head of Research Powertrain Evonik Georg Oenbrink Director Macromolecular Chemistry P. Sauermann Director BP Global Fuels Technology W. Warnecke Head of Global Fuel Development

22 Cluster of Excellence Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass Tailor-Made Fuels from Biomass is an excellent team with ideal infrastructure tackles global challenges features a unique integrated research approach shapes the university structure and research culture at RWTH is internationally recognized and cross-linked is ready to achieve major breakthroughs in the years to come Thank you for your attention 27

23 Muito obrigado pela atenção! Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit! German Research Foundation WR Wissenschaftsrat 28