Household Assets and Liabilities in India (as on )

Transcription

1 Report No. 500 (59/18.2/1) Household Assets and Liabilities in India (as on ) NSS 59 th Round (January December 2003) National Sample Survey Organisation Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation Government of India November 2005

2 PREFACE The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has been conducting All-India surveys on Debt and Investment decennially since its 26th round ( ) in both rural and urban areas. These surveys generate basic quantitative information on assets, liabilities and capital expenditure in the household sector of the economy. The All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS), which was carried out as part of the 59th round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) during the period January to December 2003, was the sixth such survey conducted at the all- India level. Prior to , two surveys namely All-India Rural Credit Survey and All-India Rural Debt and Investment Survey had been completed in and in respectively by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for rural areas only. The present report is the first in the series of five reports planned to be brought out on the basis of data collected in the NSS 59 th round (January to December 2003). Some basic estimates on assets and liabilities (cash loans) of rural and urban households as on 30th June 2002 are presented in this report. The report consists of three Chapters and three Appendices. Chapter one deals with the introduction and chapter two with concepts and definitions that have been used in the survey. Chapter three deals with summary results of the survey and their comparison with the results of the previous surveys. The Survey Design and Research Division of NSSO developed the survey methodology and drafted the report. The fieldwork for the survey was handled by the Field Operations Division of NSSO. While the data processing and tabulation work was handled by the Data Processing Division of NSSO, the Coordination and Publication Division of NSSO coordinated various activities pertaining to the survey. I am thankful to the Chairman and the Members of the Working Group for the NSS 59 th round as well as to the Chairman and the Members of the Governing Council of NSSO for their overall guidance at various stages of survey work. The report, I hope, will be useful to the planners and policy makers. Comments and suggestions from readers will be most welcome. New Delhi November 2005 P.S. Rana Secretary Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

3 HIGHLIGHTS Household Assets According to the survey estimates, about 73% of the households in India were located in the rural areas and, among them, nearly 60% were cultivator households. Among the urban households about 36% were self-employed households. Almost all the households in India owned some physical and financial assets as on Average value of assets (AVA) owned by a household was Rs lakh for the rural areas and Rs lakh for the urban areas. A rural cultivator household, on an average, owned assets of Rs lakh, which was threeand-half time that owned by a non-cultivator household (Rs lakh). In urban areas, a self-employed household, on an average, owned assets of Rs lakh while other category of households owned assets of Rs lakh. Among the rural households, AVA was the highest in Punjab (Rs lakh), followed by Haryana (Rs lakh ), Jammu & Kashmir (Rs.6.15 lakh) and Kerala (Rs lakh) while Orissa had the lowest AVA with Rs lakh per household and close to it were Andhra Pradesh (Rs lakh), Assam (Rs lakh), West Bengal and Jharkhand (each Rs lakh). Among the urban households, AVA was the highest for Jammu & Kashmir (Rs lakh), followed by Kerala (Rs lakh), Haryana (Rs lakh ) and Delhi (Rs lakh). Jharkhand reported lowest ownership of assets amounting to Rs lakh preceded by Orissa (Rs lakh), Assam (2.77 lakh), Chhatishgarh (Rs lakh), Bihar, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu (each of Rs lakh). Composition of household Assets Land and building were found to be the two major components of household assets. In the rural areas, land and buildings together, accounted for 87% share in the total value of assets at the national level - with land 63 percentage points and buildings 24 percentage points. In the urban areas, land and buildings together, accounted for about 76% share in the total value of assets - with land and buildings each holding about 38 percentage points. Size distribution of Assets In 2002, in the rural areas, about 7.6% of the households owned assets as low as Rs or even less, while about 23% of the households owned assets amounting to rupees 3 lakh and more. In the urban areas, corresponding percentages of households were 17 and 34, respectively. i

4 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 Household Indebtedness About 27% of the rural households and 18% of the urban households reported debt (cash loan) outstanding as on The average amount of debt (AOD) for a rural household was Rs. 7,539 and that for an urban household was Rs. 11,771. Both incidence of indebtedness (IOI) and average amount of debt (AOD) are seen to have increased steadily with the increase of asset holdings. The AOD of a household belonging to the lowest asset holding class (less than Rs lakh) was lower by 23 times that of a household in the top asset holding class (Rs. 8 lakh and above) in the rural areas. This ratio was nearly one-twenty eighth in the case of urban areas. Among the major states in rural India, in 2002, the highest IOI is noticed in Andhra Pradesh (42%) closely followed by Kerala (39%), Rajasthan (34%) and Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (each with 31%). On the other hand, states like Jammu & Kashmir (4%), Uttaranchal (6%) and Assam (8%) are found to report very low IOI. As regards AOD, among the major states in rural India, Kerala is found to top the list with cash loan of Rs. 19,663 per household followed by Punjab (Rs. 16,502), Haryana (Rs. 12,359) and Rajasthan (Rs. 12,031). On the other hand, the lower values of AOD are observed in many of the states like Assam (Rs. 643), Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Jammu & Kashmir (each with around Rs. 1100). Among the major states in urban India, the extent of indebtedness was to be found the highest in Kerala (37%) followed by Andhra Pradesh (30%), Tamil Nadu (26%) and Gujarat (21%). On the other hand, Delhi (2%) is at the bottom rung, being closely accompanied by Jammu & Kashmir (5%), Assam (6%), Jharkhand and Uttaranchal (each with 7%). Among the major states, Kerala showed the highest value of AOD (Rs.28,446) in the urban sector. The other states, in that order, are Himachal Pradesh (Rs. 25,951), Andhra Pradesh (Rs. 19,901) and Gujarat (Rs. 15,715). At the other end, Delhi, Assam and Bihar are at the bottom league with average values of Rs. 1,441, Rs.2,126 and Rs. 2,616, respectively. In the rural areas, the incidence of indebtedness (IOI) at the all-india level has somewhat increased steadily since from 20% in 1981 to 23% in 1991 and then, to 27% in The increase in the AOD among the rural households during 1971 to 1981 appears to have been negligible - the increase being from Rs 500 to Rs. 661 in a period of ten years, but it increased at a faster rate during 1981 to 1991 and then accelerated further during 1991 to 2002 reached Rs. 7,539 per household. The AOD among the urban households increased from Rs. 1,030 to Rs. 3,618 during 1981 to 1991 and then, increased to Rs. 11,771 in As on , the 'debt-asset' ratio at the all-india level was 2.82% for urban areas and 2.84% for rural areas. The ratio was 4.65% for the non-cultivator households and 2.49% for the cultivator households in the rural areas. In the urban areas, the ratio was 2.19% for self employed households and 3.42% for other households. ii

5 Contents Page Highlights i ii Contents iii iv Chapter One Introduction 1 4 Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 5 9 Chapter Three Summary of Findings Appendix A Detailed Tables A1 A389 Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure B1 B10 Appendix C Schedule on Debt and Investment (Sch. 18.2) C1 C28 Appendix A Table No. Title Page Table 1 Table 2 Table 3R Table 3U Table 4 Table 5R Number of villages/blocks and households surveyed for each state/u.t. Estimated number of households and total value of assets as on , estimated number of households reporting cash loans and amount of cash loans as on by household asset holding class and major household type Average value of assets per household and average amount of cash loans per household as on by household type in rural areas Average value of assets per household and average amount of cash loans per household as on by household type in urban areas Average value of assets per household and average amount of cash loans per household as on by household asset holding class Per thousand distribution of households by household asset holding class for each household type in rural areas A1 A2 A3 A4 A11 A12 A23 A24 A59 A60 A71 iii

6 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 Table No. Title Page Table 5U Table 6R Table 6U Table 7 Table 8R Table 9 Table 10 Per thousand distribution of households by household asset holding class for each household type in urban areas Per thousand distribution of assets by household asset holding class for each household type in rural areas Per thousand distribution of assets by household asset holding class for each household type in urban areas Per thousand distribution of households and average value (Rs.) of assets per household by monthly per capita consumer expenditure (mpce) for each major household type Per thousand distribution of households and average value (Rs.) of assets per household by broad size classes of land owned as on for each major household type in urban areas Number per 1000 households reporting specified items of assets and cash loans outstanding as on by household asset holding class Average value of different items of assets as on and average value of cash loans outstanding as on per household by household asset holding class A72 A89 A90 A101 A102 A119 A120 A155 A156 A173 A174 A281 A282 A389 iv

7 Chapter One Introduction 1.1 The Report in Perspective The All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) was carried out as a part of the 59 th round survey of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) during January to December This was the sixth such survey conducted at the all-india level. The main objective of the AIDIS is to generate reliable estimates on assets, liabilities and capital expenditure of the household sector. At present, the decennially conducted AIDIS is the only nation-wide enquiry providing data on household assets, indebtedness and capital expenditure. In the 59 th round, information on assets and liabilities of the households as on , amount of capital expenditure incurred by the household during the agricultural year (July 2002 June 2003), cash borrowings and repayments made by the household, sale and loss of assets of the household during the agricultural year was collected through the Debt and Investment Schedule (Schedule 18.2). The present report contains the survey results of the 59 th round on value and composition of the household assets as also extent of indebtedness and average amount of cash loans as on 30 th June Background In order to study both the demand and supply sides of credit in the household sector, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had conducted the "All-India Rural Credit Survey" in Information on assets, economic activities, particulars of credit operations and the incidence of indebtedness in the rural areas was collected in the survey to assess the demand for rural credit. Further, data on the extent and mode of operations of different credit agencies were also collected to examine the supply side of the credit The first Rural Credit Survey was followed by a similar survey in by the RBI. The scope of the survey was extended to include capital expenditure in the household sector and other associated indicators of the rural economy. The second survey was thus called the "All-India Rural Debt and Investment Survey" The responsibility of conducting the third such survey was given to the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). This organisation undertook the All-India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS), after integrating it with the Land and Livestock Holding Survey (LHS), in its 26 th round survey during July 1971-September During this survey, for the first time since its inception, the scope of the Debt and Investment Survey was extended by including urban areas as well. Since then, the NSSO has been regularly conducting AIDIS once in ten years along with LHS. The fourth decennial survey on Debt and Investment was conducted in the NSS 37 th round during the calendar year 1982 and the fifth one was conducted in the NSS 48 th round during the calendar year The present AIDIS was also carried out along with the LHS in the NSS 59 th round (2003). Although the objectives of the survey remained the same as those of the earlier surveys, some changes were made in the sampling design. For the first time in the AIDIS of NSSO, sample households in this round were selected separately for LHS and AIDIS for both the rural and urban sectors. 1

8 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Scope Items of enquiry: In the present AIDIS (2003), information on the assets and liabilities of the households was collected as on Along with the liabilities of the households, the details of all financial transactions, particularly cash borrowings and repayments, made by the household during the agricultural year (AY 02-03) were also collected. Besides, the survey gathered information on the amount of capital expenditure incurred by the households during the AY 02-03, under different heads, like residential plots, houses and buildings, farm business and non-farm business. Data on sale and loss of assets during this period were also collected in this survey Geographical coverage: The 59 th round survey covered the whole of Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland located beyond five kilometres of any bus route, and (iii) villages in Andaman & Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year Method of data collection The Debt and Investment Schedule (Schedule 18.2) was canvassed in a sample of 14 households selected randomly in each village/block. The field workers paid two visits to each sample household during the period of survey with a gap ranging 4 to 8 months. Two separate and slightly different schedules of enquiry were used for collection of data in the two visits The survey period for the 59 th round was the calendar year In order to reduce recall error, particulars relating to the entire agricultural year were collected by visiting each sample household twice during the survey period. The first visit to the sample households was made during the first 8 months of the survey period, i.e., from January 2003 to August 2003, while the second visit was made during the next 4 months, i.e, between September 2003 and December During the first visit to a sample household, the investigator collected information on assets owned on the date of survey as well as acquisition and disposal of assets during the period from 1st July 2002 to the date of survey. These data were used to get assets owned by the households as on The survey used the same procedure for assessing the indebtedness of households as on The estimates of cash loan outstanding as on presented in this report are based on the first-visit data on dues outstanding on the date of survey and repayments made and amounts written off between 1st July 2002 and the date of survey, both days inclusive In addition, the schedule canvassed during the first-visit provided for collection of data on the amount and other particulars of borrowings and repayments made during the first half of the AY 02-03, i.e., during to The data on capital expenditure and acquisition, sale and loss of assets of the households during to were also collected in the first visit During the second visit to the sample households, data were collected to assess the borrowing and repayments made and loans written off during the second half of the AY 02-03, i.e., during to Similarly, data on capital expenditure and acquisition, sale and loss of assets during to were collected in the second visit. No provision was kept for the collection of information on physical assets, except durable assets, in the schedule of the second visit. 2

9 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Reference Period for the Estimates All the estimates of assets and liabilities presented in this report are for a fixed reference date, viz These are entirely based on the data collected during the first visit to the sample households. The position of assets and liabilities of sample households as on was derived from the stock data on the date of survey and the data on transactions during the period to the date of survey The estimates of number of households presented in this report are based on data with a moving reference point, from to , which spans a period of eight months. These estimates, therefore, may be taken to represent the number of households existing as on , the mid-point of the eight-month period. The estimates for assets and liabilities for the 59 th round are obtained as on and the average value of assets and liabilities are obtained by considering the number of households obtained from visit 1 data. Following the convention of the earlier rounds, in the summary tables of Chapter Three of the report, the reference period for the estimated number of households of the 59 th round has also been stated as Sample Design The sample design adopted for the survey was essentially a stratified two-stage one for both rural and urban areas. The census villages and urban blocks were the first stage units (FSUs) for the rural and urban sectors, respectively, while households were the second stage sampling units (SSUs) in both the sectors. The selection of villages was done with probability proportional to size with replacement (PPSWR), size being the population as per the population census 1991 in all the strata for rural sector except stratum 1 (see Appendix - B for details of stratification). In stratum 1 of rural sector and in all the strata of urban sector, selection was done using simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR). For the AIDIS, 14 households - 2 from each second stage stratum (SSS) - were planned to be surveyed in every sample village/ urban block. Selection of SSUs in each SSS of a FSU was done by SRSWOR. The details of the sample design and estimation procedure adopted for the survey are given in Appendix - B of this report. In the 59 th Round, 10,309 FSUs (6,552 in rural sector and 3,757 in urban sector) and 1,43,285 SSUs (91,192 in rural sector and 52,093 in urban sector) were surveyed in the country for the AIDIS Contents of the Report This report contains three chapters and three appendices. Chapter One gives an introduction to the report, and Chapter Two describes the concepts and definitions used for the survey. Chapter 3 discusses the main findings on household assets and liabilities obtained from the survey data. The discussions in Chapter 3 have been confined to the major states and all India while the detailed results, on which this report is based, are presented for all the states and union territories in Appendix A. The sample design and estimation procedure followed in the survey are presented in Appendix B and a facsimile of the Debt and Investment schedule is given in Appendix C. 3

10 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Appendix A of the report contains tables providing estimates of various items of assets as also of the total assets and liabilities of the households as on 30th June, 2002 at the state and all-india level separately for rural and urban areas. Current liabilities are excluded from the purview of this report. As such, for this report, liabilities denote cash loans outstanding as on , which are hereafter referred to, in brief, as debts of households. The term indebted households stands for those households, which had some outstanding cash loans on All the estimates presented in this report are based on the central sample data only and also based on combined estimate of the two sub-samples. It would be in order to mention here that the cell figures in any of these detailed tables, when added up, may not exactly equal the figure shown against the 'total' column (or line) due to (i) rounding off and/or (ii) the presence of non-response cases. 1.8 Plan for release of results The present report is the first in a series of five reports to be brought out on the AIDIS conducted in the NSS 59th round. This report gives the survey estimates on assets and liabilities (cash loans) of rural and urban households as on 30th June In general, the estimates are provided -- separately for rural and urban areas -- for the country as a whole, as well as for all the states and union territories The second report of the series will be brought out in two parts -- one for rural areas and the other for urban areas. It will cover several aspects of household indebtedness like number of households reporting cash loans and current liabilities, average amount of current liabilities, estimated number of households reported having kisan credit card and amount of credit received through it, distribution of cash loans by various characteristics, such as rate of interest, duration of loan, credit agency, etc. The third report would examine different aspects of the related flow variables by tabulating the number of households reporting current borrowings and repayments, amount of borrowings and repayments, etc., classified by different variables like type of loan, credit agency, purpose of loan, type of security, etc. The fourth report will deal with selected aspects of household assets and liabilities for different social groups. In the fifth report, some broad features of capital expenditure, sale and loss of physical assets of the rural and urban households during the agricultural year will be discussed. 4

11 Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 2.0 The concepts and definitions of some of the important terms used in the survey and relevant to this report are explained below: 2.1 Household: A group of persons who normally lived together and took food from a common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb normally means that temporary visitors were excluded but temporary stay-aways were included. Thus a child residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident employee or a resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) was included in the employer s/host s household. Living together was given more importance than sharing food from a common kitchen in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria were in conflict. However, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to space shortage, the household formed by such a person s family members was taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-lodging house, hostel, etc., was considered to be a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) was considered one household only. The same principle was applicable for the residential staff of such establishments. 2.2 Household assets: Household assets represented all that were owned by the household and had money value. This included physical assets like land, buildings, livestock, agricultural machinery and implements, non-farm business equipment, all transport equipment, durable household goods and financial assets like dues receivable on loans advanced in cash or in kind, shares in companies and cooperative societies, banks, etc., national saving certificates and the like, deposits in companies, banks, post offices and with individuals. The AIDIS does not include crops standing in the fields and stock of commodities held by the household in the household assets. As in the 48 th round of the NSS, in the present AIDIS, currency notes and coins in hand were considered assets. The estimates of household assets, presented in this report, include the amount of cash held by the households as on the date of survey. 2.3 Household durable assets: Articles which are used for domestic purposes and have a longer expected life, say, one year or more and which cannot be purchased at a nominal price were defined as household durables. Such goods are usually purchased infrequently or they have a longer interval of purchase. However, minor items like bottles, knives, etc., though expected to last for a longer period, were excluded from household durable assets. 2.4 Liabilities: All claims against a household held by others were considered liabilities of the household. Thus all loans payable by the household to others, irrespective of whether they were cash loans or kind loans were deemed as liabilities of the households. Unpaid bills of grocers, doctors, lawyers, etc., were also considered liabilities of the household. Different kinds of liabilities are defined below. 5

12 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Cash loans: All loans taken in cash were considered to be cash loans, irrespective of whether those loans were repaid or proposed to be repaid in cash or in kind. Cash loans, generally, covered borrowings at specific rates of interest for specific periods of time. However, if a loan was taken even at nil rate of interest from relatives and friends, it was considered to be a cash loan. The loans may be taken against a security or without any security. Dues payable by the household owing to purchase of goods under a hirepurchase scheme were treated as cash loans Kind loans: All loans taken in kind (except the cases of hire-purchase) irrespective of whether those were already repaid or yet to be repaid in cash or in kind were considered to be kind loans payable Other liabilities: As distinguished from cash loans, other liabilities comprised all kind loans payable by the household and also liabilities arising out of goods and services taken from doctors, lawyers, etc. Similarly, outstanding taxes, rent payable to Government, other public bodies, landlords etc., were included under 'other liabilities'. Trade debt arising out of commercial transactions of the household was also included under other liabilities. Goods from grocers, milkman, etc., taken on credit by the household and for which payment is made at frequent intervals, were considered as other liability, if they were not paid within due dates Current Liabilities: All kind loans and other liabilities of a household, as defined above, taken together constituted its current liabilities. 2.5 Household Type: The report presents estimates of assets and liabilities for different types of households. Two different classifications have been adopted for the rural and urban areas. 2.6 Classification of rural households: The rural households are initially classified into two types, namely, cultivator and non-cultivator households. Cultivator households: All rural households operating at least hectare of land during the 365 days preceding the date of survey are treated as 'cultivator households'. Non-cultivator households: All rural households operating no land or land less than hectare are considered to be non-cultivator households. They are further classified into 'agricultural labour', 'artisan' and 'other' households according to the principal household occupation as per the National classification of occupations (NCO), Out of the occupations pursued by the members as their principal or subsidiary (on the basis of income) occupations, that accounting for the maximum earnings to the household in the reference year was considered to be the principal household occupation. Agricultural labour: A person was considered to be an agricultural labourer, if he/she followed one or more of the following agricultural occupations in the capacity of a manual labour: (a) farming, (b) dairy farming, (c) production of any horticultural commodity, (d) raising of livestock, bees or poultry, (e) any practice performed on a farm as incidental to or in conjunction with farm operations (including forestry and timbering) and the preparation for market and delivery to storage or to market of farm produce. 6

13 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 Artisans: Own-account skilled workers and handicraftsmen engaged in any of the following occupations were considered to be artisans: (a) spinners, weavers, knitters, dyers, winders, wrappers, carpet makers, etc.; (b) tailors, dress makers, upholsterers, sewers, etc.; (c) shoe makers, repairers and cutters and other leather workers, etc.; (d) carpenters, cabinet makers, wood working machine operators, cart builders, wheel wrights, coach & body builders, ship-wrights & boat builders and related workers; (e) stone cutters & carvers; (f) blacksmiths, tool-makers, and machine-tool operators; (g) sheet metal workers; (h) jewelry & precious metal workers and metal engravers; (i) glass formers, potters and related workers; (j) printers, compositors, type-setters and photo-type setters, printing press man, stereotypers, electro-typers, engravers, book binders, photographic & dark-room workers; (k) construction painters; (l) makers of musical instruments, turners basketry and brush makers, non-metallic mineral product makers, doll makers, etc.; (m) brick layers, stone masons, plasterers, tile-setters, cement finishers, roofers, insulators, glaziers, hut builders, thatchers and other construction workers. Own-account workers were those who operated their enterprises without hiring anyone on salary or wages except occasionally. Other rural households: All the remaining households were considered to be 'other households'. 2.7 Classification of urban households: In urban areas, each household was first categorised in one of the four groups self-employed, regular wage/ salaried employee, casual labour and 'others' as per the definitions given below : Self-employed: Persons engaged in the farm or non-farm enterprises of their households are called selfemployed workers. In urban areas, a household was considered self-employed, if the major source of its income during the 365 days preceding the date of survey was self-employment of its members. Regular wage/salaried household: Persons working in farm or non-farm enterprises not run by their own households and, in return, getting salary or wages on a regular basis (i.e. not on daily basis or on periodic renewal of work contract) are treated as regular salaried/wage employees. An urban household reporting that its major source of income during the 365 days preceding the date of survey was regular wage/salaried employment of members were treated as a 'regular wage/ salaried' households. Casual labour household: Persons working in farm or non-farm enterprises not run by their own households and, in return, getting wages under terms of daily or periodic work contract are treated as casual wage labourers. An urban household reporting that major source of its income during the 365 days preceding the date of survey was casual wage employment of members was treated as a 'casual labour' household. Other urban household: All the remaining urban households were treated as 'other' households. 7

14 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Major household type: The term refers to cultivator and non-cultivator (i.e. other than cultivator) households for the rural areas. For the urban areas, self-employed and other households (i.e. households with household type codes either 2 or 3 or 9) are the two major household types. 2.9 Household consumer expenditure: It is the expenditure of a household on domestic consumption only. It is the same as the expenditure covered in the consumer expenditure survey of the NSSO. Any expenditure incurred by the household on its enterprise account was excluded from consumer expenditure. Unlike the regular Consumer Expenditure Survey of the NSSO, the present survey collected data on the household consumer expenditure through two direct questions on household consumption under two broad categories, viz. (i) out of purchases and (ii) out of home grown, home produced stock, free collection, transfer receipts, etc Household monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE): This was obtained from the household s total consumer expenditure during last 30 days divided by the household size and recorded in two places of decimals Valuation of assets: The survey evaluated a physical asset acquired prior to 30th June, 2002 at the current market price of such an asset in its existing condition prevailing in the locality. An asset acquired prior to 30th June 2002 that was disposed of during the reference period (i.e., during to the date of survey) in a manner other than by sale was also evaluated at the current market price. If an asset acquired prior to 30th June, 2002 was disposed of through sale during the reference period, the sale price was regarded as the disposal value of the asset On the other hand, if a physical asset was acquired by way of purchase or construction during the reference period, the purchase price or the total expenditure incurred on construction, including the value imputed at current market price of labour and materials supplied from household stock, was considered as its value For evaluation of an asset acquired in a manner other than by purchase or construction during the reference period, the current price of the asset in its existing condition prevailing in the locality was considered to be its value If an asset acquired during the reference period was owned on the date of survey, the value of acquisition was considered to be the value of the asset on the date of survey. Similarly, if an asset acquired during the reference period was disposed of during the same period, the value considered for acquisition was also considered for disposal of the asset Household assets holding class: Ten household assets holding classes have been decided by examining the distribution of sample households over the asset holding classes for all India. Total value of assets owned as on was derived for each of the sample households by adding the values of different items of assets. One of the household asset holding classes have been assigned to each of the households depending upon the class in which the total value of assets so derived and rounded off (to Rs. thousand) falls. 8

15 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No Farm business: Farm business comprised household economic activities like cultivation, including cultivation of plantation and orchard crops, and processing of produce on the farm, e.g. paddy hulling and gur making. Although gur making is a manufacturing activity, this was covered under farm business only when such activity was carried out in the farm by indigenous method. Farm business also included activities ancillary to agriculture, like livestock raising, poultry, fishing, dairy farm activities, bee keeping and other allied activities coming under Tabulation Categories A and B of the National Industrial Classification Non-farm business: Non-farm business was defined as all household economic activities other than those covered in the farm business. This cover manufacturing, mining & quarrying, trade, hotel & restaurant, transport, construction, repairing and other services. For the purpose of this survey, non-farm business shall exclude such activities when they are carried out in non-household enterprises. Non-farm business enterprises, which were registered under section 2m(i) or 2m(ii) and section 85 of Factories Act, 1948 and Bidi and Cigar manufacturing establishments registered under Bidi and Cigar Workers (condition of employment) Act, 1966 were kept outside the coverage of the survey Major states: The discussion on summary of survey results in Chapter 3, besides covering the national level estimates, deals with the estimates for relatively large states - in terms of population - as well. These states are referred to as major states in the discussion. They are as follows: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. In addition, the discussion also covers the estimates of urban Delhi. 9

16 Chapter Three Summary of Findings In India, Debt and Investment Surveys of NSSO, often called all-india Debt and Investment Survey (AIDISs), are the principal sources of data on assets, liabilities and capital expenditure of the household sector. As mentioned earlier, this survey is done once in ten years by NSSO. The present report pertains to the results obtained from the sixth AIDIS conducted by the NSSO in its 59 th round during January December, The report contains the results on value and composition of household assets as also estimates of the extent of indebtedness of the households and amount of debt per household as on 30th June, This chapter summarises the major findings of the survey and discusses the salient features relating to assets and cash liabilities of the households as on 30th June, The observations are mainly confined to all-india estimates followed by an examination of the disparities in ownership of assets and incidence of indebtedness across the major states and its rural-urban sectors. The estimates for the smaller states and union territories (UTs) have not been presented separately. The reason is that the sample sizes for the smaller states and UTs may not be adequate for getting a sufficiently reliable estimates at least for measuring change or inter-state comparison. The estimates for those states and UTs have, however, been given in the Appendix. The major states that are considered here, are those with populations of one crore or more in respect of rural or urban sector separately. The discussion starts with the observation on distribution of households by occupational categories defined in respect of different types of households. This is followed by a discussion of the assets and liabilities of the households for the different occupational categories of households. Composition of the households by household asset holdings has then been taken up for discussion. The variations in household asset holdings over various correlates like monthly per capita consumer expenditure, land owned by the households, etc., are discussed in some detail. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief discussion on household indebtedness, amount of debt per household in terms of cash dues and debt-asset ratio of the households as on To have an idea of the change of household asset holdings and indebtedness over the years since 1971, the results of the earlier surveys of the NSSO on Debt and Investment, viz. the 26 th (July 1971 June 1972), 37 th (January December 1982) and 48 th (January December 1992) rounds, are also presented in this report. The estimates for assets and liabilities for the 26 th round, 37 th round and 48 th round were obtained as on , and , respectively, and the corresponding estimates for the 59 th round have been obtained as on In the 59 th round, estimates for the number of households have been obtained from the data of first visit (collected during January August, 2003) only and, therefore, the estimates refer to the mid-point of the survey period of Visit 1, i.e But to indicate a uniform reference period for the estimates of a round, in the summary tables of this chapter, the reference periods for the 26 th, 37 th, 48 th and 59 th rounds are stated as 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002, respectively. Estimates for the 26 th round have not been presented in the summary tables for the urban sector as the results for the urban sector were not released for that round For the purpose of report, the major states, which are relatively large in terms of population, are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & 10

17 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal and urban Delhi. However, the estimates for all- India presented in the statement tables of this chapter as well as other tables of the report are based on the data of all the states and union territories. Moreover, it is important to note that, generally, the estimates of household, etc., obtained from NSS surveys are found to be lower than those of the census or projections. The differences are mainly due to differences in coverage and methods adopted in NSS in comparison to census operation. However, the ratios obtained from NSS surveys are expected to provide a closer approximation to the true values. Thus, the estimated marginal aggregates of households, assets, etc., presented in the detailed tables in the appendix may be used as weights for combining the ratios The states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttaranchal have emerged in the recent past out of the partition of erstwhile Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, respectively. The estimates on assets and liabilities for these new states are available for the first time from the 59 th round survey. Therefore, while presenting comparable figures with the earlier rounds at the state level, figures for these new states are shown as -. It may be noted that for the earlier rounds, estimates shown for the states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh correspond to the erstwhile state boundaries that existed before the new states were carved out. 3.1 Estimated number of households In the 59 th round survey on Debt and Investment, 10,309 fsus (6,552 villages in rural areas and 3,757 UFS blocks in urban areas) and 1,43,285 ssus (91,192 households in rural areas and 52,093 households in urban areas) were surveyed in the country. The number of households in India as estimated from the 59 th round survey was about million, of which about 73% were in the rural areas. Statement 1 presents the distribution of households over the major states in India, separately for the rural and urban areas. The major states accounted for a little over 98% of all households in the country. In many major states, the proportions of households in the rural areas to all households in the state exceeded 80% and such states were Assam (89%), Bihar (89%), Himachal Pradesh (89%), Orissa (86%) and Chhattisgarh (85%). The corresponding proportions were comparatively low in Gujarat (64%), Maharashtra (57%) and Delhi (15%) - indicating that these states are more urbanized than the others. 3.2 Occupational categories of the households In this report, all the estimates of assets and liabilities are presented for different occupational categories of households defined in terms of types of households. For this purpose, two different classifications have been used for identifying the occupational categories of the households in the rural and urban areas. It would, therefore, be appropriate to mention the concepts and definitions involved in classifying the households into occupational categories in the rural and urban areas. 11

18 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 Statement 1: Percentage distribution of households in India over the major states State rural urban combined % of rural households (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Harayana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttaranchal Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Other states/uts All-India Categories of rural households: The households in the rural areas are broadly classified as cultivator and non-cultivator households. The cultivator households are defined as those who operated an area of land hectare or more during the agricultural year Those who did not operate any land or operated an area of land less than hectare during the agricultural year , are considered noncultivator households and are further classified as (i) agricultural labour households, (ii) artisan households and (iii) other rural households depending upon the principal occupation code of the households obtained from the survey. The above definitions are the same as those followed in the 48 th round survey, but are somewhat different from those adopted in the 37 th and 26 th rounds. In these surveys, cultivators were defined as in the 59 th round, but noncultivators were classified in the three categories mentioned above depending upon the major source of income of the households during the 365 days preceding the date of survey, with occupations differing somewhat from those adopted for the 48 th and 59 th round surveys. However, the different criterion adopted in the 48 th and 59 th round surveys for classifying the households into occupational categories (see Para 2.6 of Chapter Two) is not expected to affect significantly the comparison with the estimates obtained from the 26 th or 37 th round surveys Categories of urban households: Depending upon the income of the households from the different sources during last 365 days, each of the urban households is classified in one of the four household types: self-employed, regular wage/salaried employee, casual labour and others. The households in the urban areas are broadly categorized into two occupational groups such as selfemployed and other. The broad category other comprises households with household type regular wage/salaried employee, casual labour and others. Those households for which household type could not be recorded are classified neither as self-employed nor as other but are considered in the count of total number of households. The self-employed urban households are further sub-classified into seven occupational groups considering the entry for principal occupation code of the households. 12

19 Household Assets and Liabilities as on Report No. 500 These groups are: 1. professional, technical and related workers, 2. administrative, executive and managerial workers, 3. clerical & related workers, 4. sales workers, 5. service workers, 6. farmers, fishermen, hunters, loggers and related workers, 7. production and related workers, transport operators and labourers Statement 2 presents the percentage distribution of rural households by occupational category as obtained from the present survey and that from the earlier Debt and Investment Surveys of NSSO. The Statement 2: Percentage distribution of rural households by occupational category during 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2002 all-india household percentage of households occupational category (26 th ) (37 th ) (48 th ) (59 th ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) cultivators non-cultivators: agr. labour artisans others all non-cultivators all households Note: The estimates of households shown in this table actually refer to the periods 1972, 1982, 1992 and 2003, respectively. Statement 3: Percentage distribution of urban households by occupational category during 1981, 1991 and 2002 all-india household percentage of households occupational category (37 th ) (48 th ) (59 th ) (1) (2) (3) (4) self-employed: professional etc administrative etc clerical etc sales workers etc service workers etc farmers etc production workers etc all self-employed others all households Note: The estimates of households shown in this table actually refer to the periods 1982, 1992 and 2003, respectively. 13 results indicate that during 2002, about 60% of the households in the rural areas were cultivator households and the proportion of households of this category shows a systematic decline over the three decennial time points since 1981, but at a slower rate between the periods 1991 and The remaining 40% of the households in the rural areas could be termed, according to the definitions adopted in the AIDIS 2002, as non-cultivator households with the composition, among them, of about 36% agricultural labour households, about 13% artisan households and 51% other households. The percentage of noncultivator households, along with its two important components in terms of their shares, viz., other and artisan households, shows an increasing trend over the periods 1981 to 2002 except for agriculture labour households for which the percentage share remained almost stationary between 1971 and 2002 with a dip of about 3% point in In respect of the different categories of households discussed above, the trend in the estimates between the periods 1971 and 1981 was not the same as for the periods 1981 to Similar to that for the rural areas, the distribution of households by the occupational categories, obtained from the 37 th, 48 th and 59 th round surveys of the NSSO, is given in Statement 3 for the urban