CORRELATION OF THE CO2 EMISSION VALUES MEASURED ON THE NEDC AND ON THE WLTP The technical correlation exercise

Transcription

1 LABORATORY OF APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS CORRELATION OF THE CO2 EMISSION VALUES MEASURED ON THE NEDC AND ON THE WLTP The technical correlation exercise ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY THESSALONIKI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 1

2 General - 1 Structure: Part of the Mechanical Engineering Dept., Energy Sector Aristotle University Thessaloniki Housing: A total area of 600 m 2 in the University campus (testing facilities 400 m 2, offices 200 m 2 ) Personnel: about 25 engineers, technicians, graduate students and secretarial staff Faculty: Prof. Zissis Samaras (Director) Assoc. Prof. Grigoris Koltsakis Asst. Prof. Leonidas Ntziachristos Emeritus Prof. Konstantinos Pattas

3 Scientific & research areas Exhaust Aftertreatment Technology Renewable Energy Sources Emission inventories and projections Energy efficiency evaluation of Internal Combustion Engines and Vehicles Development, assessment and simulation of aftertreatment devices Biofuels Road transport emissions Combustion Measurement technology Fuel cells Fleet evolution models Hybrid Vehicles Applied catalysis Biomass Policy assessment Fuels Additives Study and development of solar racing vehicle and SAE student formula

4 Membership in scientific associations EARPA European Automotive Research Partners Association ERMES European Research on Mobile Emission Sources ETC/ACC HAAR TFEIP ERTRAC European Topic Centre on Air & Climate Change Hellenic Association for Aerosol Research Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections European Road Transport Research Advisory Council Prof. Samaras is vice chairman, with responsibility to the Working Group Energy & Environment

5 Contents A description of the modelling tool that LAT provides; The validation of the model with special emphasis on: how the issue of the cold start impact on fuel consumption is addressed; how the limitations of the engine maps based on stationary conditions are addressed; An overview of the library of vehicles and technologies that are already modelled and to what extent these data would be available for this exercise; Experience of the WLTP/C; Examples of similar studies and results; Availability/capacity to perform the activity 5

6 Previous experience 6

7 Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation Vehicle Simulation 7

8 AVL CRUISE VEHICLE SIMULATION Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation Vehicle simulation Prediction of fuel consumption, emissions and vehicle performance Designed for modelling any kind of vehicle powertrain configurations Intuitive component based powertrain models Driver model for closed loop control of vehicle Fully implemented vehicle test procedures Coupled with AVL BOOST engine, cooling/lubrication & aftertreatment models 8

9 AVL CRUISE VEHICLE SIMULATION Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Technologies Area of application Vehicle concept studies Performance, fuel consumption and emission optimisation Hybrid Electric Vehicles Assessment of ECU control strategies Creation of New Vehicle Concepts Driving comfort analysis Analysis of gear shifting quality 9

10 SYSTEM MODELS FOR ALL KINDS OF VEHICLES Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation CONVENTIONAL PASSENGER CARS HYBRID AND PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLES ADVANCED TRANSMISSION AND DRIVELINE CONCEPTS MOTORBIKES, 3-WHEELERS, SCOOTERS BUSSES TRUCKS INCL. TRAILERS SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLES 10

11 EXAMPLE: HD TRUCK WITH 13L ENGINE POWERTRAIN AND VEHICLE MODEL Map based engine. thermal model of engine, and cooling circuit in AVL BOOST or Matlab Simulink 11

12 E-CONCEPT EXAMPLES: POWER SPLIT HYBRID Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation 12

13 SIMUALTION MODEL VALIDATION WITH MEASUREMENTS NEDC: Start with cold system conditions

14 VALIDATION: TOYOTA PRIUS THS II CO2, PERFORMANCE CO 2 Emission Hybrid Applications / Drive Cycle Simulation Simulation Measurement 105 g 104 g Performance 11,6 sec 11,8 sec 14

15 SYSTEM DESIGN: REAL-WORLD FUEL ECONOMY CYCLE HYBRID CITY BUS Hybrid (City-) Bus Concept Study Hybrid (City-) Bus Concept Study - Real Life Cycle Simulation Simulation vs. Measurement NOx-Emission [g/h] Simulation - NOx Emission [g/h] Simulation - NOx-Emission [g/km] Measurement - NOx-Emission [g/km] Cumulated NOx-Emission [g/km] Time [s] AGREEMENT OF SIMULATION RESULTS WITH REAL-WORLD TEST 15

16 ANALYSIS OF ENGINE LOSSES FUEL ECONOMY: Analysis of impact of each element and its modifications on vehicle fuel consumption Elements, component and sub-systems Transfer maps Perform component analyses Vehicle system fuel consumption simulation Friction losses from detailed component and sub-system analysis (CRUISE) (EXCITE MBS) 16

17 ENGINE POWER DISTRIBUTION 17

18 SYSTEM SIMULATION INTEGRATION Engine Test Bed AVL PUMA Engine Testbed PUMA Open EMCON400 ISAC400 Engine Dyno Adv. Sim. Interface, Signal Prep., Test Run Synch. Load Control RG/α, RG/v 18

19 CRUISE Customer Base 2012 OEM Tier Research / Engineering AVTOVAZ BMW CHANGAN CHANGCHENG CHERY CHRYSLER DAIHATSU DELTA DFL DOLMAR FAW FERRARI FISKER FORD OTOSAN GAEI GM GM DAEWOO GREAT WALL MOTOR HATCI HONDA HYUNDAI & KIA - MOTORS JAC ANHUI LAMBORGHINI MAHINDRA MARUTI SUZUKI MERCEDES BENZ MITSUBISHI MOTORS NISSAN MOTOR PORSCHE RENAULT SAIC SSANGYONG MOTOR SUZUKI SYMC TATA TIANJIN XIALI TICO TMC ANKAI BUS ASHOK LEYLAND DAF DFL EICHER FOTON GAEI HMC KAMAZ KINGLONG MAN LATIN AMERICA MITSUBISHI FUSO SHANXI HEAVY DUTY SINO TRUCK TEMSA VW TRUCK DO BRAZIL YUTONG BUS COMPANY BAJAJ BMW CHINA MOTORS CO DAYANG MOTORCYCLE DONGFENG GAEI HARLEY DAVIDSON HERO HONDA JIALING MOTOR TVS MOTOR QIANJIANG YAMAHA YUCHAI DEW NACCO CHAOYANG DIESEL CUMMINS CHINA ENGINE DALIAN DEW HARBIN DONGAN JAC ANHUI LOVOL WEICHAI WUXI DEW YUCHAI DEW YULIN DIESEL BAE SYSTEMS BRIDGESTONE CUMMINS DELPHI EATON EFFICIENT DRIVETRAINS ETV MOTORS HONEYWELL ISE JOHNSON CONTROLS LINAMAR MICHELIN PHOENIX ROBERT BOSCH SAGW XIALI VW MOTORI ARAI AUTO EVER SYSTEMS BIT CHANGFENG CHINA NORTH IND -. CO CENTRO TECNOLOGICO DE AUTO DE GALICIA CRIEPI C.R.F EPA EPRI ESTECO FZI HEXAGON IDIADA IPG IPSIS KATECH LIPI MCOR PATAC PAUL SCHERRER PTT QINGDAO SICERI SIEMENS TIAX TOSHIBA VIF WFIERI 19

20 LAT s Chassis dyno Dyno: up to 2.5t, adjustable to both legislative (e.g. NEDC) and real world driving cycles (e.g. Artemis) Complete emissions analysis according to legislation requirements: bag results instantaneous results PM mass and number PM sampling according to PMP requirements Complete CVS for regulated emissions measurement (diesel, gasoline) Partial dilution sampling system

21 Two engine test benches Test cell 1 Dynamometer up to 350 kw (with transient functionality) PUMA open automation system Access to engine ECU AMA i60 analyzer set Engine coolant conditioning Real time mass fuel consumption measurement Engine, lubricant and fuel temperature control

22 From chassis to engine maps (1/2) Chassis preparation Inertia mass Coast down NEDC (cold, hot) From type approval (if info is available) From physical resistance calculation From on-road measurement Measurement WLTC Artemis (Urban, Road) ERMES Data analysis Analyzers signal correction and synchronization Final CO 2, CO, HC value 22

23 From chassis to engine maps (2/2) Vehicle speed (from CVS file, 1Hz) Transient load Steady state load Torque bmep Engine speed (from OBD file, ~10 Hz) Degradation at 1Hz FC calculated [0.1154/D]x[(0.866xHC)+(0.429xCO)+(0.273xCO2)], petrol [0.1155/D]x[(0.866xHC)+(0.429xCO)+(0.273xCO2)], diesel Manufacturer input data CRUISE Engine map Other data from car databases (e.g. carfolio.com, carsdata.com) Micro simulation 23

24 CRUISE cold start correction Fuel consumption can be corrected for each second of the driving profile. with the warm-up enrichment option for each temperature. with the Increasing fmep option. with the mean pressure factor; similar to the increasing fmep correction. The mean pressure of the cold engine is divided by the mean pressure of the warm engine. with the Fuel Consumption External and Fuel Consumption Coefficient External. Additional fuel consumption from the Data Bus Input Channel is added or multiplied with a fuel consumption coefficient. 24

25 All cold start models (from CRUISE manual) 25

26 Consortium of LAT, TUG, Ricardo and TNO Technical feasibility of OBD threshold limits (OTL) 26 Testing protocol Day 0 Main test (day 1, day 2, day 3) 2 x NEDC 2 x EUDC NEDC cold NEDC hot (bag analysis) 2 x EUDC Artemis Urban Artemis Road WLTC km/h km/h 40 min 15 min 20 min 20 min 30 min 15 min 15 min 18 min 25 min 15 min 15 min 1 st part: OBD Type-Approval 2 nd part: real world cycles 3 rd part: new Type-Approval 4 th part: PM characterization WLTC is already integrated in almost all LAT testing activities, in addition to several other cycles Example here: the OBD (Lot 5) test protocol 2 x NEDC 2 x EUDC 40 min 15 min (conditioning for next day)

27 Cars measured and modelled at LAT during o Alfa Romeo Mito 1.4 Turbo Multi Air S&S (manual transmission) o Alfa Romeo Mito 1.4 Turbo Multi Air S&S (TCT) o BMW X1 sdrive20d efficient dynamics o Peugeot e-hdi FAP 112 o Toyota Auris HSD o Toyota Avensis 1.6 dual fuel (petrol + LPG) o VW Golf 1.4 TSi 90 kw o Toyota Prius PHEV (2010) o Engine maps are derived from the above and full CRUISE models developed 27

28 Cars modeled by AVL and provided to LAT Conventional cars o Nissan Pathfinder 3.0L CVT o Volvo S60 D5 o AUDI A6 3.0 TFSI quattro o SMART Fourtwo coupe 52 kw mhd o BMW 116i o Volvo C30 T5 o Audi A3 1.4 TFSi Advanced technology cars o Mitsubishi i MiEV o Audi A1 etron o Mercedes Benz S 400 HYBRID o Toyota Prius III o Honda Civic Hybrid o Fisker Karma 28

29 Engine maps provided to LAT Gasoline 4-cylinder 1.2 l displacement (from CRF). Diesel 4-cylinder 1.3 l displacement (from CRF). Diesel 4-cylinder 1.9 l displacement (from CRF). 29

30 Typical Prius PHEV test results at LAT 30

31 Coordinator of a very relevant 7FP European Project ICT-Emissions - Development of a methodology and tool to evaluate the impact of ICT measures on road transport emissions Sponsor: European Commission, DG Information Society Duration: October 2011 October 2014

32 WT 4.1 Parameterization of Traffic Scenarios and Vehicles Parameterization submodule MESSINA v ego,next Microsimulator traffic simulator TraCI (Py) sensor model vehicle data (pos, vel, heading) ADAS/driver model veh. dyn. v ego v des v rel tar d tar v ego,next v ego v des v rel tar d tar MESSINA Signal pool

33 Identification of CO2 reduction technologies relevant to type-approval Conventional Downsizing (turbocharging, ) Direct Injection (gasoline) Intake (Variable cam timing, variable lift, throttleless, ) Cylinder deactivation Start-and-stop Transmission (dual-clutch, GSI, optimization, ) Thermal management Vehicle body (weight and resistances reduction) High H:C fuels Engine management, including aftertreatment control Hybridization - Electrification Mild Strong Plug-In BEV Other Eco-innovations Super-credits (short-term) Each technology may have a different impact on the WLTP/NEDC typeapproval 33

34 Knowledge of fleets and projections LAT has both the capacity and the experience (in collaboration with Emisia SA) to contribute with Detailed stock of vehicles (DG Clima TRACCS exercise) Projections to 2050 (EC4MACS, Revision of TSAP scenarios) Detailed vehicle fleet dynamics modelling 34

35 Platforms to be simulated Passenger Cars: 6 Petrol x 3 variations = 18 simulations 6 diesel x 3 variations = 18 simulations 1 Hybrid x 3 variations = 3 simulations 1 Plug-in hybrid x 2 variations = 2 simulations 2 Natural gas x 2 variations = 4 simulations Light Duty Vehicles: 6 diesel x 3 variations = 18 simulations Total: 22 vehicles 2 to 3 variations each 63 simulations Allowance for an additional 10 simulations e.g. for sensitivity analysis ~ 75 simulations 35

36 Testing 2 diesel engines/vehicles 1 gasoline passenger car 1 Hybrid/PHEV 20 test days 36

37 Main Workpackages WP1: Identification of the main differences between the NEDC test procedure and the WLTP Table identifying aspects of the test procedures and the extent to which these will be dealt with on the basis of simulations or additional testing activities. Set-up of the measurement and simulation schedule WP2: Initial calculations Focus on coverage of the necessary segments using existing validated data WP3: Testing to cover missing segments and particular areas/questions WP4: Focus on future technology vehicles WP5: Reporting and analysis WP6: Management, ad hoc support and participation to meetings 37

38 Same campaign may be used for other pollutants Example shown: Particle number and mass 38

39 Thank you for your attention Zissis Samaras

40 Curb weights Model Curb weight [kg] Alfa Romeo MiTo M 1135 Alfa Romeo MiTo TcT 1170 Toyota Auris HSD 1380 Peugeot 308 e-hdi 1318 VW Golf 1.4 TSi 1416 Toyota Prius PHEV 1390 BMW X1 sdrive 20d 1465 Nissan Pathfinder 3.0L CVT 2185 Mitsubishi i MiEV 1080 Audi A1 etron 1190 Volvo S60 D AUDI A6 3.0 TFSI quattro 1715 Mercedes Benz S 400 HYBRID 2100 Toyota Prius III 1380 SMART Fortwo coupe 52 kw mhd 750 Honda Civic Hybrid 1260 Fisker Karma 2400 BMW 116i 1385 Volvo C30 T Audi A3 1.4 TFSi