Trends in Green Vehicle Technologies A Perspective from the Federal Transit Administration

Transcription

1 Trends in Green Vehicle Technologies A Perspective from the Federal Transit Administration March 15, 2011 Walter Kulyk, P.E. Director, Office of Mobility Innovation Federal Transit Administration 1

2 Overview Federal Transit Administration Mission and Funding U.S. Transit and Energy Transit as a Green Technology Demonstration Platform U.S. Transit Policy and Goals Electric Drive and Clean Fuels Research National Fuel Cell Bus Program (NFCBP) Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction (TIGGER) Program Hydraulic Hybrid Development Efforts Advanced Small Transit Vehicle Development Urban MAGLEV Program Lessons Learned and Conclusions 2

3 U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration Provides financial and technical assistance to the local public transit systems to plan, construct, and operate public transportation in the U.S. Systems include buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail, streetcars, and passenger ferry boats Over 1,500 transit agencies across U.S. benefit from FTA funding Over $10 Billion in annual funding, with recent increases in annual due to Recovery Act funds $22 Billion in proposed US DOT Budget for 2012 Conducts research & development, and provides technical assistance for innovative technologies and techniques 3

4 Public Transit in the U.S. Demand for transit and transit ridership continues to increase Passengers rode transit vehicles 55.1 billion miles in 2008 Transit use represents about two percent of U.S. passenger car mileage Transit ridership increased 38-percent from 1995 to 2008 U.S. population grew 14-percent Highway use grew 21-percent Sources: APTA & U.S. DOT BTS 4

5 Public Transit Bus Operations 1,100 transit systems operate buses (2008) Over 50,000 buses in operation every day Transit is a leader in adopting clean fuel and advanced technology About 19% of transit buses are alternatively-powered Diesel - Electric 2% Transit Bus Fuel Types (2009 Fleet) CNG 15% Diesel 81% LNG 2% Source: Environmental Benefits of Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology in Transit, FTA-WV

6 Transit & Energy Current U.S. Transportation sector is petroleum based Demand for oil will continue to outstrip supply Transit petroleum consumption is insignificant compared to overall transportation consumption However, transit is highly vulnerable to oil demand & supply disturbances 6

7 Transit Industry: Platform for Advanced Technologies Fleet Operations Centrally fueled and maintained Professional operators and mechanics Urban stop-go duty cycle and fixed route Start-up time Federal Capital Funding Support Federal procurement funding Assistance for developing new technologies High Visibility & High Impact Operate in densely populated areas Broader public exposure and acceptance Alamodome Transit Entrance. VIA Metropolitan Transit; San Antonio, TX New Flyer Hybrid Bus. Intended for Seattle, WA 7

8 FTA Support of Clean Vehicle Technology Reduce transit bus emissions Lower greenhouse gas transportation emissions Improve fuel efficiency Fuel is second largest operating cost, and not eligible for FTA assistance Current full size transit buses achieve only 2 to 4 mpg Improve vehicle performance Consumer Acceptance/Public Relations Smoke and odor free Clean and quiet Move toward greener technologies 8

9 U.S. Transit Policy DOT Strategic Goal: Environmental Stewardship FTA Strategic Goal: Environmental Sustainability Reduced carbon and other harmful emissions Improved energy efficiency Reduced dependence on fossil fuels Reduced transportation-related air, water, and noise pollution and impacts on ecosystems 9

10 Electric Drive Strategic Plan The Vision The Goal Commercial availability of zero and near-zero emissions, high efficiency, affordable transit vehicles for transit agencies across the country by 2030 from domestic suppliers To advance electric drive and related technologies to enable commercially-viable transit vehicles with significantly higher efficiencies, lower emissions, and superior performance Specific Goal Measure 1 Quadruple fuel efficiency of 40 transit bus Fuel economy greater than 12 miles per diesel equivalent gallon 2 Decrease transit vehicle tailpipe emissions >50% improvement over 2010 EPA requirements for heavy-duty diesel engines 3 Achieve superior performance of new transit vehicles 10 % increase in MBRC 25 % reduction of interior noise Minimum 12-year vehicle lifetime Zero safety incidents 10

11 Electric Drive Research Approach With support from industry stakeholders, FTA identified five focus areas, in priority order, necessary to advance technology to the 20 year vision Technical Focus Area 2014 Objective 2030 Objective Vehicle Energy Management Electrification of Accessories Implement innovative bus energy system demonstration and evaluation program Validate all-electric 40 bus Validated energy storage systems commercially available for transit All-electric bus commercially established Bus Design Prepare advanced propulsion bus design standards and guidelines Commercially established innovative bus design for advanced propulsion systems Rail Energy Management Implement innovative rail energy system demonstration and evaluation program Validated energy management systems commercially available for rail transit Locomotive Design Analyze alternative locomotive designs Established validation program for alternative locomotive designs 11

12 FTA Support of Clean Fuels multiple alternatives to diesel-powered buses CNG successfully commercialized Over $185M in FTA support from FTA supported early demonstrations and development of standards and best practices Most common alternative fuel in transit Hybrid-electric vehicles commercial product Over $25M in FTA hybrid and electric drive research since 2000 Highest fuel efficiency and lowest emissions in current fleet Hybrids continue to increase in market share in transit 12

13 Fuel Cell Transit Bus FTA initiated fuel cell bus development with a feasibility study awarded to Georgetown University in 1983 Brassboard Fuel Cell Power Plant Development Generation I Fuel Cell Bus Development ( ) 50 kw Phosphoric Acid Fuel-Cell 75 kw DC drive motor 40 kw-hr SAFT NiCd Battery Pack 30-ft Bus Generation II Fuel Cell Bus Development ( ) UTC 100 kw Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell 185 kw AC Induction Drive Motor 50 kw-hr Lead-Acid Battery Pack Two Methanol Fueled Designs 40-ft Nova Bus Platform BAE HybriDrive Electric Drive System Ballard 100 kw PEM Fuel Cell 185 kw AC Induction Drive Motor 30 kw-hr Lead-Acid Battery Pack 13

14 National Fuel Cell Bus Program (NFCBP) Authorized under SAFETEA-LU Funded $49M for FYs Additional $13.5M in FY percent non-federal cost share Competitively selected Balanced portfolio of projects Diverse group of locations/climates Oakland, CA San Francisco, CA Thousand Palms, CA Hartford, CT Boston, MA Columbia, SC Albany, NY Austin, TX 14

15 NFCBP Targets/Goals Fuel cell bus vehicle cost of no greater than 5 times that of a commercial transit bus 4 to 6 year life or 20,000 to 30,000 hours of durability for the fuel cell propulsion system Double fuel efficiency compared to a commercial transit bus. Bus performance equal to, or better than, equivalent commercial bus. Exceed the 2010 heavy-duty bus emissions standards Foster economic competitiveness in fuel cell bus technologies Oakland, CA San Francisco, CA Thousand Palms, CA Hartford, CT Boston, MA Columbia, SC Albany, NY Austin, TX 15

16 NFCBP Highlights BAE Systems BUS 2010 project with fuel cell APU delivered to MUNI, in San Francisco Enhancing a successful Hybrid Electric Vehicle with fuel cell Auxiliary Power System (APU) Hydrogenics fuel cell, Orion bus platform Electrified accessories to increase efficiency reduce power requirements All-American Fuel Cell Bus with BAE, Ballard and El Dorado for operation in SunLine Transit in California Zero Emission Bus vehicle demo in a very hot desert climate Project enables side-by-side comparisons of a Van Hool UTC Bus and BAE System - Ballard Design 16

17 NFCBP Highlights CTE/Proterra Battery-dominant hydrogen fuel cell 35-foot bus Dual 16 Kw Hydrogenics fuel cell stacks Lightweight composite structure Advanced Lithium-Titanate batteries Demonstration in Columbia, South Carolina UTC/ISE/Van-Hool UTC 120kW PEM Fuel Cell ISE ThunderVolt Hybrid Drive Siemens ELFA Drive; two AC induction motors, 85 kw each (170 kw total) ZEBRA (nickel sodium chloride), three modules, 32 kw (95 kw total), 53 kwh Demonstration in Oakland, CA 17

18 NFCBP Accomplishments Several technical advances for fuel cell technology achieved Fuel-cell powerplant surpassed 7,000 hours on bus in revenue service with the original cell stacks and no cell replacement Fuel cell warranties exceeding 10,000 hours, up from 4,000 hours in 2006 Component projects completed successfully including Hybrid Fuel Cell Power Converter and Integrated Auxiliary Module BDC 18

19 NFCBP New Selections Enhancements to existing projects and new efforts/teams Fuel cell development projects and new demonstration efforts: Develop next generation fuel cell power system that is smaller, less costly and more durable Develop and demo of lightweight highly efficient bus with hybrid-electric drive improvements and bus design enhancements. Continued in-service fuel cell bus demonstrations with state of the art technology improvements; New fuel cell bus development effort with an experienced hybrid drive manufacturer Agreements currently being negotiated 19

20 Transit Investments for Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reduction (TIGGER) continued focus on green deployment TIGGER I (component of ARRA) $100 million (selections announced Oct 2009) TIGGER II (supplemental appropriation) $75 million (selections announced Nov 2011) Direct funding for "capital investments that will assist in reducing the energy consumption or greenhouse gas emissions of their public transportation systems... 20

21 Energy Consumption TIGGER Total energy savings of a project expected over its useful life Energy purchased directly by a public transportation system Examples : diesel fuel, compressed natural gas, and electricity purchased from power plants GHG Reductions Total GHG emission reductions of a project expected over its useful life Direct emissions from public transportation systems (e.g., systems vehicles) Does not account for indirect emissions (e.g., third-party power plants) or displaced emissions (e.g., emissions from manufacturing transit equipment, waste disposal, etc.). 21

22 TIGGER I: Project Selections Over 560 project proposals received totaling $2.0 Billion 43 projects totaling $100 Million announced October 2009 Multiple technologies and strategies for energy and greenhouse gas emissions reduction Projects vary in cost and complexity Geographically-diverse with projects in 27 U.S. states CA OR WA NV ID UT MT WY CO ND SD NE KS MN WI IA MO IL IN MI KY OH WV PA NY VA MD VT NH MA ME CT RI NJ DE AZ NM OK AR MS TN AL GA SC NC TX LA AK FL MT 22 HI MT MO

23 TIGGER I : Examples of Selected Projects Purchase of new clean & efficient transit vehicles Transit facilities efficiency improvements Geothermal heating and cooling Low energy lighting Passive solar water heating Roof mounted PV solar and turbine electric power Rail wayside energy storage system with flywheel technology Idle reduction technology for buses PV Shade structures for bus fleet 23

24 TIGGER II Program Additional $75M appropriated for FY 2010 Significant technologies employed in project awards include: Biomethane fueled 400kW SOFC Fuel Cell Powerplant PEM Electrolyzer for on-site hydrogen production Solar and wind based electric power generation Geothermal heating & cooling for transit terminals Hybrid-electric buses to replace older diesel buses Fast-charging electric buses and charging stations Locomotive engine idle reduction systems UTC 400 kw Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plant ZTR SmartStart Locomotive Idle Reduction Solar Bus Canopy Solar Power Plant Proterra EcoRide 35 with FastFill Charging Station Designline EcoSaver IV Turbine-Electric Bus 24

25 TIGGER Portfolio Approach Broad portfolio of options for reducing transit energy and climate change impacts, in order to identify the most costeffective, high-impact strategies TIGGER results can have impact well beyond projects selected Demonstrates strategies, techniques and technologies transit agencies can implement to reduce their energy use and operating costs Approaches range from simple to complex Demonstration of strategies suitable for any transit agency High impact, high visibility projects included in portfolio Great opportunities for technology transfer 25

26 TIGGER II and Beyond emphasis on innovation Projects rated higher in TIGGER II that included innovative technologies of national significance, such as electric drive and other advanced technologies Advanced propulsion electric drive projects selected, among others Follow-on TIGGER-like research and demonstration program possible under President s 2012 budget proposal Implications for advanced propulsion research and development and demonstrations 26

27 Benefit of Alternative Fuels & Technology 2007 study quantified and compared the emissions and fuel consumption characteristics of alternatively fueled (CNG, LNG, and Biodiesel), and diesel hybrid-electric buses Study predicted the overall emissions and fuel benefits at an increased level of market penetration of each technology and compared to those of the forecasted 2009 bus fleet Diesel-electric hybrid appears to offer the best overall environmental benefits and is the only technology to result in a reduction in fossil fuel consumption FTA-WV

28 Hydraulic Hybrid Bus Development Several Development Efforts Underway Simultaneously Leading to Potential for Viable Deployments The Goal is to Provide a Hydraulic Hybrid Bus with Better Fuel Economy and Lower Emissions at a Lower Life Cycle Cost than Today s Basic Diesel Bus BUSolutions Project in Troy, MI CALSTART Shuttle Bus Demonstration at RTA in Riverside, CA Future Minneapolis, MN Demonstration Future El Paso, TX Demonstration 28

29 BUSolutions Key Innovations Optimized Design Employed Virtual Prototyping or efficient design Full bus 15% lighter Optimized all aluminum structure - 30% lighter Series Hydraulic Hybrid Partner is Parker Hannifin 70% recovery of braking energy 45% improvement in fuel economy and emissions 29

30 CALSTART Hydraulic Hybrid Shuttle Bus CALSTART is sponsoring the development of hydraulic hybrid shuttle bus for demonstration in Riverside, CA; Minneapolis, MN; and El Paso, TX Combined funding CALSTART/FTA and SCAQMD > $1.0 Million Shuttle Bus is based on a Ford cutaway chassis bus EATON Hydraulic Launch Assist (HLA) upfitted by a third party EATON HLA is a parallel hybrid system that requires limited changes to base vehicle EATON system already demonstrated on a shuttle for U.S. Army returning >25% fuel economy improvement on the EPA city cycle Eaton HLA System EATON HLA Shuttle Bus 30

31 Total Life Cycle Cost Comparisons Hybrid Hydraulic has the lowest Total Life Cycle Cost Total Life Cycle Cost by Bus Type A basic diesel bus is 4% more A Hybrid Electric is 39% more Main drivers of lower cost: Lower purchase price No expensive battery replacement Superior fuel economy Even lower emissions than hybridelectric Data source: Transit Bus Life Cycle Cost and Year 2007 Emissions Estimation (FTA-WV ) Delta cost estimates made for Hybrid Hydraulic with similar assumptions. 45% fuel economy improvement used compared to 19% reported for DEH 31

32 Proterra Bus Development under the ARRA Program Foothill Transit, Los Angeles, CA Three Fast Charge Battery electric buses Operational since September 2010 Recharge in 10 minutes 30 mile range with recharge stations at each end of the route Proterra Ecoliner used by Foothill Transit 32

33 Proterra Bus Design Flexible design layout Configurable for several variations of electric-drive modes Modes include: Hydrogen fuel cell Plug-in battery electric Fast charge battery electric Diesel electric hybrid Proterra Inductive Fast Charging Proterra Fuel Cell Stacks Proterra Battery Pack 33

34 Advanced Small Transit Vehicle Need for an improved small vehicle to support rural/small urban transit markets Current small vehicles Adapted Commercial Vehicles Harsh ride & limited to good roads Crude wheel-chair lifts Inflexible Seating Future Small Transit Vehicle Low-floor wheelchair friendly Reconfigurable seating Compact powertrain Traction Control Adjustable Ground Clearance 34

35 Ride Solutions Bus Small heavy-duty low-floor bus designed by BreviBus Key Innovations Transverse Engine/Transmission adapted from Class 8 Truck mounted behind rear axle H-drive translates transmission output 270 degrees into rear axle Allows 25 seated passengers in only a 26-foot long bus Foldaway seats allow conversion to 5 wheelchair positions for paratransit or 6 stretchers for emergency evacuation Built-in Wheelchair Ramp 35

36 Urban MAGLEV In 1999, FTA announced the Urban Maglev Project (UMP) with the objectives of: Developing a base of knowledge about Urban MAGLEV low speed technology Pursue full system development and demonstration Enhance one or more of critical maglev subsystems using advanced technologies Develop functional specifications Critical Urban MAGLEV Technology Areas Levitation Propulsion Power Supply & Delivery Communication & Control Guideway design Vehicle Design Artistic rendering of Urban MAGLEV at Old Dominion University in Virgina 36

37 Lessons Learned and Conclusions The transit market and ridership is increasing and expected to in the future The ever increasing challenges of energy cost and emissions will continue to drive the search for effective alternative fuel sources and advanced technologies for U.S. transit vehicles Transit is prime for demonstrating green vehicle technologies U.S. Transit has a long successful history with developing and demonstrating advanced propulsion vehicle technologies The FTA s robust diversified portfolio of green technology projects have enabled it to influence the marketplace Advanced Vehicle Consortiums good mechanism for collaboration, innovation, and demonstration effectiveness Research must be broad and fuel/technology neutral Research investments can lead to unanticipated benefits, unexpected collaborations, and further advances 37

38 Advanced Technology Vehicle Research What s Next? Significant support in U.S. Administration for transit and green technology needs Fleet demonstrations needed to continue toward commercialization of lead edge technologies industry discussion planned More work needed on battery electric technology FTA open to new, innovative technology ideas (e.g., CNG Hybrid?) Transit industry needs to be prepared for possible new and/or changed research and development programs and opportunities Continuing Resolution impact on FY 2011 Specific Reauthorization details not yet clear/decided 38

39 Thank You Walter Kulyk, P.E. Director, Office of Mobility Innovation Federal Transit Administration 1200 New Jersey Avenue S.E., Room E Washington, DC