NOx reduction effect on CO 2. NOX Reductions are achievable without significant penalties in CO 2

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1 NOx reduction effect on CO 2 NOX Reductions are achievable without significant penalties in CO 2 Source (ICCT):

2 NOx and CO 2 in the lab and in reality French Government funded measurements on 86 Euro 5-6 diesel passenger cars Demonstrates the problem with NOx (and also CO 2 ) Official NOx Decoupled from CO 2 (as expected) Test-track NEDC test show NOx correlation to CO 2 for Euro 5 cars (should not appear!) Picture improves for Euro 6 but not fully.

3 Political objective: Reducing CO 2 emissions from LDVs How: Pushing the introduction of more efficient vehicles & technologies Efficiency is mainly evaluated during the vehicle TA. Additional improvements are quantified through the ecoinnovations scheme Technology Neutral, any technology is good as long as it delivers.

4 Policy: Present situation Mass dependent emission limits for sales weighted avg. emissions per OEM Target in 2015: CO 2 shall not average more than 130 gco 2 /km (roughly ~5.2l/100km) the target is set to 95 gco 2 /km for year 2020

5 Measured CO2 (g/km) Discrepancies between TA CO 2 and ex-post NEDC measured CO Unfair competitive advantage Measured = TA Measured = 1.12 * TA Measured = 1.3*TA Dyno NEDC- D1 Test track NEDC -D TA CO2 (g/km)

6 WLTP & RDE-like test benefits

7 Correlation procedure for CO 2 Correlation procedure voted in 2016 (Vans exp. in 2017). Final adoption of correlation procedure by EC in spring 2017 Main points: NEDC standards maintained until 2020 All vehicles will have both WLTP & NEDC CO 2 determined at type approval WLTP CO 2 correlated to NEDC taking into account NEDC conditions Certain boundary conditions used for NEDC during this period make reference to WLTP (NEDC road loads calculated from WLTP ones) Creation of comparable WLTP and NEDC datasets for target translation in 2021 CO 2 MPAS tool used for WLTP NEDC correlation

8 The CO 2 MPAS tool A vehicle micro simulator for the introduction of WLTP Developed by the JRC Model calibration is based on WLTP provided enough vehicle data. Includes key NEDC test conditions that are now explicitly regulated Compulsory use to validate OEM declared value for NEDC Double testing only possible if deviation between CO 2 MPAS and declared value >4% and for hybrid vehicles

9 The process

10 Setting WLTP-based targets In parallel the EC is working on the definition of post 2020 targets. Study launched and on going.

11 Additional work for PHEVs Since also test results were confirming the substantial equality between combined CO2 emissions for PHEVs, we decided to develop a new calculation model, more focused on the calculations defined in the legislation

12 a question for the future: Will CO 2 be for the European automotive sector in 2021 what NOx has been in 2015? -in environmental terms -in terms of prestige & market impact -in terms of technology shortfall -in terms of policy goals -in terms of penalties and losses It is in the common interest of all stakeholders not to let it become so

13 Summary & Follow up activities

14 On-going and future initiatives on NOx, RDE (4 th RDE package) Defining the provisions for in-service conformity and market surveillance testing Investigating the possibility to use screening tools (e.g. remote sensing devices) to identify the highest emitters 2017 Reviewing RDE procedure and adapting provisions to ensure practicality and effective emissions testing Reviewing the effectiveness, i.e. assessing emissions levels over the entire range of RDE boundary conditions (varying altitude, temperature and dynamics), but also outside the RDE boundary conditions and for various technologies Revision of Conformity Factors

15 On-going and future initiatives on CO 2 Important regulatory initiatives adopted for both LDV and HDV CO 2 The WLTP and correlation procedure for LDVs CO 2 emissions certification and monitoring for HDVs LDVs: improve CO 2 framework and provide more realistic & representative CO 2 values, set the basis for future initiatives HDVs: establish a framework based on component testing and whole vehicle simulation to enable monitoring and CO 2 certification Simulation for policy purposes is gaining ground (VECTO & CO 2 MPAS) Additional tools and initiatives are under discussion EC runs 2 Impact Assessment studies (for LDVs and HDVs) to investigate possible CO 2 targets for post 2020 period

16 Which metrics would we want to improve?

17 Non regulatory inititaives eg. Green-driving tool

18 Thank you for your attention!