Spotlight on the Network Energy Manager

Transcription

1 #4 Spotlight on the Network Energy Manager Type of solution Information system Process Work Stream considered Active Demand DER integration LV Innovation Location / Topology (with regards to distribution grid) HV/MV Substation MV LV DER Other Centralized system (calculations, information system) Thematic(s) Grid Monitoring / state estimation Active demand / DSM DER Integration / increased grid capacity Use Case(s) Peak demand reduction Integrate PV production on the GRID PROSUMER Key figures Alleviating grid constraints through Demand Response (DR) and Energy Storage flexibilities The NEM: microgrid information at the operator s finger tips NEM functional overview: Managing microgrids using a flexibility marketplace TSO and DSO user interface examples bringing Distributed Energy resources situation awareness to operators. Table 1 Technical table of the Network Energy Manager implemented in the NICEGRID Introduction The NEM (Network Energy Manager), developed by GE, is the software component in the heart of NICE GRID. This is a set of applications developed by GE and used by the DSO (Enedis) to achieve the objectives of NICE GRID. It allows to perform D-1 planning, MV an LV power flow calculation, exchanges between the DSO or TSO and the flexibility suppliers (aggregators) and real time supervision. GE has also developed the infrastructure of supervision and management of network storage systems, which is presented in a spotlight dedicated to network storage (S2) model of interactions between different energy actors: consumer, commercial aggregators, battery aggregator, Distribution System Operator (DSO) and Transmission System Operator (TSO). The NEM consists of a state-of-the-art, cyber secured IT platform that organizes a market mechanism for localized flexibility. It brings together actors in their role as flexibility aggregators for their prosumers with the grid operators (DSO and TSO) that buy flexibility for operating their grids. The flexibility offers, proposed by aggregators, allow mitigation of network grid constraints such as over voltage and backfeed on the distribution grid in summer or alleviation of circuit overload during winter peak load situations. Figure 1 - Alleviating grid constraints through Demand Response and Energy Storage flexibilities A highly innovative solution The NEM within NICE GRID introduced several innovations: Enabling the operator to take corrective actions to alleviate grid constraints when and where they occur, based on real-time situation awareness and look-ahead visibility. A unified platform enabling a fully transparent mechanism for system operators to contract and activate flexibility services provided by various types of aggregators (residential, commercial & industrial, batteries). A high-performance platform providing high level of automation for actors, business processes and network constraints detection. 1www.grid4eu.eu Objective and technical requirements Context NICE GRID focuses on the role of microgrids in enhancing system reliability and congestion management, while being interconnected with the main grid. As the brain behind the microgrids, GE is implementing the Network Energy Manager (NEM). The NEM, using solar generation and load forecasts, tests a new Figure 2 - The NEM: microgrid information at the operator s finger tips

2 Development and implementation From concept to real-life experiments Since the NEM concept s inception, the goal has always been to demonstrate through real-life experiments the value added by interconnecting various energy actors to leverage the DER and load flexibility as an alternative to more traditional strategies such as grid reinforcement when operating the grid in the presence of high-intermittent renewable resources: Understanding the monolithic distribution grid as interconnected public utility owned microgrids, that can be reconfigured to alleviate forecasted grid constraints is the most efficient way. Large diversity of use: load shifting during winter peak periods, distribution grid constraint management following a massive deployment of PV, islanding of a single microgrid. Moving from day-ahead to a closer to real-time (intraday) operation (including connection to real-time data feed from meters). Large diversity of aggregators. Network battery scheduling and operation. End-to-end connection of IT systems enforcing high level of cyber-security with fully automated interfaces. Architecture The Network Energy Manager provides an integrated flexibility marketplace for the TSO and DSO to specify their flexibility needs to solve their respective grid operational constraints. These needs can be automatically computed by the NEM based on renewable production forecasts and individual load forecasts. The NEM also provides a portal for various DER and flexibility aggregators to offer their flexibility services to satisfy the requests. As a result, the NEM performs a global optimisation to address needs in the most economical way while still enforcing the technical constraints. This fully automated process notifies the aggregators of their awarded flexibility for implementation and activation for demand response, load shifting or storage device dispatch. forecast the individual loads and PV production in each microgrid for the next day. Until 1:00 PM: The NEM determines the power requests and publishes them for aggregators. Until 3:00 PM: Aggregators re-optimize their asset portfolio and post their flexibility offers. Until 3:30 PM: the NEM matches flexibility demand and offers. The operators can either manually select what they need or ask for fully automated selection. At 6:00 PM: All aggregators are informed if their flexibility offers have been reserved. During the delivery day flexibility is called by the grid operators when needed. Aggregators adapt the load of their assets accordingly. Figure 4 - TSO and DSO user interface examples bringing Distributed Energy resources situation awareness to operators. Technical results Figure 3 - NEM functional overview: Managing microgrids using a flexibility marketplace Deployment The Network Energy Manager is deployed in the data center of Enedis interconnected with the IT systems of the aggregators over the Internet. Operated by Enedis, it analyses the network conditions in the Carros region on a daily basis to identify situations where corrective actions can contribute to reduce grid constraints. One day in Demo6 A typical operating day in NICE GRID is scheduled as follows: Before 11:00 AM: TSO and DSO determine their required power needs. The latest weather forecast and metered data are used to Deployment of the whole architecture in the IT environment of a leading DSO in Europe. Connection with the aggregators fulfilling the cyber security requirements of Enedis. Operation of the platform since January 2014, running seasonal winter and summer experimentations. Regular update of the distribution grid using CIM export from Enedis. Process in place to register flexibility by aggregator and metering point, followed by the publication of defined commercial locations by Enedis to aggregators. Fully automatic process of the NEM control loop without required operator interaction for the summer use case. Deployment of a DSO UI allowing to monitor the distribution network, the DER forecasts and production and the flexibility market process Deployment of a distributed control architecture for effective distributed network resources management 2www.grid4eu.eu 2

3 Conclusion and key messages Local flexibility market The Network Energy Manager (NEM) was a cornerstone for the setting up of the local flexibility market, putting in place a structured, reliable, non-discriminatory and transparent process, which allowed all the stakeholders to have a clear set of rules to guide their participation in the flexibility market. The NEM structures the business processes into steps (also called market gates), handles the information exchange efficiently by relying on standard messages and calculates optimal solutions for flexibility requests solving related network constraints by Commercial Location. The operation of the NEM by Enedis allowed the execution of the seasonal demonstrations of NICE GRID use-cases since the winter 2013/2014 experimentation. Network Battery Aggregator (NBA) The NBA, operated by Enedis, was integrated in the NEM IT environment for the sake of simplifying its implementation. Nevertheless, the designed architecture can be implemented in an independent actor s enterprise IT. The implemented architecture provides the ability for an aggregator to operate a set of network batteries in an efficient way, with minor supervision and taking into account the physical and operational constraints of the batteries. Frequent runs of the calculation engine allows the aggregator to ensure a resilient scheduling of the resources on a time horizon from several hours to two days, taking into account any unexpected event as soon as occurred. The NBA applications went through several stages of implementation, being fully implemented in the summer 2015 experimentation. ENTSO-E Reserve Resource Process (ERRP) standard was used for market players to exchange information for flexibility tendering, bidding and activation The exchange of data between the NEM and the MCU (data metering, batteries information, batteries activation plans) was made using a partial version of the OpenADR2.0b standard (over XMPP) In microgrid, several protocols were used to communicate with resources, such as the batteries inverters or the tap-changer: IEC104, Modbus, OPC XMPP protocol was used in order to securely exchange structured information close to real time between market participants, the NEM or resources Appendix To go further Document Topic dd6.7 Technical results ( 2 and 3.5) dd6.9.1 Key messages ( ) dd6.9.3 Conclusions ( 2.4 and 4) Business processes automation Due to the wide responsibility perimeter of DSO s local operating teams, it would be time-consuming for them to analyze by themselves the local needs and to validate each steps of the local flexibility mechanism, substation by substation. The handling of requests to the flexibility market has been highly automated, from the network constraints prediction to the aggregator s flexibilities reservation and activation. This allows the operators to monitor large areas of the network and guarantee that the necessary actions are undertaken. This requirement was fully achieved and evaluated by the DSO. DSO-User Interface (DSO UI) This specialized user and operator interface allows the DSO s operators to monitor the state of the network as well as the status of the flexibility market process. The DSO is also informed of forecasted constraints in the network, while being able to place flexibility requests in the local market. This interface has been designed following the DSO s operator feedback to have a more user friendly tool to operate in the local flexibility market. The second version of this interface was successfully deployed during the summer 2015 experiment. Standards and protocols One of the goals of the demonstrator was the use or adaptation of existing standards and protocols. This goal was fully achieved with the broad use of the following standards or protocols: 3www.grid4eu.eu SGAM (Smart Grid Architecture Model) standard, used to describe the global Demo6 Architecture CIM/XML standard was used to support the exchange of static network description data between different partners

4 Glossary Notion Aggregator CIM Format DER Definition The aggregator contracts with consumers/prosumers to modify their load or generation. The extent to which the load/generation can be modified constitutes its Flexibility, which it aggregates to create a block of flexibility to be offered to buyers (DSO and TSO) through the NEM. It can dispatch resources such as heaters, water heaters, storage, clients social beahaviour or any other dispatchable resource (residential, commercial or industrial). CIM or Common Information Model is a data exchange model allowing application software to exchange information about an electrical network.[ Distributed energy resources (DER) are smaller power sources that can be aggregated to provide power necessary to meet regular demand. As the electricity grid continues to modernize, DER such as storage and advanced renewable technologies can help facilitate the transition to a smarter grid. Distributed Resource Energy Management System (DERMS) Decision support system dedicated to active DER integration and control, providing facilitation services between the network operators, the commercial aggregators (suppliers, others) and the distributed flexibility resource devices. DSO Distribution system operator (DSO) means a natural or legal person responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the distribution system. In France, ERDF is operating 95% of the distribution grid (medium and low voltage grid) Flexibility A flexibility is a mean to modify (increase or decrease) a load curve, at client or network level, in order to solve grid constraints (power or voltage). Grid constraints They are two types of grid constraints: power and voltage constraints. Power constraints appear when the current exceeds the capacity of existing cables. In the low voltage grid, the injection/ withdrawal of active power raises/ lowers locally the voltage: a voltage constraint appear when the voltage is close to the boundaries defined by norm EN50160, i.e. Un +/- 10%, with Un=230 V MCU Main controller which communicates with the NEM and the distributed network resources. It has as main functionalities: metered data and resources data collection and upload to the NEM; resources supervision and control (both manually or through NEM s program reception). It also has the capacity to locally store information and to work autonomously if the connection with the NEM is lost NBA The Network Battery Aggregator is an aggregator integrated in GE s platform and developed by ARMINES. It is in charge of aggregating grid batteries in ordre to respond to flexibility offers. It prepares offers to the NEM and schedules ofr the storage systems Network Constraints Prediction Tool (NCPT) Component of NEM for look-ahead distribution power analysis and detection of incoming constraint violations on Distribution Network, relying on a calculation engine for distribution power flow, limit monitor, (N-1) security and sensitivity analysis applications. Network Energy Manager (NEM) Instance of DERMS for the NiceGrid project as main control component, hosted in DSO Information System and ensuring forecast import, distribution system analysis, validation of operator requests, management of transaction mechanism with DER aggregators, publication of reservation/activation orders, reporting and web portal for network operator dispatchers. TSO A Transmission System Operator (TSO) is an operator that transmits electrical power from generation plants over the electrical grid to regional or local electricity distribution operators. In France, RTE is the only TSO. 4www.grid4eu.eu

5 #5 Spotlight on solar transformer implemented in DEMO6 Objective and technical requirements Introduction Scope of the document This document focuses on the Smart Transformer implemented in NICE GRID. It details the architecture as a combination of a MV/ LV transformer together with its OLTC, a solar radiation sensor and a controller. The requirements for the voltage regulation are depicted and the main technical characteristics detailed. The implementation is illustrated and first results are presented. Finally, a foreseen replication is introduced. Context & Objective The use of an On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) has been foreseen since the beginning of the NICE GRID project. Such technology is designed to dynamically regulate the output voltage of a secondary substation (i.e. on the LV side of the transformer), thus enabling more integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation into LV networks by authorizing PV producers to generate higher voltage rise (when defining the terms of their connection to the grid). Tags & metadata (Technical Glossary) 1www.grid4eu.eu Type of solution Equipment / Hardware / Firmware Information system Process Manufacturer(s) implied (for equipment or hardware) Schneider Electric Work Stream considered Active Demand DER integration Storage Islanding MV Innovation LV Innovation Location / Topology (with regards to distribution grid) HV/MV Substation MV MV/LV SS LV DER Meter Downstream meter Other Centralized system (calculations, information system) Other Decentralized system Thematic(s) Grid Monitoring / state estimation Active demand / DSM DER Integration / increased grid capacity Islanding Anti Islanding protection Automatic Failure Detection Remote Grid Operations Automatic Failure Management / Grid recovery Automatic Grid topology reconfiguration Use Case(s) Islanding Peak demand reduction Manage massive PV production on LV network Encourage resident to adopt smarter habits Key figures 400 kva transformer 9 taps 2% steps between taps Table 1 - Technical table Figure 1 - Consequences of massive integration of PV generation 1 In order to prevent voltage violations (an OLTC transformer has no effect on power constraints) and keep an optimal voltage regulation in winter within NICE GRID project, an innovative function was added to the basic voltage regulation (around 404V) ensured by standard OLTC regulating transformers. This function consists in fine-tuning the voltage set point according to a set of parameters and inputs that includes real-time solar radiation, used as an indicator of the amount of PV energy being produced. This enhanced control allows varying voltage set point that takes into account the amount of PV energy being produced, including reaction to real time perturbations (e.g. temporary reduction in PV production due to a cloud). Hence, such smarter voltage regulation allows even more PV integration in the downstream LV grid. 1. Source : ENEDIS

6 Requirements The requirements for voltage regulation are illustrated in the figure below. Figure 4 - Solar radiation sensor Figure 2 - Illustration of a representative day of smart voltage regulation with varying solar power and a request from the NEM 2 In the absence of solar radiation, there is no risk of overvoltage potentially induced by the PV production: the voltage set point can be increased to 420V in order to enhance the quality of supply by limiting the risk of under voltage at peak time (mostly during the evening and in winter in residential areas). At the time of high solar radiation, the voltage set point is decreased to 404V to increase the possibility of PV deployment without risk of overvoltage. Additionally the Network Energy Manager (NEM), which carries power flow analysis and network state estimation, is able to submit special requests to the OLTC regulating transformer in order to adapt the voltage set point to current grid state. Development and implementation Figure 5 - Electronic controller box The OLTC regulating transformer presents the following technical characteristics: Characteristic Value Nominal Power 400 kva Supply voltage (Primary) = 18600V to 21400V Voltage range Output voltage (secondary) = 404V (see appendix 1) Tap changer number 9 of positions Regulation 2% step size Table 19 - Transformer s voltage range 3 Architecture and technical characteristics The OLTC regulating transformer comprises 3 parts: A MV/LV transformer together with its OLTC. A solar radiation sensor installed on the roof of the substation A controller that calculates the LV voltage set point to be applied at the secondary winding. The controller receives two signals as inputs: one from the solar radiation sensor which allows real time fine-tuning of the set point, and a second one from the NEM which allows the potential for direct control from the central system. Figure 6 - Field implementation works 2. Source : ENEDIS Figure 3 - Smart transformer Lab tests In preparation of the smart transformer s field implementation, all regulatory tests and checkups necessary before connecting a transformer to the distribution grid have been carried on. Field implementation The OLTC regulating transformer has been installed in Carros on November, 13 th 2014, in presence of ENEDIS and Schneider Electric, the manufacturer of the transformer. 3. Source : Schneider Electric 2www.grid4eu.eu

7 Technical results Figure 8 - Measured solar radiation and voltage applied at LV feeder on April, 1st First results from experimentations carried on April, 1st 2015 show that the voltage is effectively regulated according to PV production variations: At 1 PM when solar radiation approaches 900 W/m², the smart transformer regulates its output voltage around 404V (which is the set point voltage) in order to allow higher voltage rises on the downstream LV network. On the opposite at night time we can see that voltage is regulated around 420V The following view gives another perspective on the solar regulation. Beyond 900W/m², voltage setpoint is set to 404V, shown by the interface below. Measured voltage (in real time) indicates 403,6V. Figure 9 - Monitoring interface when irradiance is high5 When the irradiance decreases (440W/m² for example on the picture below), setpoint value increases on a linear war until 420 V for no irradiance. Measured voltage (here 410,8V) increases to a value close to the setpoint value (set here by the controller at 412,4V) Figure 7 - Field implementation works 3 Figure 10 - Monitoring interface when irradiance is low Source : ENEDIS

8 Replication, next steps and up scaling In order to broaden and diversify the experience while keeping the principle of solar-based voltage regulation, ENEDIS is planning to install a modified version of the NICE GRID Smart Transformer in Le Sauze du Lac in the Hautes-Alpes department. Similarly to control systems used to handle public lighting, this voltage regulating transformer will be coupled with an astronomical clock which will be used as an estimation of the solar radiation based on time of the day and the day of the year. Conclusion and key messages The solar transformer is of genuine interest for the DSO from a technical standpoint because it combines the stabilization of voltage on the LV side of the MV/LV substation in the event of voltage changes on the MV side with the automatic adaptation of voltage on the LV side to the local irradiance level. It thus allows more photovoltaic systems to be connected to the LV side and minimizes the risk of overvoltage, because voltage on the LV side of the MV/LV substation is stable The solar sensor also prevents the LV grid against voltage drops in the winter. But an OLTC, with or without light sensor, only acts on voltage constraints, not on power constraints. Its operation is close to that of a standard transformer, meaning that its autonomy makes it easy to operate, but its installation is more complex as there is the need to install both the control unit and the sensor. That is why the second solar transformer using an astronomical clock will simplify its installation while keeping the same functionalities. Figure 11 - Illustration of the voltage regulation coupled with the astronomical clock 7 7. Source ENEDIS Glossary Appendix To go further Document dd6.7 Final assessment of the solar district dd6.9.1 Final assessment of the solar district dd6.9.2 Final assessment using the KPIs Topic Technical results ( 3.4) Key messages for the DSO ( 2.4) Key Performance Indicators (KPI) ( 2.3.5) Term Definition An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information, Astronomical clock such as the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. For the OLTC, the astronomical clock indicates the day/night changes. Light sensor Network Energy Manager (NEM) On load tap changer (OLTC) Secondary substation Voltage constraints A pyranometer/light sensor is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m²) from a field of view of 180 degrees. Software platform in charge of allocating flexibilities to solve grid constraints on the day-ahead basis, relying on PV and load forecast, as well as on grid operators requests. It deals with aggregators managing flexibilities. A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer winding that allows a variable number of turns to be selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable turns ratio is produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism. A secondary station is a local liaison between the medium voltage network (MV) and low voltage network (LV). The substation is essentially composed of an equipment for connecting to the MV network, a MV / LV transformer lowering the voltage, and a panel for distributing electricity on the various feeders supplying the LV customers. The dimensions of the transformer vary from 50 to 1000 kva and the number of supplied customers is very variable (up to 300 residential customers). On the low voltage grid, the injection/ withdrawal of active power raises/lowers locally the voltage: a voltage constraint appear when the voltage is close to the boundaries defined by norm EN50160, i.e. Un +/- 10%, with Un=230 V 4www.grid4eu.eu

9 #6 Spotlight on BPL communication implemented in DEMO6 Introduction Logo 1www.grid4eu.eu Definitions Within the NICE GRID project, a Broadband over Power Line (BPL) telecommunication infrastructure has been deployed between the centralized system at primary substation level and the equipments installed on the field. This technology uses the physical distribution network to carry data with high speed (> 10Mbits/s). Tags & metadata (Technical Glossary) Type of solution Equipment / Hardware / Firmware Information system Process Manufacturer(s) implied (for equipment or hardware) GE Grid Solutions (previously mentioned as Alstom Grid) Work Stream considered Active Demand DER integration Storage Islanding MV Innovation LV Innovation Location / Topology (with regards to distribution grid) HV/MV Substation MV MV/LV SS LV DER Meter Downstream meter Other Centralized system (calculations, information system) Other Decentralized system Thematic(s) Grid Monitoring / state estimation Active demand / DSM DER Integration / increased grid capacity Islanding Anti Islanding protection Automatic Failure Detection Remote Grid Operations Automatic Failure Management / Grid recovery Automatic Grid topology reconfiguration Use Case(s) Islanding Peak demand reduction Integrate massive PV production on LV network Encourage resident to adopt smarter habits according to network state Key figures Around 10 km of equipped MV grid Around 800 m of equipped LV grid 1 Mbit/s of final speed with each equipment Raw speed over 10 Mbits/s 30 IP equipments connected to the BPL network Objective and technical requirements Within NICE GRID, the use of a secure communication tool between the Network Energy Manager (NEM) and the other equipments installed on the public distribution grid (storage systems, solar transformer, smart meters, etc.) is necessary to: send load plans to storage systems and ensure they are monitored 24/7 send voltage set points to the on-load tap-changing transformer transmit the data measured by meters at the primary substation and at secondary substations transmit measurements recorded by Alptec quality measurements devices remotely control batteries and their converters (monitoring, remote alarms, etc.) To meet this need, the real-time communication architecture has been adopted: 1. A secure ADSL connection to ensure the exchange of information between the ENEDIS environment that hosts the NEM and the Carros primary substation 2. Broadband Power Line (BPL) communication between the primary substation and all the equipments installed on the Carros public distribution grid, using the MV and LV grids to transmit data. Development and implementation Architecture The IT architecture is partly decentralized in Carros, with a Master Control Unit (MCU) connecting the primary substation to the NEM, and several Field Control Units (FCUs) located near the grid batteries and solar transformer to serve as local smart systems. The MCU and FCUs naturally communicate via BPL. Figure 2 - Overall BPL communication architecture

10 Deployment Within NICE GRID, BPL solution has been installed by ENEDIS technicians. The equipments were provided by GE Grid solutions. Commissioning has been realized jointly by ENEDIS and GE Grid solutions.the following diagram shows the locations of BPL modems at one of the two equipped outgoing MV feeders. Main functions BPL infrastructure allows secured communication between the NEM and devices installed on the distribution grid. Technical results Distances traveled The BPL signal travels around 5 km over each of the two outgoing MV feeders, offering a wide variety of configurations, with sections that may be long (up to 3 km) or short, recent or older and elevated or underground. The project measured that the signal can travel over 3 km of new MV lines but this distance is reduced when the cable is older and with several secondary substations connected, requiring the signal to travel MV bus bars of the substation. Over the LV grid with its numerous derivations due to its radial structure, the project measured a signal propagation over a maximum distance of 250 m. Figure 3 - BPL modem setup at the Telemecanique outgoing MV feeder To exchange information, the BPL emitter located at the primary substation sends data to the different local smart systems (FCUs). BPL repeaters are installed at the secondary substations to repeat and amplify the signal in order to reach the destination FCU. It should be noted that the distance between two modems varies and depends on the topology of the MV or LV section(s) travelled. At each substation, the BPL system is made up of two parts: An inductive coupler installed on one of the MV phases A BPL modem that acts as an signal relay and transmitter/ receiver List of connected equipments The following equipments on the MV/LV grid are connected to the DSO tools via BPL communication with the MCU: SME meters installed at secondary substations and one at a PV generator Three Alptec measuring devices located at three secondary substations which measure a substantial amount of electrical data (U, I, f) every three seconds A video surveillance camera to check broadband The three storage systems connected to LV grid, via FCUs The On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer, via FCU A monitoring PC An ENEDIS quality metrics tool. Bandwidth All modem to modem raw bandwidth is above 10 Mbit/s. The actual net bandwidth measured across the entire MV+LV grid is around 1 Mbit/s, which is more than sufficient for the project s requirements. Frequencies used The BPL communication infrastructure exchanges data within a frequency range of 2 to 12 MHz. A specific equipment (NMS box) monitoring the BPL network and installed at the primary substation allows to monitor all the MV and LV segments. It specifically allows to know the real time speed on each segment and the carrier frequencies with a high signal to noise ratio. Latencies Average latencies vary between 100 ms and 200 ms and packet loss is low. However, there may be occasional latency spikes with values reaching one to two seconds. Figure 4 - Inductive coupler on the MV grid and BPL modem at a secondary substation Lab tests After this infrastructure was validated by ENEDIS s smart grid teams and passed the Linky PLC 1 compatibility tests run by EDF R&D in October 2013, it was decided to implement the BPL solution at the two outgoing MV feeders where all the project s equipments were concentrated. 1. Linky smart metering infrastructure uses also Power Line Carrier on the LV grid. Conclusion and key messages There are several advantages to using BPL: 1. It is easy to install and can be adapted to any type of environment (underground or elevated cables) 2. It offers very high speed (several megabits per second over several kilometers) 3. It offers secure communication by virtue of the medium used (MV cables in particular). 2www.grid4eu.eu

11 On the other hand, the range of data transmitted via BPL for NICE GRID is limited to around 3 km of MV line and 250 m of LV line. The project also observed that BPL signal quality was sensitive to harmonics generated by the primary substation s storage system. Advantages High speed even over long sections Stable communication IP protocol (Internet Protocol) Inherently more secure than wireless solutions Easy to install Lays the foundation for other potential uses such as remote substation monitoring or Voice over IP for on-site technicians Disadvantages Occasionally high latency (400 ms) Sensitive to disturbances on the grid (e.g. 1-MW battery, change in MV grid operating structure) No pre-existing way of modeling performance Distance less than 250 m over LV lines Appendix To go further Document GRID4EU deliverable dd6.7 Assessment of the developed tools for the demonstrator GRID4EU deliverable dd6.9.3 Final assessment of the demonstrator Spotlight #2 Spotlight #4 Spotlight #5 Spotlight #7 Topic Technical results ( 2.4 and 3.6) Key messages Grid storage Network Energy Manager (NEM) On Load Tap Changer (OLTC) transformer Smart meters Glossary Term Definition Power-line communication (PLC) is a communication protocol that uses electrical wiring to simultaneously carry BPL both data and electrical power. A high frequency signal containing information is superposed to the electrical current (with 50 Hz frequency). BPL modem Equipment with BPL chipset, Ethernet connection and connected to the capacitive or inductive coupler. Coupler installed on low voltage network and directly connected to the cable to transmit BPL signal over 3 Capacitive coupler phases. Distributed Decision support system dedicated to active DER integration and control, providing facilitation services between Energy Resource the network operators, the commercial aggregators (suppliers, others) and the distributed flexibility resource Management System devices (DERMS) Field Control Unit (FCU) Local controller which communicates with the MCU and the distributed network resources. It has as main functionalities: resources data collection and upload to the MCU; resources supervision and control (both manually or through NEM s program reception). It also has the capacity to locally store information and to work autonomously if the connection with the MCU is lost. 3www.grid4eu.eu Inductive coupler Master Control Unit (MCU) Network Energy Manager (NEM) Primary Substation Repeater Secondary Substation SME meter Coupler installed on medium voltage network transmitting and receivind BPL signal by induction over 1 phase. Main controller which communicates with the NEM and the distributed network resources. It has as main functionalities: metered data and resources data collection and upload to the NEM; resources supervision and control (both manually or through NEM s program reception). It also has the capacity to locally store information and to work autonomously if the connection with the NEM is lost. Instance of DERMS for the NICE GRID project as main control component, hosted in DSO Information System and ensuring forecast import, distribution system analysis, validation of operator requests, management of transaction mechanism with DER aggregators, publication of reservation/activation orders, reporting and web portal for network operator dispatchers. The primary substation is an electrical asset to connect the public transmission grid to the public distribution grid. It is used to transform the high voltage (HV, > 50 kv) medium voltage (MV, 20 kv) and direct electricity to several high-voltage lines, called feeders. The substation includes transformers, equipment monitoring, protection and remote energy metering equipments. To transmit the data over a long MV feeder, the BPL signal has to be repeated every 1 or 2 kms. A secondary station is a local liaison between the medium voltage network (MV) and low voltage network (LV). The substation is essentially composed of an equipment for connecting to the MV network, a MV / LV transformer lowering the voltage, and a panel for distributing electricity on the various feeders supplying the LV customers. The dimensions of the transformer vary from 50 to 1000 kva and the number of supplied customers is very variable (up to 300 residential customers). SME meter is the smart meter for customer with a subscribed power above than 36 kva

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13 #7 Spotlight on smart metering implemented in DEMO6 Topics Behind the meter architecture Renewable integration Smart meter Flexibility Storage Use case (s) Peak demand reduction Photovoltaic generation integration in the LV grid Prosumer Key figures 2350 Linky smart meters installed 95% collection rate on Linky smart meters 94.5% activation rate on Linky smart meters Acronyms LV Low Voltage MV Medium Voltage PLC Power Line Carrier TIC Télé Information Client Figure 1 Technical table of smart meters Figure 2 - SME meter Figure 3 - Linky meter (right) Development and implementation Architecture The Linky smart meter is able to receive orders and transmit information remotely. To do this, it communicates to a data concentrator, a kind of mini-computer installed inside transformation substations managed by ENEDIS. The data concentrator is linked to the ENEDIS supervision centre. 1www.grid4eu.eu Introduction Definitions The smart meter is a technological solution that is an integral component of the four objectives of NICE GRID. These meters make it possible to: obtain a clearer picture of electricity consumption and generation transmit commands or price incentive information to the end customer study the electricity flows over the distribution grid and assess the effects of NICE GRID solutions Objective and technical requirements 2,300 Linky smart meters were deployed in the town of Carros between May 2012 and February It represents half of the electrical Points of Delivery of Carros. The customers concerned are those of the seven NICE GRID solar districts, in particular the photovoltaic (PV) generation installations and the customers of the load-shedding area: companies, individual and collective housing and street lighting. The index data, load curves at 10- and 30-minute intervals, maximum power reached and voltage excursions are collected daily and used in the many applications of the NICE GRID project. The smart metering system has also made it possible for commands to be sent from the aggregators to the customers participating in the project. Two types of smart meters are installed: The SME smart meters for industrial customers, secondary substations and network storage systems (Fig. 2) The Linky smart meters for residential customers (Fig. 3). Figure 4 - Linky advanced metering architecture Deployment The Linky smart meters (for customers with subscribed power <= 36 kva) were installed by ENEDIS technicians from the Alpes Maritimes Customer Service Technical Assistance Agency. These technicians were trained in the new tools used for programming these meters. The installed meters are monitored by ENEDIS s national metering department. The SME smart meters (for customers with subscribed power between 36 and 250 kva) were installed and commissioned by the ENEDIS technicians from the Côte d Azur Metering and Measurements Agency. These technicians also installed the storage system meters. Deployment in the solar districts The first districts to be equipped with smart meters in 2012 were the NICE GRID solar districts, which are the 7 districts with the highest proportion of PV generators. Half of Carros PV generators are concentrated in these 7 solar districts.

14 Secondary substation name Clients below 36 kva Clients between 36 and 250 kva Photovoltaic Generators Grid storage systems Smart meter installation % PLAINE % DOCK TRACHEL % LOU SOULEOU % COLOMBIE % ROSEMARINES % PESQUIER % CAILLETIERS % % 1 Deployment in the load-shedding area The NICE GRID load-shedding area covers half of the customers in Carros; it was equipped in a second phase. It spans a variety of different energy applications: homes fitted with electric heating, collective housing, street lighting and an electric vehicle-recharging terminal. Most of the 12 participating companies in the industrial area were already equipped with smart meters. Number of secondary substations Clients below 36 kva Table 5 - Smart meters installed in the solar districts Clients between 36 and 250 kva Smart meter installation % Under the NICE GRID project, these companies load curves are tracked via daily remote meter readings. The area selected covers 86% of Carros inhabitants equipped with electric heating. This constitutes a major usage scope to be studied in the context of reducing peaks in consumption. The objective is to include all types of participants involved in the project in order to reduce consumption peaks. Coverage for customers with electric heating Number of street lighting feeders Electric vehiclerecharging terminals 37 2, % 86% 8 1 Table 6 - Smart meters installed in the load-shedding area Main functions 1. A clearer picture of power consumption and generation For customers The consumption profiles of consenting customers are securely transmitted daily to the aggregators by the metering system. This lets the aggregators offer participating customers a portal to monitor their consumption. Figure 7 - Areas equipped with smart meters 1 Lab tests Validation tests of NICE GRID use cases have been conducted at EDF Lab in The objective of the scenarios was to test the NICE GRID functions with several meter configurations. Figure 9 - Customer display of their consumption profile 2 Planning ahead The consumption and generation profiles of customers in the solar districts are sent daily by the metering system to the NICE GRID forecasting tools. The metrics logs make it possible to forecast more precisely and on a daily basis the consumption and generation of individual customers. Figure 8 Picture of the NICE GRID tests at EDF Lab 1. Solar districts in orange and yellow, load-shedding districts in blue and red 2. Source : ENEDIS 2www.grid4eu.eu

15 Figure 12 - Controlling street lighting by closing the dry contact Figure 10 - Example of D-1 individual forecast (in blue) compared to the actual load curve measured by the meter (in red). Unit is in W with a time step of 30min. Transmission of a peak reduction signal The meter s remote customer data (TIC) output provides the customer with information including the current peak consumption period. In NICE GRID, on days when a consumption peak is forecast for the following day, the energy supplier sends a peak reduction signal to control electric heating via the equipment downstream from the meter. Locally adjusting installed equipment The measurements provided by the smart meters are used locally to modulate in real time the plans defined the previous day. This is the case with residential storage systems, for which the load set point depends on the customer s real-time consumption and generation. Figure 13 Monitoring infrastructure for residential electrical heating 3. Better understanding of the low-voltage distribution grid 3www.grid4eu.eu Figure 11- Local slave loop of the 4-kW residential battery 2. Controlling remotely appliances via information transmitted by the meter Price incentive During the summer, volunteer customers in the solar districts were able to benefit from an extra four hours at off-peak rates between 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM on the 40 sunniest days. This information is determined the day before for the following day. The power consumed by the customer between 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM is measured in a dedicated index on the meter. Dry contact control For customers who signed up for the smart water tank offer, the water heater was triggered in the daytime by modifying the day before, for the following day the state of the meter s dry contact for a variable duration ranging from 30 minutes to four hours. This activation took place via cyclic cascade control per group of customers, in order to ensure balanced energy consumption for the district. For street lighting, the meter s dry contact serves to actuate the dimmer to reduce the light intensity if there is a peak in consumption. Geolocation and connection to the public distribution substation During installation, the meters are geolocated to make it possible to update the customer s position on the grid, if necessary. In addition, the communication link between the hub and the meters provides information on each meter s connection to its public distribution substation. Connection phase The smart meter makes it possible to know the connection phase of single-phase customers (the phase on which the meter communicates with the hub). This is vital information for grid analysis tools such as ERABLE, used in the assessment of the NICE GRID pilot project. Voltage measurement The meter communicates the voltage value when it exceeds a certain configurable threshold for each meter. These measurements are useful in the study of the solar districts, for checking the result of the NICE GRID solutions implemented. The following graph represents the voltage measured on a phase for one day by a meter in the Cailletiers solar district, with a threshold set at 1% for testing needs.

16 Technical results Collection rate The indexes of the 2,300 installed meters are read remotely every day and allow customers to be billed every 6 months based on their actual indexes. The rate of readings for customer billing was not changed under the NICE GRID project, and remains at twice annually, since the billing system for these customers was not changed by our project. The index collection rate is greater than 98%. Cost benefit analysis Cost benefit analysis have been made for smart meter deployment at the European scale. Figure 16 - Benchmarking smart metering deployment in the EU-27 with a focus on electricity, 26 June Figure 14 - Collection rate for the indexes of the 2,300 NICE GRID smart meters. The 550 solar district customers are subscribed to a load curve at 10-minute intervals, and these data are used daily by the network energy manager (NEM) to generate forecasts for the following day. For the solar districts, the collection rate for load curves at 10-minute intervals is over 95%. For the 310 customers participating in the project, the collection rate for load curves at 10-minute intervals is also 95%. Usage control via the mobile peak load-shifting system The mobile peak load-shifting system is used to temporarily replace the standard schedule of the customer s meter with another schedule, set up on the meter in advance. In the winter, at the prompting of the NEM, the smart meter s mobile peak 1 is used by the aggregators to reduce consumption for certain customer usages. 51 meters were remotely programmed with a mobile peak 1 schedule. In summer, the smart meter s mobile peak 2 is used to shift the electric water heater s power consumption to periods of solar irradiance. 26 meters were remotely programmed with a mobile peak 2 schedule. The average success rate of commands sent on D-1 from the central information system to a customer s meter is 94.5%. Figure 15 - Success rate for mobile peak commands sent by the aggregators to the participating customers Replication, next steps and up scaling In France, Linky deployment started on December 1 st, Smart meters will equip 90% of French customers by Figure 17 - Linky deployment 4 Conclusion and key messages NICE GRID has made it possible to use smart meters to develop innovative smart grid solutions. Smart meter-based smart grid solutions are particularly promising given that these meters will equip 90% of French customers by In NICE GRID, the smart metering system has been used to provide services to: end customers, with remote meter reading for billing purposes and daily monitoring of their consumption aggregators/suppliers, by providing the load curves of participating customers, along with price incentive and usage control features DSO, for better oversight of the energy flows on the grid Collecting these extensive amounts of data and sending commands via the smart metering system requires the installed pool of equipment to be supervised on a daily basis to guarantee a satisfactory service level. The service levels obtained in the NICE GRID project whether for data collection or sending commands are around 95%. It should be noted that, in the NICE GRID project, the Linky smart meters installed are the same ones used in the tests run in Lyon and Tours (stage 0). 3. Source: 4. Source: ENEDIS Linky 5. Source : ENEDIS 4www.grid4eu.eu

17 Appendix To go further Document Topic dd6.7 Technical results ( 3.1) dd6.9.3 Conclusions ( 2.3) Glossary Term Definition Aggregator Data concentrator G3 PLC Linky meter Meter s remote customer data (TIC) Mobile peak ( pointe mobile ) SME meter Solar district Entity in charge of aggregating flexibilities (client or grid level) in order to solve grid constraints. In NICE GRID, aggregators receives request and send their offer to the NEM. In Linky architecture, a data concentrator is installed in every secondary substation to collect the data sent by the smart meters of the secondary substation. The communication between meters and data concentrator is by PLC on distribution network. G3-Power Line Communication facilitates high-speed, highly-reliable, long-range communication over the existing power line grid. With the ability to cross transformers, infrastructure costs are reduced and with its support of IPv6, G3-PLC will support power line communications into the future. Linky, the communicating meter. Linky is not just an electricity meter. As well as providing accurate meter readings, it can perform remote operations, such as measuring the consumption and production of electricity, or resolving accidental outages. Linky also helps to control electricity consumption. A data output is available for the customer on the smart meter providing a lot of information like tariff, instant power, index, subscribed power. Energy manager can be plugged on this output to automatically control loads based on these data. In addition to regular tariff calendars, the suppliers have the possibility to define several mobile peak calendars in the smart meter of their customers. These calendars can be remotely activated with an 8h delay for a defined period and for a group of customers. This is the principle used in NICE GRID by the supplier to send load reduction orders in winter or load shifting orders in summer. SME meter is the smart meter for customer with a subscribed power greater than 36 kva. In the NICE GRID project, the seven solar districts are the seven secondary substations of Carros with the most solar generators. Summer use cases of the project have been done on these districts. 5www.grid4eu.eu

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19 #9 Spotlight on clients flexibilities for peak demand reduction Introduction This spotlight aims at describing flexibilities located at customer (residential and industrial) premises in order to reduce the peak demand in winter between 6:00 and 8:00 PM. Such flexibilities are managed by two aggregators (provided by EDF), in order to respond to grid operator requests Topics Behind the meter architecture Load shedding Flexibility Peak demand reduction Prosumer Use case (s) Key figures 220 participating residential customers 12 participating business customers 1 local authority, through public lightning monitoring (8 streets) Acronyms BLM Behavioural load management B2B Business to business B2C Business to customer CSR Corporate social responsibility EHC Electric Heating Control NEM Network Energy Manager TCC Load curve tale-tracking Residential offers Figure 1 - PACA energetic context In the context of NICE GRID, two experimental solutions were offered by EDF to volunteering residential customers: Behavioural Load Management (BLM): In the winters 2014 and 2015, households who significantly decreased their power consumption between 6:00 and 8:00 PM (during 20 peak demand days) received gift-vouchers in reward for their efforts. Table 1- Technical table 1www.grid4eu.eu Objective and technical requirements Context The idea of NICE GRID was born in 2010 from the energy context in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d Azur (PACA) region in France, and in particular in the département of Alpes Maritimes and its capital- Nice. On the one hand, PACA s Mediterranean coast is powered by a single bulk transmission line (400 kv) 1, which supports power demands with a peak between 6:00 and 8:00 PM that has been steadily growing over the years. Since the city of Nice is located at the end of this line, it is structurally fragile in terms of its electricity supply, especially at peak hours. One of the aims of NICE GRID was therefore to investigate the peak demand reduction at the Broc-Carros primary substation between 6:00 and 8:00 PM. 1. Although a safety grid was commissioned in April 2015 (see Fig. 2) Electric Heating Control (EHC) via the Linky smart meter, designed to switch off or cut down the heating system for a short time during peak periods without impacting the participant s comfort. Participants also benefited from customised hourly tracking of their electricity consumption. Industrial offers The following solutions were offered by EDF to participating businesses and local authorities: Controlled Load Management (D-1 or H-1 notice) offer via remote control of their energy uses (heating, HVAC, domestic hot water, etc.) and/or processes (steam ovens, refrigeration units, furnaces, etc.), together with remote consumption tracking. Behavioural Load Management offer controlled manually following load management requests. Quarterly meetings of participants were held in the context of a dedicated users club for discussions on the trial progress and sharing of best practices.

20 Regulated public lighting With support from the Nice Côte d Azur metropolitan authority, smart meters and light dimmers were installed in Carros to reduce power to the public lighting upon load management requests. Development and implementation Architecture Residential customers EDF sends alerts the previous day via text and/or messages and a Mobile Peak to the Linky Information System. EDF analyses the load curve to calculate the incentive. Behavioural Load Management (BPM) Electric Heating Control (EHC) Experimenters who signed an Electric Heating Control contract agreed to have their electric heating system controlled automatically by EDF (via NKE EDELIA and Linky IT systems). The system is controlled via a mobile peak signal sent via the experimenter s Linky meter; the signal is detected by a dedicated device installed in the home, leading to the cut-off or load management of the heater (switch over to Eco mode for convectors equipped with pilot wire regulators). Consumers who signed a Smart Solar Equipment (SSE) contract were also engaged to load shedding. This offer includes the generation of solar PV power via panels installed on the roof and energy storage in a battery. More information in spotlight S1. Industrial customers Load management requests are sent from the NEM (Network Energy Manager) to the B2B aggregation platform operated by EDF (via Netseenergy) for mutual negotiation on the loadshedding capacities. Instructions are then transmitted either to the GIS central unit controlling remote-control devices in the field. The data from the B2B aggregation platform are concurrently transmitted to the TCC platform (Tele-Tracking of Load Curve), a service provided by EDF to the experimental users to display their load shedding results. The TCC platform is equipped with the necessary mechanisms to read the site s power distribution meters and display the readings to the customer. Upon instruction from the GIS unit, the remote-control devices in the field shut down or reduce the power of the equipment subjected to the load management request. Figure 2 Control load management for companies 2www.grid4eu.eu

21 Public lighting An interface connected to the Linky smart meter was used to control a public lighting system. Figure 3 Public lightning control Deployment Residential customers The recruitment of experimental users and the equipment roll-out took place in several waves, in line in particular with the roll-out of Linky smart meters in Carros. The first wave of recruitments for Electric Heating Control and Behavioural Load Management participants started in September 2013 for a first experimental season in winter % of eligible households agreed to participate in the NICE GRID project. The recruitment rate was 11% for the Behavioural Load Management offer and 2.4% for the Electric Heating Control offer. 3www.grid4eu.eu Industrial customers 12 businesses and one local public administration participated in the NICE GRID. 9 of them received a Controlled Load Management offer: implementation of a remotely controlled use solution, consumption tracking (TCC) and organization of a Nice Grid Players Club. 4 businesses subscribed to the Behavioural Load Management offer: load management manually controlled by the participant following requests, and participation in the Nice Grid Players Club. The engagement of businesses was high: 100% of the businesses approached (with a power contract above 200 kw and sheddable potential from 6:00 to 8:00 PM), agreed to participate. Overall across the entire B2B segment, (industrial, commercial and public services), 50% of the eligible potential pool agreed to participate. Technical results Results achieved for residential customers 220 volunteer households participated in the experimental trial in Carros during the winters 2014 and On peak demand days, they reduced their power consumption by 21% on average 2, between 6:00 and 8:00 PM. 77% modified their consumption behaviour in winter 2013/2014, versus 60% in winter 2014/2015. The graph below shows the average consumption of participants on a peak day and on a standard day (results from winter 2013/2014): 2. Results obtained from an analysis of the load curves of 180 participants Figure 4 - Average consumption of participants on a peak day 3 and on a standard day (results from winter 2013/2014): The sum of the various individual contributions is thermosensitive. The mean value of individual contributions was 40kW in winter 2013/2014 versus 25kW in winter 2014/2015 (average outdoor temperature 10.3 C). Home appliances mostly affected by load shedding during demand peaks involved dishwashers and washing machines, and to a lesser extent cooking appliances frequently used during these time slots. Some households also focused on low-power uses such as mobile phone charging, or even aquarium power supply. Uses of entertainment devices (TV, computer, hifi, etc.) were less likely to be postponed or reduced. In winter 2013/2014, nearly half of the households (47%) combined all three gestures : reduce the use of the most power-intensive appliances, postpone their energy use and act on the heating system. Participating households show a positive outlook on the experiment: in their view, it provides for enhanced energy management on a local level. The challenge of energy demand management during winter peak periods was well perceived. For the load shedding offers to residential customers, the good citizen attitude was valued as much as (if not more than) the financial reward offered in the form of incentive vouchers. However, adapting practices does not necessarily lead to any real impact on the energy bill. The Load Management Bonus ( 20 to 40 depending on offers and efforts) paid as an incentive to encourage participants to reduce or postpone their power consumption during peak days was actually found to be higher than the estimated value of energy savings. 3. Sundays and public holidays are not considered

22 Results achieved for business customers 12 businesses participated in NICE GRID. Companies located in Carros were highly mobilised: all of the businesses approached with subscribed power above 250kW (and load-shedding potential between the hours of 6:00 and 8:00 PM) participated in the trial. Over the B2B segment (industry, private and public commercial sector), they accounted for 50% of the eligible potential. The sum total of business contributions reached 301 kw on average, ranging from 184 to 483 kw per session, i.e. equivalent to a relative demand reduction of 3% to 9%. Differences between sessions may be explained by waivers linked to the customer s activity (some days are eligible for load management while other days are not), potential malfunctions of the controlling devices or consumption variability of the controlled appliances. Nevertheless, it was possible to simulate the maximum sheddable power on colder days by cumulating the best results obtained in the trials for each site. These test results yielded a maximum load-shedding potential of 1.2 MW. The main motivations for businesses to participate were largely based on the issue of security of the electrical grid in the PACA region (regarded as an electric peninsula ), and fears of a black-out that would have considerable impacts on the local industrial factories. In their views, NICE GRID is a legitimate initiative in the context of a responsible and good corporate citizen approach. Participation in NICE GRID is also regarded as an opportunity to investigate issues of energy management and to prepare for any potential problems of energy supply, by identifying in advance the useful drivers along with technical and organisational solutions to be implemented. Apart from the demand management, the businesses derived a number of positive benefits from participating in NICE GRID in particular their membership in a network of companies with shared values, improved understanding of their energy consumption and the operation of their processes, and closer links with EDF. Participation in the demonstrator project was directly leveraged in terms of external marketing communication, in particular with environmentally aware customers thanks to the use of the logo Engaged in Nice Grid. Figure 5 - Logo for participating businesses The principle of demand side management is seen as legitimate and accepted all the more if the process is occasional and limited. However the businesses are expecting financial incentives to take things further. Results achieved for local authorities During the trial on variable public lighting, the Nice Côte d Azur metropolitan authority managed to reduce its average power by 18 kw on eight streets, i.e. a reduction of around 30%. 4.4 Split of peak demand reduction between actors Figure 6 Contribution of flexibilities for peak demand reduction during winter 2014/2015 Even though residential participants were highly engaged, with a 21% average demand reduction, their contribution in terms of power was low as compared with the contribution from businesses and grid storage installations 4. An extrapolation of these results to 1,400 household in the town of Carros, i.e. 1/3 of all households (assuming they are eligible for the offered solutions) would yield a load-shedding potential of 200 kw, comparable to the potentials obtained with grid batteries and tertiary flexibilities. In addition, a winter with colder weather would likely result in a higher demand reduction potential.companies reduced their consumption between 3 to 9% between 3 and 9 %, whereas local authorities effort through the street lightning was around 30% Conclusion and key messages Good understanding of the challenges of the Energy Transition by consumers Residential customers are aware of the challenges related to energy transition, but prefer to become engaged in behavioural solutions that are less costly, rather than being forced to invest in solutions or equipment downstream of their meters. Once household objects become connected (large appliances, heating, etc.), this will facilitate the response of residential customers to behavioural-type load management requests. Participants (residential and businesses) need and request networked coordination for exchanges and sharing of best practices. A dynamic policy of regional development and awareness to energy issues is a genuinely positive factor to engage consumers. Communications via connected appliances are preferable to adding new devices (plug-in type) downstream of the meter, which are costly and require human intervention for installation and maintenance. Businesses have a major role to play in the energy transition; not only do they get actively involved but they are also engaged via their own CSR policy to disseminate key messages and best practices to their employees. Business may also get involved in behavioural solutions which they can control when prompted by load management requests. 4. For this experiment, only two out of four storage assets were in operation 4www.grid4eu.eu

23 Participants do not have any real knowledge of the value of their actions should these be evaluated on a market, but their estimation is much higher than the real value. Targeted and coordinated recruitment initiatives, based on relationships of trust with the supplier, are essential aspects to drive the engagement of businesses. Flexible electrical appliances Connected electric heating systems (storage heaters, heat pumps) or dual-energy heaters (electricity plus wood or fossil fuel) can be controlled remotely to reduce power consumption peaks and mitigate the need for high-carbon peak generation facilities. In the future, these increasingly connected electrical uses and appliances combined with related technologies will be able to adapt to intermittent power generation and therefore to support the feed-in of renewable energies into the grid. Among these, the uses linked to home heating and hot water heaters account for the most efficient and actionable electricity control potential, while other more diffuse uses account for lower and more uncertain volumes. Other lessons learned from the experiment: Flexible electricity uses support and will continue to support the development of renewable energy sources, whether local or on the grid. Such solutions are cost-efficient for the local authorities and residential customers since they relate to mature technologies. In addition, they can be activated remotely, for start-up or shutdown, based on various notification schedules. These uses currently address primarily air or water heating. In the future, they will evolve thanks to more connected objects. Appendix To go further Document Topic dd6.8 Sociological studies dd6.9.1 Key messages ( 3) dd6.9.2 Key Performance Indicators (KPI) dd6.9.3 Conclusions Spotlight S1 Residential storage Spotlight S4 Network Energy Manager (NEM) Spotlight S7 Smart metering Spotlight S10 Residential flexibilities for PV integration Glossary 5www.grid4eu.eu Term B2B Aggregator B2C Aggregator Behavioural Load Management (BLM) Electric Control Heating (EHC) Flexibility Linky meter Mobile peak ( pointe mobile ) Network Energy Manager (NEM) Definition This platform offers the system operators (Enedis and RTE) some upward or downward power flexibility options to help them respond to grid constraints. Potential flexibilities from business customers reside in the control over various devices downstream from the meter and information displayed to the experimental users to turn them into agents of such flexibilities. This platform offers the system operators (Enedis and RTE) some upward or downward power flexibility options to help them respond to grid constraints. Potential flexibilities from residential premises reside in the control over various devices downstream from the meter and information displayed to the experimental users to turn them into agents of such flexibilities. Participants are alerted on the day before via text and/or messages about a request to cut back their consumption between 6:00 and 8:00 PM. Contributors are rewarded with the Visibilité Conso service and a gift-voucher if EDF records a significant reduction of their consumption (Load Management Bonus). Experimenters who signed an Electric Heating Control contract agreed to have their electric heating system controlled automatically by EDF (via NKE, EDELIA and Linky IT systems). The system is controlled via a mobile peak signal sent via the experimenter s Linky meter; the signal is detected by a dedicated device installed in the home, leading to the cut-off or cutback of the heater (switch over to Eco mode for convectors equipped with pilot wire regulators). Flexibility is a mean to modify (increase or decrease) a load curve, at client or network level in order to solve grid constraints. Linky is a communicating meter, which means that it can receive and send data without the need for the physical presence of a technician. Installed in end-consumer s properties and linked to a supervision centre, it is in constant interaction with the network. This is what makes it intelligent. In addition to regular tariff calendars, the suppliers have the possibility to define several mobile peak calendars in the smart meter of their customers. These calendars can be remotely activated with an 8h delay for a defined period and for a group of customers. This is the principle used in Nice Grid by the supplier to send load reduction orders in winter or load shifting orders in summer. Software platform in charge of allocating flexibilities to solve grid constraints on the day-ahead basis, relying on PV and load forecast, as well as on grid operators requests. It deals with aggregators managing flexibilities.

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25 #10 Residential flexibilities for PV integration Topics Behind the meter architecture Renewable integration Flexibility Photovoltaic generation Storage Use case (s) Photovoltaic generation integration into the distribution grid Prosumer Key figures 76 households participated in the summer trials in 2015 in the seven solar districts (i.e. 15% of eligible households). In households who tested the Smart Water Tank offer, a difference of 56% on average was recorded in their consumption between a solar day and a "normal" day between the hours of noon and 4:00 PM (i.e. 2.4 kwh). In households who tested the Solar Bonus offer, a difference of 22% on average was recorded in their consumption between a solar day and a "normal" day between the hours of noon and 4:00 PM (i.e kwh). Acronyms PACA Provence Alpes Côte d Azur PV Photovoltaic SBO Solar Bonus SSE Smart Solar Equipment SWT Smart Water Tank TIC Tele-information Client Introduction This spotlight aims at describing flexibilities located at residential customer premises in order to integrate PV generation within the distribution grid. Such flexibilities are managed by the supplier within a B2C aggregation platform, in order to respond to grid operator requests Objective and technical requirements Use case Massive feed-in of renewable energies like solar PV into the grid leads to the emergence of new issues for the electrical system (local output/demand balance) that needs to adapt in order to accommodate these new forms of electricity output which are intermittent and uncertain. Reinforcing the grid is a possible solution, but costly for local authorities. NICE GRID in the town of Carros experiments an alternative option to traditional management of the electric system. The idea consists in adapting the consumption to the local solar power output, by inviting customers to play a much more active role. Because solar power output is dependent on the weather and uncontrollable, there may be a time lag between its production and daily use by the town residents. When sunshine is highest in summertime (between noon and 4:00 PM), solar panels generate a high level of electricity but the power is consumed primarily outside of this time range. One of the challenges of NICE GRID is therefore to optimize the correlation between power output and power consumption at the scale of an urban district. On peak/off peak hours in France 1 Residential clients can choose in France between baseload and off peak/on peak tariff: Figure 1 - Regulated tariff for customers with subscribed power below 36 kva Hot water tanks in France Hot water tanks constitute a significant potential since 11 million French households are equipped with electric tanks, including 8 millions effectively controlled under the Peak Hours/ Off-Peak Hours tariff. With a total consumption of 20 TWh, they provide a flexibility potential of around 8,000 MW (equivalent to 7 to 8 nuclear units) every day. EDF offers Within the NICE GRID project, three experimental trials were offered to residents of solar districts in the town of Carros to attempt to balance output and demand and optimize the solar resource. These offers are adapted to various consumer profiles, enabling all residents to participate according to their consumption habits and electrical appliances. 1www.grid4eu.eu Context PV in PACA Provence Alpes Côte d Azur (PACA) is one of the French regions with the largest isntalled photovoltaic (PV) capacity after Aquitaine, with 850 MW p at the end of This capacity will need to triple in the coming years, as the region s Climate, Air and Energy Regional Plan has set a target of 2,300 MW p in photovoltaic capacity by Given that the vast majority of installations are connected to the distribution grid managed by Enedis, a bottomup injection from this intermittent and decentralized power source could be the cause of these power and voltage constraints. 1. Prices as for 01/07/2015

26 Solar Bonus (SBO) offer: During the 40 solar days in summer 2014 and 2015, indicated by alerts sent on the previous day via text and/or messages, EDF invited its volunteering customers to shift their electricity consumption during solar hours between 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM. At the end of each summer, EDF sent the customer a gift-voucher for a tariff equivalent to the off-peak tariff for their power consumption during solar hours. Smart Water Tank (SWT): As a complement to the previous offer for equipped consumers, the system provides for optimum remote control of the hot water tank based on the local solar power output, without any impact on comfort. Smart Solar Equipment (SSE): offer includes the generation of solar PV power via panels installed on the roof and energy storage in a battery. In the context of NICE GRID, EDF provided support to experimental customers with assistance from nke Watteco and EDELIA, two suppliers of housing energy solutions, via the following measures: Promotion of solar power installations via technical support and strict monitoring of the installation of solar PV panels, with assistance from the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), thereby preventing any counter-references. The payment of investment aid for PV systems, to promote the purchase of PV solution by individuals (adding the grid connection fees supported by Enedis, the time to return on investment has been divided by two) Solutions to control home appliances, designed to shift or reduce power consumptions, supported by the Linky smart meter. Display solutions to visualize summer production peaks and regulate consumption. Recognition by the network operator of the value of all individual efforts to contribute significantly to the balance of the electric system and also deliver benefits for the consumer (extra remuneration). Development and implementation Architecture Solar Bonus (SBO) EDF send alerts the previous day via text and/or messages and a mobile peak to the Linky Information System. The client decides to switch on some appliances. Smart Water Tank (SWT) The heating or non-heating status of a servo-controlled water tank is linked to the dry contact. When the dry contact is closed, the tank is powered and heats up. When the dry contact is open, the tank is not powered and does not heat up. The tank heating schedule is pre-programmed and depends on the customer s contract (for double tariff customers, the dry contact is alternatively closed and open, and for single tariff customers the dry contact is always closed). To control the hot water tank, EDF sends a Linky mobile peak signal via the B2C aggregation platform, in order to modify the status of the dry contact during the desired time period 2www.grid4eu.eu

27 Smart Solar Equipment (SSE) * Experimental users who signed a Smart Solar Equipment contract agreed for the installed battery to be automatically controlled by (via EDELIA and Nke Watteco IT system). This automatic control requires the installation of an Energy Box EDELIA gateway which receives a controlling signal from the B2C aggregation platform. It communicates with the Saft battery via the SMA converter. A Nke Watteco fast servo-control (Border router and TIC dongle) retrieves and processes data from the TIC sensor in the off-take meter, and from the TIC sensor in the feed-in meter of the experimenter s PV system. *For the detailed residential battery architecture, see spotlight S1 3www.grid4eu.eu Deployment Recruitment Average recruitment rate of 15.3% in 2015 for residential customers (475 prospects). An analysis of the recruitment process for participants to the NICE GRID project reveals that no communication channel should be neglected. Each channel can contribute to the final outcome, although in varying proportions and degrees depending on the context. As regards the prospects for PV panels installation, the financial investment frequently proved to be an obstacle for the engagement to materialize in spite of support from the supplier. Pay-back time 2 is a major parameter for people in the age bracket. During the campaign for rolling out batteries, insurance issues were a concern for some potential participants. In addition, whenever the location of the battery was chosen outside their garage, the owners of villas with small land plots did not wish to visually impair their private environment, or even refused to take the risk of installing it next to their swimming pool. Deployment at customer premises Major lessons learned from automated control of hot water tanks: Automated control of electric hot water tanks via the mobile peak signal of the new Linky meters runs well and is very easy to implement since it requires no additional equipment. Major lessons learned from the roll-out of batteries: The first problem encountered resides in the absence of an integrator for the battery/converter solution that remains the core of the system. Li-Ion batteries are delicate to implement both in terms of operation and of safety; it is therefore crucial for the battery/converter pair to be handled by an integrator who can ensure its optimum operation (particularly for data exchanges between the two components and the management of battery alarms). Because the residential battery system designed in the NICE GRID project is complex, the customers choice is difficult, whether for installation (batteries and converter, integration into the existing electrical system, ADSL link for Internet access) or for the consumption profile (power subscribed to ensure battery charging without short-circuiting, consumption sufficient for a relatively fast discharge during the day). Installation itself and commissioning are also delicate years feed-in contract phases since they require the installer to have a good knowledge of the system to be able to remedy any cabling errors or any breakdown of the various components (3 components: batteries, converter and local gateway, as well as 3 different types of communication between these components: battery/converter, converter/gateway or external ADSL or GPRS for Internet access). The configuration in the local gateway requires remote human intervention. Proper overall operation must be verified at the time of commissioning, in direct link with the team managing the remote gateway. Automated configuration and possibility for the installer to verify the proper system operation independently may be possible avenues for improvement to make the commissioning phase more efficient. Technical results 76 households participated in the summer trials in 2015 in the seven solar districts (i.e. 15% of eligible households 3 ). In households who tested the Smart Water Tank offer, a difference of 56% on average was recorded in their consumption between a solar day and a normal day between the hours of 12:00 noon and 4:00 PM (i.e. 2.4 kwh). Figure 2- Averaged daily load curves with and without request for participants testing the Smart Water Tank (SWT) offer 3. Eligible household: resident of one of the solar districts fitted with Linky smart meters