IX. BRT Vehicles and ITS

Transcription

1 IX. BRT Vehicles and ITS Introduction to Public Transport Planning and Reform IX-1

2 Vehicle Considerations IX-2

3 Importance of Vehicles Directly impact speed, capacity, comfort/convenience, environmental friendliness, all costs High visibility conveys system identity and service information Critical to current and potential new passenger view of system experience IX-3

4 Vehicle Selection Considerations Consistency with service plan, demand Initial purchase, other (e.g., fuel life cycle costs Maintenance Requirements, procedures Facilities Training Regulatory compliance Environmental Safety Evo (Daimler) 19.5m Capacity IX-4

5 Vehicle Criteria Floor Height Seats Doors Accessibility Propulsion system, fuels Aesthetics IX-5

6 Floor Height is a Trade-off Capacity, Accessibility, Flexibility Systems with closed, transitway-only BRT service plans Station platform and vehicle floor heights can match, allowing no-step/no gap boarding High floor buses lose less internal space to wheel wells and suspension Can have wider aisles if 2/1 or perimeter seating used IX-6

7 Pereira Volvo 18 m High Floor IX-7

8 High Floor Volvo 18m; Mexico City IX-8

9 Doors on Both Sides, Steps on Curb Side to Provide Service Plan Flexibility Cali, Columbia IX-9

10 Low Floor Vehicles Low-floor vehicles loose capacity to wheelwell intrusion, usually have narrower aisles Can position seats on wheel wells to take advantage of space, However, wheel wells still constrain aisle width For lower-volume systems with open (integrated t trunk/feeder) service plans, low floor buses can work Bus floors can match low platform stations ti This facilitates accessibility and reduces dwell times IX-10

11 Beijing Irisbus 18m Low Floor IX-11

12 Seating is a Trade-off Capacity, Dwell Times, Comfort Function of demand Total passengers, turnover, trip-length Longer trip lengths, less turnover = More seats Fewer seats (more aisle space) indicated by need for: More total capacity Better circulation Improved accessibility Seats can be positioned against sides (perimeter) to provide more capacity IX-12

13 Door Number, Size/Placement Tradeoff Dwell Times, Seat Capacity Multiple, multiple stream doors facilitate boarding, alighting Doors on both sides allows service to center or side platform stations Volvo 26m, 6 doors Jakarta 12m, one door IX-13

14 Effects of Doors on Seating Floor Plan for Civis Vehicle, Cleveland Euclid Corridor Application Proposed by Irisbus: Doors on both sides 39 seats As - Built Civis Floor Plan, North Las Vegas Blvd. BRT 30 seats IX-14

15 Accessibility for the Disabled Lifts/ramps are slow, not compatible with rapid transit No-gap, no-step (level) boarding, alighting are better, no matter what floor height Wider aisles, enhanced (face forward) wheelchair securement also help Leon, Mexico IX-15

16 Propulsion is a Tradeoff Initial/Ongoing Costs, Air/Noise Emissions, Performance Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) Hybrid ICE/Electric Drives Trolley, Dual-Mode (ICE/Trolley) Fuel Cells Transmilenio Volvo Bi-Artic. Conventional Diesel, Euro II IX-16

17 ICE Choices NABi 18m LA Orange Line Moving to low sulfur diesel ULSD<10ppm), compressed natural gas (CNG) Biodiesel, emulsion blends, liquefied natural gas (LNG) being tested CNG incremental cost >$20,000/vehicle Relative diesel/cng life cycle costs depend on relative fuel costs IX-17

18 IX-18

19 Electric Trolley, Dual-Mode Dual-mode systems support operation as a trolley bus under wire, ICE elsewhere Flexibility of dual-mode systems once popular for BRT applications with CBD, tunnel constraints Now overtaken by hybrids Hess Light Tram Trolley Neoplan Dual Mode Geneva Boston IX-19

20 Hybrid-Electric Drives Hybrid-electric drives have ICEs that use diesel, CNG, or even gasoline Offer improved performance, fuel economy (up to 35%), reduced air, noise emissions i Initial purchase price an issue Current increment, >$50,000 Seattle New Flyer 18m Hybrid IX-20

21 Fuel Cells New technology, zero carbon emissions, hydrogen fuel Operational tests underway but still under development, $$$$$$$ IX-21

22 Aesthetics Considerations Specialized vehicles Specialized paint/logos Larger windows/enhanced lighting Quality interior IX-22

23 Specialized Vehicles Attractive, designed to look like contemporary rail transit vehicles Can be very expensive >$1,000,000/unit) 18m Wright Streetcar 18m New Flyer BRT 18m New Flyer BRT IX-23

24 Specialized Livery and Graphics Specialized livery creates a distinctive identity for entire system Establishs BRT brand, highlights positive attributes York Region (Toronto) Ontario s VIVA IX-24

25 Larger Windows/Enhanced Lighting Large windows provide sense of space Better ability to see both in and out Allow for more abundant light during day and night Improve the perception and reality of security VIVA Van Hool IX-25

26 Quality Interior More comfortable seating High quality materials, finishes Improved climate control Istanbul Metrobus Evo Capacity IX-26

27 ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems IX-27

28 ITS Definition A variety of advanced d technologies to collect, process, and disseminate real- time data from vehicle and/or roadway sensors Communications and computing power used to transform the data into useful information for drivers, operators, and customers IX-28

29 Benefits of BRT ITS Better control of on street operations More efficient scheduling Lower total travel times, higher reliability Improved customer information Improved safety and security IX-29

30 Basic ITS Technologies Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) Road, Vehicle Sensors Central control room Advanced Communication Systems (ACS) IX-30

31 Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) AVL is at the root of virtually all ITS applications Primary types of AVL: Sign Post with Radio or Infrared Pavement Loops Global Positioning Systems (GPS) IX-31

32 AVL with Sign Posts Reader TSP Transponder IX-32

33 AVL with Loop Detectors Vehicle Transponder Loop Detector LA: Metro Rapid Bus IX-33

34 AVL with GPS IX-34

35 Advanced Communication System Backbone upon which other applications function Voice and data communications allow operation of all ITS applications IX-35

36 Implementation Issues: ACS Requires an affordable communication system capable of near instantaneous transmittal of a huge amounts of data Need Advanced Communication System (ACS) designed to meet the needs of all BRT ITS technologies IX-36

37 Vehicle Sensors BRT vehicles have a variety of data collection sensors including: Passenger counters to record the locations and numbers of people entering and exiting the vehicle Maintenance sensors to record engine and mechanical information Dependent on the ability to transmit and store data to be effective IX-37

38 ITS Technology Considerations Interoperability Implementation complexity Life cycle costs IX-38

39 ITS Applications Vehicle prioritization iti Driver assist and automation technology Operations management and supervision Scheduling Passenger information IX-39

40 Signal Prioritization Provides preference to BRT vehicles at intersections ti Advantages Reduce travel time, improves schedule adherence, reliability Increases service efficiency, reduce costs IX-40

41 Vehicle Prioritization Options Signal Timing/Phasing i i Station and Lane Access Control Transit Signal Priority IX-41

42 Signal Timing/Phasing to Favor PT Optimization of traffic signals around BRT schedules Make most efficient use of green time by favoring peak passenger flows Does not require additional vehicle installations or infrastructure IX-42

43 Station and Lane Access Control Provides access to dedicated lanes, roadways, or stations using vehicle transponders Controls access with variable message signs, barriers, and gate control systems BRT vehicle can operate at highway speeds IX-43

44 Transit Signal Priority (TSP) Method to extend or advance green signals or to allow left turn swaps Useful in reducing travel time and improving i schedule adherence Helps buses that are behind schedule to get back on schedule Can improve the overall efficiency Transit system Roadway network IX-44

45 Transit Signal Priority (TSP) Requires advanced traffic signal controllers, software, communications links, transit vehicles equipped with TSP-devices Priority modifies normal signal operations to better accommodate transit vehicles Preemption is different and interrupts emergency vehicle operations IX-45

46 Transit Signal Priority (TSP) Basic strategy: borrow time from cross street cycle time Limit sequential calls Restore progression if necessary Technologies Optical, Transponder & Loops IX-46

47 Transit Signal Priority (TSP) Three major components In-vehicle subsystems Road-side subsystems Control Center subsystems IX-47

48 TSP Strategies Passive Priority Signals timed for transit Active Priority Signal phases are modified when transit vehicle is detected Transponder under bus IX-48

49 Early Green Active TSP Strategies Early Start/Red Truncation of Priority Phase Extended Green Phase Extension of Priority Phase Phase Insert Special Phase Phase Suppression IX-49

50 Vehicle Prioritization Issues May negatively affect general traffic May need longer signal cycles, hurting pedestrians Cannot provide priority to every trip in need Guideline: One priority event, regardless of direction, every other cycle IX-50

51 TSP Implementation Cannot be accomplished without full cooperation from traffic management authorities Can negatively impact other road users All stakeholders need to be involved To assure system performance outcomes are consistent with goals and objectives IX-51

52 Driver Assist and Automation Collision Warning Collision Avoidance Precision Docking Optical Guidance Electromagnetic Guidance Mechanical Guidance IX-52

53 Collision Warning Notify operator about obstacles or impending collisions May include forward, side, rear, or complete 360 coverage Requires sensors and notification devices Sensors for Collision Warning IX-53

54 Collision Avoidance May protect against forward, side, rear impacts May include 360 system Requires sensors, driver notification devices, Ultimate application automated vehicle control Collision Warning Sensor IX-54

55 Precision Docking Minimizes gap between vehicle and platform Magnetic and optical docking systems Requires special paint or magnetic markings, vehicle-based sensors, and linkages with the steering system Eliminates need for ramps, lifts for disabled IX-55

56 Optical Lateral Guidance Optically-guided bus follows a painted line in the pavement Cameras and related equipment read the location of a painted line Keeps the vehicle within the lane width provided IX-56

57 Electromagnetic Lateral Guidance Electronic or magnetic markers used in pavement Sensors read markers to direct path IX-57

58 Mechanical Guidance Guided by physical connection from running way to steering mechanism Steel wheel following center rail Rubber guide following raised curb IX-58

59 Operations Management Automated dispatching Vehicle monitoring and maintenance Street supervision Archive data IX-59

60 Automated Dispatching Information about vehicle schedules input to system Directly communicates terminal departure times to drivers IX-60

61 Automated Dispatch System Advantages Reduces bunching and improves passenger service Enhances efficiency and vehicle utilization Archived data can support service planning Disadvantages Requires additional on-board equipment Cost of computer hardware and software IX-61

62 Vehicle Monitoring and Maintenance Automatic monitoring of propulsion, braking components via sensors Provides warning of impending problems Reports actual failures that have occurred IX-62

63 Vehicle Monitoring and Maintenance Advantages Decreases mechanical failures and resulting down time Archived data can support fleet management activities Disadvantages Requires additional on-board equipment to collect and transmit data IX-63

64 Data transmitted to central control center, where it is processed Vehicle Tracking Provides Input to ITS applications Information to operations supervisors Metro Rapid, Los Angeles, CA IX-64

65 Archived Data Storing data for future service planning and analysis purposes Any data can be archived including information from AVl systems, Passenger counters, Vehicle maintenance systems Fare collection systems IX-65

66 Typical Uses of Archived Data Adjust schedules to optimize vehicle use Travel time data Identify locations with travel time problems to increase revenue speeds Traffic engineering (e.g., illegally parked cars, poor traffic signal programming) Dwell time (e.g., fare collection) problems Travel time data Produce origin-destination passenger flow matrices for service planning Fare collection (smart card) and vehicle location data IX-66

67 Passenger Information Traveler information At stations On vehicle On person/home/office Trip Itinerary Planning IX-67

68 Traveler Information at Stations Information on schedules, next bus, and delays via dynamic message signs Requires system to predict (model) arrival times and appropriate signage Brisbane, Australia MetroRapid, Los Angeles, CA IX-68

69 Traveler Information on Vehicle Display and announce information to customers on BRT vehicles Next stop Transfer information Dynamic messages about delays or other special conditions Requires underlying vehicle location system IX-69

70 Traveler Information on Person/Home/Office /Offi Information about schedule, next bus, or delays available via PDA, cell phone, or other device Information available on internet t or mobile communications IX-70

71 Personal Traveler Information Information about schedule, next bus, or delays available via PDA, cell phone, or other device Information available on internet t or mobile communications IX-71

72 Trip Itinerary Planning Request trip information by specifying trip origin and destination, time and date Ability to specify special equipment or handling requirements IX-72

73 Passenger Information Advantages Pre-trip Affects mode choice, when to make trip, how to get to destination En route Decreases anxiety, directs passengers to correct platforms/bays, Advises about delays/disruptions, improves wait time experience On board Reassures passengers that they are on right vehicle/route, reduces navigation mistakes In general Customer satisfaction, visibility, image IX-73

74 Passenger Information Concerns Costs Initial and ongoing operations and maintenance (soft as well as hardware) Arrival/departure estimation techniques May be complex and inaccurate Ability to display real-timeinformation On bus, at stations, ti online IX-74

75 Passenger Security Actual/perceived insecurity is a big impediment to public transport use Especially women and the elderly ITS technologies can address this issue Solutions ranging from closed circuit TV in stations and on-board vehicles, to panic buttons on vehicles and at stations, ITS technologies do not eliminate need for security personnel But can make them much more efficient and effective IX-75

76 Passenger Security IX-76

77 Summary Many new, exciting BRT vehicles and ITS applications that improve: Service delivery Customer satisfaction Operating performance High customers expectations ti regarding business use of latest electronic improvements Same expectations for Public Transport! IX-77