Environmental Acceptability
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- Abraham Shields
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1 CONTENT Energy Supply & Consumption Efficiency Evolution Coal Reserves ST Unit Size Evolution SC / USC Technology SC / USC Power Plants Worldwide Summary Efficiency Improvement 50 Hz RPP 60 Hz RPP OT Boiler Boiler Materials ST Configurations ST Materials Selected SC / USC Power Plants Summary - Conclusions imteag.com
2 Main Concerns with Energy Electricity Supply Affordability Investment - Technology Fuel O&M Tariff Reliability Technology Fuel O&M Availability Accessibility Grid Connections Distribution Network Environmental Acceptability Technology Fuel O&M Emissions
3 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz
4 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF)
5 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households
6 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW
7 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code
8 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW
9 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW
10 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power
11 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF)
12 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power
13 US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW
14 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW kwh-costs decreased every decade Generating Capacity doubled every 8 12 years
15 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW kwh-costs decreased every decade Generating Capacity doubled every 8 12 years End of 20 th century Golden Times for NG fired CCGT Power Plants
16 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW kwh-costs decreased every decade Generating Capacity doubled every 8 12 years End of 20 th century Golden Times for NG fired CCGT Power Plants 2006 Overall Power Generation 835GW ( 460GW from Coal)
17 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW kwh-costs decreased every decade Generating Capacity doubled every 8 12 years End of 20 th century Golden Times for NG fired CCGT Power Plants 2006 Overall Power Generation Capacity was 835GW ( 460GW from Coal)
18 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers US Electricity Power Generation History 1896 Niagara Falls Hydro Power Plant produced 3.7MW at 2.35kV / 25Hz st Commonwealth Edison Power Plant ST produced 5MW (180psi/530ºF) Beginning of 20 th century; 20 US /kwh or higher Available only in the cities (lighting of streets, buildings, factories supply) Not affordable for most of households ST operated at 1,200rpm (20Hz); Unit Capacity up to 65MW 1915 Establishment of ASME Code ST operated at 1,800rpm (30Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW ST operated at 3,600rpm (60Hz); Unit Capacity up to 200MW % Power Generation from Coal; USA produced 42% World El. Power st USC Power Plant, 120MW Philo 6 in Operation (4,500psi/1,100ºF) st Commercial Nuclear Power Plants produce Electric Power 1980 Large STs reached Unit Capacity up to 1,300MW kwh-costs decreased every decade Generating Capacity doubled every 8 12 years End of 20 th century Golden Times for NG fired CCGT Power Plants 2006 Overall Power Generation Capacity was 835GW ( 460GW from Coal)
19 Breaking News 96,314GWh/Week 716 GW (PLF 80%) According to the Edison Electric Institute's weekly survey, US demand for electricity reached an all-time record 3 weeks ago amid a national heat wave as US utilities delivered 96,314 GWh of electricity for the week ending July 22, surpassing by more than 1%last year's record of 95,259 GWh.
20 Worldwide Overall Energy Consumption Energy Crisis Average 20 Century 2.2 %/Year 1.6%/Year Forecast 1Exajoule (EJ) = Joule x Btu E J Average %/Year ± 60% for Power Generation 2.0%/Year 2.6%/Year
21 Worldwide Overall Energy Consumption for Power Generation 2050 Coal 54.5% Oil 1.5% NG 23.7% Nuclear 7.3% Renewable13.0% 2000 Coal 40.5% Oil 5.1% NG 27.8% Nuclear 10.1% Renewable16.8% 1950 Coal 59.6% Oil 14.5% NG 5.2% Nuclear 0.0% Renewable20.7% E J Nuclear Renewable FORECAST Oil NG Coal
22 Worldwide Power Generation Energy Sources 2006 Fossil 75% Others 25% Others Nuclear Geothermal Hydro Other Renewable Fossil Coal Natural Gas Fuel Oil NG & Oil 34% Coal 41% Others 25%
23 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers USA Power Generation Energy Sources % Nuclear 19% Nuclear 0% Hydro Hydro 9% 23% Coal 52% Coal Oil Natural Nuclear Coal Natural Gas Gas Oil 53% 18% 15% Oil 5% % 2000 Hydro
24 Coal Fired Power Generation Efficiency Evolution % Pulverized Coal Technology Supercritical Technology Single Reheat Ultra-Supercritical Technology Current Worldwide Average *1900 *1915 *1930 *1950 *1970 *2005 *2020 Year
25 1 Short Ton= M Ton IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers Worldwide Present & Projected Future Coal Reserves Reserves in ,000 Billions Short Tons Annual Consumption (2005) 4 Billions Short Tons 250 Years Projected Reserves in % Efficiency Scenario 138 Years Projected Reserves in % Efficiency Scenario 190 Years
26 1% Improvement 1% 40% 41% 41% IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers 1,000MW**10,800Btu/lb (6,000kcal/kg) 50USD/ton (2.1USD/MioBtu)**PLF=80% Coal Savings vs. Efficiency Improvement t o n / Y e a r Mton/Year 3.06 Mio USD/Year Efficiency (%) ton USD M io U S D / Y e a r
27 Evolution of ST Unit Size
28 ST Unit Configuration
29 Supercritical Water-Steam Cycle Technology
30 Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a fluid above a certain pressure when there exists no clear distinction between the liquid and gaseous phases. > MPa (3,200 psi) > ºC C ( ºF) One of the primary means of increasing the efficiency of steam power plants is to increase live steam pressures to super- or ultra- supercritical conditions.
31 Heat Transfer Subcritical vs. Supercritical Cycle
32 Heat Transfer Subcritical vs. Supercritical Cycle
33
34 Number of SC/USC Power Plants Worldwide N o. o f U n its USA Japan Russia Korea China Other Counties
35 Number and Capacity of SC/USC Power Plants N o. o f U n its USA Japan Russia Korea China Other Counties No. of Units Total < 557 Units < 300 GW Power Output G W
36 Potential in Increase of Net Efficiency Efficiency (%) % 16.8 MPa 538 C C 2437psi 1000 F-1000 F 25.0MPa 540 C C 3626psi 1004 F-1040 F 26.5MPa 585 C C 3844psi 1085 F-1112 F 30.0MPa 600 C C 4351psi 1112 F-1148 F 35.0MPa 700 C C 5076psi 1292 F-1328 F 31.5MPa 620 C C 4569psi 1148 F-1148 F F12 F12 P91 P92 Austenitic Steel Material Inconel
37 50Hz RPP Main Parameters Plant Gross Capacity Plant Net Capacity Live Steam Pressure 600 MW 552 MW 28.5 MPa 4134 psi Live Steam Temperature 600 ºC 1112 ºF Reheat Pressure 6.0 MPa 870 psi Condenser Pressure 4.5 kpa psi Feed Water Temperature 303 ºC 578 ºF Reheat Temperature 620 ºC 1148 ºF Heat Rate NET/LHV Efficiency 7,433.8 Btu/kWh 45.9 % Boiler Type ST Type OT-Benson 3 Casing Single Reheat 1SF HP-1DF IP-1DF LP
38 600MW GROSS 3-Casing (50Hz) USC Steam Turbine Source: Siemens AG (app. 63 ft) Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
39 DESUPERHEATING IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers 50 Hz RPP Water Steam Cycle Diagram 22 2x50% DESUPERHEATING REHEATER SUPERHEATER 23 FROM STEAM COIL AIR HEATER 10 FEEDWATER TANK 8 A7 20 A8 A4 A6 19 A5 A1 A2 A3 18 A1 17 G FROM PULVERIZER AIR HEATER 12 TO STEAM COIL AIR HEATER 1x60% ECO 11 TO PULVERIZER AIR HEATER FEEDWATER PUMPS 3x50% CONDENSER WITH STANDPIPES 2 CONDENSATE POLISHING PLANT 3 CONDENSATE POLISHING PUMP 4 GLAND STEAM CONDENSER 5 LP DRAINS COOLERS 6 LP FEEDWATER HEATER A1/A2 7 LP FEEDWATER HEATER A3 8 LP FEEDWATER HEATER A4 9 LP HEATER DRAINS PUMP 10 CONNECTION AUXILIARY STEAM 11 HP FEEDWATER HEATER A6 12 HP FEEDWATER HEATER A7 13 HP FEEDWATER HEATER A8 14 MAKE-UP WATER 15 EVACUATION 16 LP BYPASS STATION 17 GENERATOR 18 LP TURBINE 19 IP TURBINE 20 HP TURBINE 21 WARM-UP STATION 22 HP BYPASS STATION 23 EXTERNAL DESUPERHEATER x50% MAIN CONDENSATE PUMPS 2x100% P KZ /P C UA/ Type of Doc. Inhalts kennzeichen / Contents Code Zhl.-Nr./Reg.No. ZDK00 6 XG 0 2 L Die ns ts t./de pt. UN ID Ind e x R e v. - W715 vgl_rkw NRW_basis_8_engl.dsf Da tum /Da te NOT BINDING FOR EXECUTION Condensate Supply LP Feedwater Heating Feedwater Storage / Deaeration Feedwater Supply Feedwater Preheating Main Steam Piping System Cold Reheat Piping System Hot Reheat Piping System Auxiliary Steam Piping System S iemens RKW NRW MODULES OF WATER STEAM CYCLE PREFERRED VARIANT Power Generation PG
40 60Hz Varioplant Main Parameters Plant Gross Capacity Plant Net Capacity Live Steam Pressure 800 MW 725 MW 28.5 MPa 4134 psi Live Steam Temperature 600 ºC 1112 ºF Reheat Pressure 6.0 MPa 870 psi Condenser Pressure 4.5 kpa psi Feed Water Temperature 303 ºC 578 ºF Reheat Temperature 610 ºC 1130 ºF Heat Rate NET/LHV Efficiency 7435 Btu/kWh 45.8 % Boiler Type ST Type OT-Benson 4 Casing Single Reheat 1SF HP-1DF IP-2DF LP
41 800MW GROSS 4-Casing (60Hz) USC Steam Turbine Siemens AG Power Generation app. 25,000mm (app. 82 ft)
42 60 Hz Varioplant Water Steam Cycle Diagram Siemens AG Power Generation
43 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers 60 Hz Varioplant Water Steam Cycle Diagram Siemens AG Power Generation
44 Drum vs. OT Boiler Drum Type Boiler Operational Pressure MPa OT Type Boiler Operational Pressure MPa
45 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers Drum vs. OT Boiler Drum Boiler Restricted to Sub-Critical Pressures Low Efficiency at Part Load Long Start-up Times Thick Walled Components (HP Drum) Higher Thermal Stresses Feed Water Flow Control by Drum Water Level Control Lower Load Transients (4-5%) OT Boiler Both Sub- & Super-Critical Pressures Highest Efficiency at Part & Full Load Short Start-up Times Thermoelastic Construction Lower Thermal Stresses Feed Water Flow Control by after Evaporator Temperature / Enthalpy Control Higher Load Transients (6-8%)
46 OT Boiler Furnace Arrangements Vertical Tube Arrangement High Mass Flux Spiral Tube Arrangement High Mass Flux Advanced Vertical Tube Arrangement Low Mass Flux
47 IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers Advantages of Vertical vs. Spiral Arrangement Cheaper Manufacture & Assembly Maintenance Friendly Part Load up to 20% at highest Main Steam Temperatures Reduced Slagging of Furnace Walls Lower Evaporator Pressure Loss Lower Auxiliary Power Requirement Simple Start-up System.
48 Low Mass Flux Design (LMFD) Current OT boilers use Furnace Tube Mass Fluxes (FTMF) designs >1,500-1,800kg/m 1,800kg/m²s 1,106,190-1,327,430lb/ft 1,327,430lb/ft²h FTMF levels below 1,000-1,200kg/m 1,200kg/m²s 737, ,950lb/ft 884,950lb/ft²h h (LMFD) minimize the furnace dynamic pressure losses Thermo-hydraulic hydraulic behavior of the LMFD becomes similar to natural circulation boilers.
49 Low Mass Flux Design (LMFD) Combination Vertical Tube Arrangement with Low Mass Flux Design Highly Efficient & Reliable Boiler with Outstanding Operating Characteristics at any Load from 20% part Load up to Design Base Load.
50 OT Boiler Design Alternatives Tower Boiler Two-Pass Boiler Horizontal Boiler S ource: S iem ens AG Floor space: 2,975 m² Volume: 166,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,164 m² Volume: 197,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,600 m² Volume: 209,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
51 OT Boiler Design Alternatives Tower Boiler Two-Pass Boiler Horizontal Boiler Floor space: 2,975 m² Volume: 166,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Tower Boiler Lowest Steel & Pressure Parts & Floor Space Requirement. Allows Multilevel Coal Feeders. High Hight. Floor space: 4,164 m² Volume: 197,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,600 m² Volume: 209,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% S ource: S iem ens AG Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
52 OT Boiler Design Alternatives Tower Boiler Two-Pass Boiler Horizontal Boiler Floor space: 2,975 m² Volume: 166,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,164 m² Volume: 197,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Two-Pass Boiler High Steel, External Piping, Pressure Parts & Floor Space Requirement. Short Assembly Time. Floor space: 4,600 m² Volume: 209,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Low Height. Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004 S ource: S iem ens AG
53 OT Boiler Design Alternatives Tower Boiler Two-Pass Boiler Horizontal Boiler Horizontal Boiler Lowest External Piping Requirement, High Steel & Floor Space Requirement. Low Height. Floor space: 2,975 m² Volume: 166,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,164 m² Volume: 197,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% Floor space: 4,600 m² Volume: 209,000 m 3 Efficiency: 95% S ource: S iem ens AG Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
54 Boiler Temperature & Material Development Live Steam Pressure MPa (psi) Live Steam Temperature C ( F) Date Material Equivalent to <20.0 (<2900) <520 (<968) Since Early 60 s X 20 Cr Mo V 11 1 <25.0 (<3626) <540 (<1004) Since Early 80 s P 22 2 ¼ Cr Mo <30.0 (<4351) <560 (<1040) Since Late 80 s P 91 9Cr 1Mo <33.0 (<4786) <620 (<1148) Since 2004 P 92 X10CrWMoVNb9-1 1 EUROPE STBA29-STPA29 STPA29 JAPAN <35.0 (<5076) <700 (<1292) Start 2010 Super Alloys CCA IN 740 Haynes 230 Save 12
55 ST Unit Size
56 600MW GROSS 3-Casing (50Hz) USC Steam Turbine Source: Siemens AG Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
57 Design Features (50Hz) 16m 2 Last Stage Blade Design features 16 m 2 - last stage blade Rotor Diameter Rotor 1,900 diameter ~ 1900 mm mm (74.8 ) Blade Length length 1, mm (55 ) (55.0 ) Velocity at blade end 750 m/s (~ Ma = 2.0) Speed Mach-number at Blade End 738 Supersonic m/s (1,435 at blade knot) end Mach Blade No connection at Blade End 2.24 Shroud & snubber Exit losses 3D effects Blade Connection Shroud & Snubber Blade Material Titanium Source: Siemens AG Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
58 ST Unit Size
59 ST Unit Size
60 800MW GROSS 4-Casing (60Hz) USC Steam Turbine Siemens AG Power Generation app. 25,000mm (app. 82 ft)
61 Design Features (60Hz) 10.3 m 2 Last Stage Blade Design features 16 m 2 - last stage blade Rotor Diameter 1,700 mm (67.0 ) Rotor diameter ~ 1900 mm Blade Length length 1, mm (55 ) (42.0 ) Velocity at blade end 750 m/s (~ Ma = 2.0) Speed Mach-number at Blade End 722 Supersonic m/s (1,403 at blade knot) end Mach Blade No connection at Blade End 2.18 Shroud & snubber Exit losses 3D effects Blade Connection Shroud & Snubber Blade Material Titanium Source: Siemens AG Concept study reference power plant North Rhine-Westphalia (RPP NRW), Project T-138, VGB PowerTech e.v., 2004
62 60Hz SSP-600 ** 3-D 3 D Model of Turbine Island Siemens AG Power Generation
63 ST Common Configurations Double Shell * 1-Flow 1 <50MW 2-Casing * 2-Flow MW 3-Casing * 4-Flow MW 4-Casing * 4-Flow MW
64 ST Material Development (50Hz) Steam Temperature 560 C 620 C 700 C Rotor 1Cr Mo V forging 12Cr Mo V Nb N 26Ni Cr Mo V Cr W Co forging 12Cr Mo W V Nb N IN 625 / IN 740 CCA 617 Haynes 230 Nozzles Valves Cr Mo V Cast 10Cr Mo V Nb 9-10% Cr (W) Cast12Cr W (Co) CCA 617 IN 625 / IN 714 Inner Casing Shells 1-22 Cr Mo Cast Cr Mo V Cast 9Cr 1 Mo V Nb (up to 590 C) 9-12% Cr (W) Cast12Cr W (Co) CCA 617 IN 625 IN 740 (up to 760 C) Blading 10Cr Mo V Nb N Titanium (last rotor row) 9-12% Cr W Co Titanium (last rotor row) Wrought Ni-Base Titanium (last rotor row) Bolting 9-12% Cr Mo V NI 80A; IN % Cr Mo VIN 718 Nimonic105 / 115 / 718Allvac 718 Plus Waspaloy
65 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
66 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
67 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
68 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
69 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
70 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
71 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
72 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
73 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng PR China 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) Cogan Creek Australia / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040) 2008
74 Pos Power Plant Name Country Power Output MW GROSS Live Steam MPa / C / C (psi / F / F) COD 01 Council Bluffs USA (IA) / 565 / 565 (3690/1050/1050) Weston 4 USA (WI) / 580 / 580 (3800/1076/1076) Comanche 3 USA (CO) / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Elm Road 1 & 2 USA (WI) 2 x / 570 / 570 (3800/1055/1055) Iatan 2 USA (MO) / 585 / 585 (3686/1085/1085) Genesee 3 Canada / 570 / 568 (3626/1058/1054) RPP NRW 60Hz USA / 600 / 610 (4134/1112/1130) Lippendorf / 554 / 583 (3873/1029/1081) Boxberg / 545 / 581 (3860/1013/1078) Niederaussem / 580 / 600 (3989/1076/1112) RPP NRW 50Hz / 600 / 620 (4134/1112/1148) Boa 2 Neurath 2 x / 595 / 595 (3771/1103/1103) Nordjylland 3 Denmark / 582 / 580 (4206/1080/1076) Avedoere 2 Denmark / 580 /600 (4351/1076/1112) Schwarze Pumpe 2 x / 547 / 565 (3742/1017/1078) Tachibana-Wan Japan / 600 / 610 (3756/1112/1130) Hitachi-Naka 1 Japan / 604 / 602 (3684/1119/1116) Isogo 1 Japan / 605 / 613 (4061/1121/1135) Misumi Japan / 600 / 605 (3626/1112/1121) Wangqu PR China 2 x / 571 / 569 (3989/1060/1056) Waigaoqiao PR China 2 x / 542 / 562 (4047/1008/1044) Zouxian IV PR China 2 x / 600 / 600 (3916/1112/1112) Huaneng Cogan Creek PR China Australia 4 x / 600 / 600 (3844/1112/1112) 26.0 / 540 / 560 (3626/1004/1040)
75 Boxberg 907 MW USC Power Plant MPa 545 / 581 ºC Photographs courtesy of Siemens Power Generation AG 3860 psi 1013 / 1078 ºF
76 Niederaussem 1027 MW USC Power Plant MPa 580 / 600 ºC Photograph courtesy of Siemens Power Generation AG 3989 psi 1076 / 1112 ºF
77 Schwarze Pumpe 2x800 MW USC Power Plant MPa 547 / 565 ºC 3742 psi 1017 / 1078 ºF
78 Tachibana-Wan 1050 MW SC Power Plant - Japan 25.9 MPa 600 / 610 ºC Photographs courtesy of IHI Ltd 3756 psi 1112 / 1130 ºF
79 Shin-Isogo 600 MW USC Power Plant - Japan 28.0 MPa 605 / 613 ºC Photographs courtesy of Hokuriku Electric Power Co & Siemens Power Generation AG 4061 psi 1121 / 1135 ºF
80 Misumi 1000 MW SC Power Plant - Japan 25.0 MPa 600 / 605 ºC 3626 psi 1112 / 1121 ºF
81 Waigaoqiao 2x900 MW USC Power Plant PR PR China 27.9 MPa 542 / 562 ºC Photographs courtesy of Siemens Power Generation AG 4047 psi 1008 / 1044 ºF
82 Huaneng Yuhuan 4x1000 MW USC Power Plant PR China 26.5 MPa 600 / 600 ºC Photographs courtesy of Ministry of Construction PR China COD psi 1112 / 1112 ºF
83 Kogan Creek 700MW SC Power Plant - Australia Photograph courtesy of Siemens Power Generation AG
84 Kogan Creek 700MW SC Power Plant - Australia 26.0 MPa / 540ºC C / 560ºC 3,626 psi / 1004ºF F / 1040ºF Photograph courtesy of Siemens Power Generation AG
85 Summary & Conclusions
86 Most of the coal fired power plants to be build worldwide during next decades will be of:- IGCC Technology; and Pulverized Coal Fired SC/USC Technology
87 Both IGCC and SC & USC Technologies are enjoying a steeply growing market share. However, IGCC market specifically, is not following this bullish trend yet- Reason is higher investment costs than the cost of SC & USC Technology.
88 SC & USC Power Generation Technology will gain superiority over conventional (sub-critical) power plants from the following reasons:- Higher Efficiency Excellent Load Behavior Compactness Environmental Friendliness
89 Current SC pulverized coal based power plants are working with net efficiencies in the range of: % 7,755-7,420Btu/kWh
90 Options to increase efficiency above 50 % 6,824 Btu/kWh in USC Power Plants rely on elevated steam conditions as well as on future improved process and component quality.
91 Steam conditions up to 30 MPa/600 C/620 C/620 C 4351psi/1112 F/1148 F/1148 F are achieved using steels with 12 % Cr content Steam conditions up to 31.5 MPa/620 C/620 C/620 C 4567psi/1148 F/1148 F/1148 F can be achieved with Austenite steels.
92 Nickel-based alloys may permit 35MPa/720 C/720 C/720 C 5076psi/1328 F/1328 F/1328 F yielding efficiencies of: % 6,825-6,562Btu/kWh 6,562Btu/kWh in around 2020.
93 Overall outlook for pulverized coal-fired SC/USC power plant technology is promising and its further growth lies ahead. Intensity of this growth will depend on the following factors:
94 Worldwide acceptance of USC technology Further development of NG vs. Coal price Reduction of investment & life cycle costs Further Improvement of availability & reliability Efficiency improvement Further reduction of specific emissions.
95 New technologies have an impact on everything from environmental quality to costs that consumers will ultimately have to pay THANK YOU IMTE AG Power Consulting Engineers, Switzerland imteag.com
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