Aeronautical Research in Germany

Transcription

1 Ernst Heinrich Hirschel Horst Prem Gero Madelung Aeronautical Research in Germany From Lilienthal until Today With 557 Figures and 24 Tables Springer

2 Part 1 Introduction Aeronautical Research and Technology Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 3 Definition, Contents, Background 3 Aeronautical Research and Technology During the More Recent German History 9 "Publicity" in Aeronautical Research: Publications and Patents 11 The Contents of the Book 14 References 15 Part 2 The Political, Institutional and Industrial Environment of German Aeronautical Research Aeronautical Research Comes into Being During the Time of the Empire Hans Fabian 19 From the Beginnings to Lilienthal 19 Inventur, Researcher and Businessman Otto Lilienthal 21 First Flight Engines as Propulsive Power Sources 24 The Controllable Airship - The Dirigible 24 Powered Flight 28 Aluminum, the Material of Aeronautics 31 The Beginnings of Institutionalized Aeronautical Research - the Roots of Scientific Aerodynamics 31 Promotion of Flight and Foundation of the First Aircraft Companies 35 Aeronautical Research Obtains its Structure 40 Aeronautical Research During the Time Period 1912 to The Turning Point: World War One 1914 toi XV

3 The Difficult Situation of Aeronautical Research and the Aeronautical Industry During the Weimar Republic, Hans Fabian 52 The Transition to Peace 53 The Versailles Treaty, Restrictions and Inflation, 1920 toi The Alternative to Powered Fight: the Sailplane 57 Air Traffic Stimulates Aeronautical Research : The New Beginnings of Aeronautical Research 59 A New Beginning for the Aviation Industry 63 Until the Endof the Weimar Republic The High Rating of Aeronautical Research During the Third Reich Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 71 Consequences of the Power Seizure for Aeronautical Research 71 DVL- the German Test Establishment of Aeronautics 73 AVA - the Aerodynamic Test Establishment 79 DFL/LFA - the Newly Founded German Research Establishment of Aeronautics 82 Scientific Societies - From the Scientific Aeronautical Society to the Lilienthal Society 85 The Academic Upgrading of Aeronautical Research and the Problem of Junior Researchers 86 Aeronautical Research During World War Two 87 The Flight-Test Centers of the Air Force 92 IfyouareaVisionary 93 The Reconstruction of German Aeronautical Research after 1945 Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 99 Important Applications of Research Results in Post-War Aircraft Design The New Beginnings of Aeronautical Research Within the Divided Post-War Germany 101 The Development of Aeronautical Research in West Germany in View of the Atlantic Alliance Consolidation of West German Aeronautical Research New Perspectives Following the German Reunification 122 Growing International Engagement of German Aeronautical Research 126 References 129 Part 3 Results of GermanAeronautical Research From the Beginning to the Endof World War Two 135 Concept and Configuration 135 Visions and First "Flight Vehicles" - the Beginnings are Promoted Nationally Dieter Schmitt, Horst Prem 135 XVI

4 Junkers Aircraft as a Result of Applied Research Peter Pletschacher, Bernd Junkers 141 The Development of the Modern Passenger Aircraft Dieter Schmidt, Horst Prem 157 Highlights in the Evolution of Sailplanes until 1945 Hans Zacher 163 References 171 Aerodynamics - the Key to Successful Flight 172 Derivation of the Aerodynamic Fundamentals Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 172 Wind Tunnel Technology Hans Ulrich Meier 186 References 200 Aeroengines - Performance and Speed Increase as Impetus for Development 202 Piston Aeroengines - Technological Milestones of Development Kyrill von Gersdorff 202 Aeroengines - Altitude Test Beds Kyrill von Gersdorff 217 The Beginnings of Jet Engines Horst Prem 224 Axial Flow Compressors Heinz Hoheisel 225 Combustion Chambers Dieter Rist 235 Turbine - The Hollow Metal Blade as Solution for Material Shortage Helmut Schubert 244 Fuel and Lubricant Research Eilhard Jantzen 252 References 257 Flight Mechanical Stability and Control 259 Inherent Stability and Controllability Andreas Hafer, Gottfried Sachs 259 Control Configured Stability Horst Prem 265 References 266 Lightweight Construction - a Prerequisite for Flight 267 First Scientifically Sound Formulation of the Principles of Lightweight Construction Heiner Dörner, Horst Prem 267 From the Fiber Material Wood to Metal Constructions Heiner Dörner, Horst Prem 270 XVII

5 Fatigue and Structural Endurance Hans Försching 273 References 277 Aeroelasticity - The Interaction of the Elastic Aircraft Structure with Aerodynamic Forces Hans Försching 278 Classificationof Aeroelastic Problems 278 Aeroelastic Research until Aeroelastic Research Between 1935 and the Endof World War Two 286 Aeroelastic Research in Germany until an International Comparison References 292 First Helicopters and Rotor Systems KurtKnobling 293 Henrich Focke's Pioneering Work 294 Anton Flettner and his Rotor System 299 Von Doblhoff and his Rotor System 304 References 308 Rescue and Safety Gerhard Sedlmayr, Holger Hansen 309 Ribbon Parachutes as Aircraft Brake and Rescue System 309 Ejection Seats for a Safe Bailout (Egress) 316 References 324 Transfer of German Aeronautical Knowledge After 1945 Kyrill von Gersdorff 325 GreatBritain 325 France 328 USSR (Soviet Union) 332 United States of America (USA) 335 Egypt 339 Argentine 340 Brazil 341 India 341 Sweden 342 Spain 342 References 343 Research Results of the Period After A New Beginning 345 Licensing and Cooperation - Bridges to a New Industrial Structure Horst Prem 345 XVIII

6 Aircraft Development in West Germany Dieter Schmitt 347 The Aircraft Development in East Germany Horst Prem 357 The Development of Sailplanes and its Highlights after 1951 Hans Zacher 361 Powered-Lift Technology XaverHafer 372 References 383 Aerodynamics - from Near-Sonic to Hypersonic Flight Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 387 Winning Scientific Parity through National and International Cooperations Aerodynamics of Near-Sonic Flight 388 Boundary-Layer Physics and Boundary-Layer Control (Laminar Wing) 391 Supersonic and Hypersonic Aerodynamics 394 Numerical Aerodynamics and New Measurement Techniques 396 Advanced Wind-Tunnel Technology Hans Ulrich Meier 399 References 405 Propulsion Technology - Economic and Ecological Challenge 407 The Evolution to Modern Jet Engines Heinz Hoheisel 407 Combustion Chamber Development Trends Dieter Rist 430 Progress in Turbine Blade Cooling Since 1945 Helmut Schubert 444 Engines for the German Vertical Take-off Aircraft of the Sixties Kyrill von Gersdorff, Helmut Schubert 451 Fuel and Lubricant Research Eilhard Jantzen 458 The Stuttgart Altitude Test Bed Wolfgang Braig 464 References 469 Flying Qualities, Instable Flight, Avionics, Cockpit, Sensorics 475 Flying Quality Requirements After 1945 Andreas Hafer, Gottfried Sachs 475 German Developments Holger Friehmelt 479 Flying Characteristics Specifications for Helicopters Heinz-Jürgen Pausder, Carl Ockier 480 From Stable towards Unstable Configuration - Drag Optimization Helmut John 482 XIX

7 Coiitrolled Flight in the Presence of Flow Separation Helmut John 498 Control, Navigation, Avionics, Cockpit Ulrich Butter 514 Sensors - Night Vision and Warning Systems for Helicopters Günter Braun 527 References 534 Ultra-Lightweight Construction - From Metal to Fibre Structures 539 The Development of Fibre Composite Technology Heiner Dörner, Horst Prem 539 High-Altitude Research Aircraft as Further Examples of the Application of the Fiber Composite Technology Hans Galleithner 551 Progress in Fatigue Strength After 1945 Hans Försching 553 References 555 Aeroelasticity - New Challenges and Problems Hans Försching 556 New Beginning of Aeroelastic Research After Advances in Computing Methods of Unsteady Aerodynamic for Oscillating Wings 557 New Numerical Methods 560 Aero-Servo-Elasticity 562 Current Aeroelastic Challenges and Problems 564 Advances in the Aeroelastic Experimental Technology 567 Concluding Remarks 571 References 571 Advances in Helicopter Rotor Technology Valentin Klöppel 573 Development of Hingeless Helicopter Rotors 573 Fiber Composite Design and Construction 576 Blade Dynamics/Blade Loads 578 Specific Helicopter-related Problems 579 Active Rotor Control 579 Vibration Isolation and Noise Reduction 580 References 582 Large-scale Facilities to Test Safety, Reliability and Environmental Compatibility 583 Safety, Reliability and Environmental Compatibility within the Global Air, Transport System Jürgen W. Bergmann 583 Ground Test Facilities 588 XX

8 Aerodynamic and Aero-acoustic Performance Measurements on Models Hans Ulrich Meier 588 Test Facilities for Airframes and for Dynamic Systems of Rotary Wings Jürgen W. Bergmann 597 Engine Test Stands Jürgen W. Bergmann 601 Test Facilities for Aircraft Equipment Jürgen W. Bergmann 604 Development and Flight Simulators Ulrich Fligge 606 In-Flight Simulation in Germany 608 Precursors of In-Flight Simulation Peter Hamel 608 In-Flight Simulation with Fixed Wing Aircraft Dietrich Hanke 613 In-Flight Simulation with Helicopters Gerd Bouwer, Heinz-Jürgen Pausder 617 References 619 Part 4 International and Economical Relevance and Perspectives The Significance of Aeronautical Research in Germany - Nationally and Internationally Gero Madelung 627 Some Remarks on the Evaluation of Research 627 The Environment of Aeronautical Research - Compared Internationally The Significance for the Global Development of Aeronautics 633 The Significance for the German Economy 634 References 635 Conclusions and Perspectives 636 Inventors, Researchers, Entrepreneurs and State in their Various Roles Horst Prem 636 On the Way to the Virtual Product Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 643 How to Continue? Horst Prem, Ernst Heinrich Hirschel 649 References 653 Appendix Milestones 655 Development ofstaff 659 Conversion of Units 660 XXI

9 Abbreviations 661 Sources of IUustrations 666 Biographical Sketches of Outstanding Persons 667 MainAuthors 668 Advisors, Contributors, Coordinators 670 Name Index 676 Subject Index 685 XXII