N. MARTINI J. SCHELL. Plant Oils as Fuels Present State of Science and Future Developments

Transcription

1 N. MARTINI J. SCHELL Plant Oils as Fuels Present State of Science and Future Developments

2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo

3 N. Martini J. Schell Plant Oils as Fuels Present State of Science and Future Developments Proceedings of the Symposium held in Potsdam, Germany February 16-18,1997 With 98 Figures and 79 Tables Springer

4 Dr. NORBERT MARTINI Professor Dr. JOZEF S. SCHELL Max-Planck-Institut fur Zuchtungsforschung Carl-von-Linne-Weg Koln Cover illustration: Maret Kalda, Max-Planck-Institut Koln, 1998 ISBN-13: DOl: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data e-isbn-13: Plant oils as fuels: present state of science and future developments: proceedings of the symposium held in Potsdam, Germany, February 16-18, 1997 / edited by N. Martini and J. Schell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN -13: (softcover) 1. Vegetable oils as fuel-congresses. I. Martini, N (Norbert), II. Schell, Josef S. TP359. V 44P '.3-dc21 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschiitzt. Die dadurch begriindeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Dbersetzung, des Nachdrucks, des Vortrags, der Entnahme von Abbildungen und Tabellen, der Funksendung, der MikroverfIlmung oder der Vervielfaltigung auf anderen Wegen und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten.eine Vervielfaltigung dieses Werkes oder von Teilen dieses Werkes ist auch im Einzelfall nur in den Grenzen der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom 9. September 1965 in der jeweils geltenden Fassung zuhissig. Sie ist grundsatzlich vergiitungspflichtig. Zuwiderhandlungen unterliegen den Strafbestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dab solche Namen im Sinn der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutzgesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten waren und daher von jedermann benutzt werden diirften. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, Heidelberg Cover Design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg SPIN / Gedruckt auf saurefreiem Papier

5 Foreword Among renewable energy resources, Biodiesel fuel made from rapeseed is of special importance in Europe. The discussion on Biodiesel is, however, somewhat controversial. Economical, technological, ecological and toxicological arguments have been advanced implying that, at present, Biodiesel is at best just a "niche" product that can only compete with traditional fossil diesel fuel because of significant tax incentives. Indeed, the economic disadvantages of producing Biodiesel are not compensated by the technological, ecological ~d possibly toxicological advantages. Given the present state of knowledge in these very different areas, the decisive question to be asked is whether the competitiveness, and thus marketability, of Biodiesel can be enhanced by biotechnological manipulations of the rape plant. Apart from purely economical aspects, such as increasing crop yields, decreasing production costs and increasing technological quality, attention must be focussed especially on reducing potential dangers to man and the environment The symposium on Plant Oils as Fuels was intended as a forum for economists, engineers, ecologists and toxicologists to present and exchange their ideas for improving the product Biodiesel and to discuss these views with expert plant bioscientists. The challenge for the latter was and will be to determine whether biotechnological methods can be applied safely to introduce new properties into the rape plant, an example for a number of other plants also suitable for production of renewable energy. The properties concerned are those which will improve the product Biodiesel fuel economically, technologically and especially toxicologically such that it will then possess those characteristics identified as the most desirable by the scientists. It was, therefore, not the goal of the symposium to evaluate Biodiesel as a form of energy under the present conditions, but rather to find an answer to the question of the chances Biodiesel will have in the market of the future. The VERUM-Foundation - Foundation for Behaviour and Environment, Munich, - promotes research into the interrelationships between man and his environment. As a non-profit-making scientific organization the Foundation supports important scientific work within this research area. Plant oils as renewable energy sources deserve special attention because of the implications for the wellbeing of future generations of mankind. Society should have the opportunity to form opinions on matters of relevance based on the results of scientific work and free from the preconceived notions of ideologies or vested interests. Knowledge-based opinions should be the presupposition in decision making, both at the individual and political level. Munich, February 1998 Prof. Dr. med. Dr. h.c. Klaus Thurau Chairman of the Board Prof. Dr.med. Franz Adlkofer Executive Director

6 Acknowledgement The Symposium on Plant Oils as Fuels - Present State of Science and Future Developments - took place on February 16-18, 1997 at the beautiful ambiente of Schl06 Cecilienhof in Potsdam, Gennany. The atmosphere of such a historic place greatly stimulated the scientific exchange and discussions of the participating experts. With this in mind, the editors would like to give credit to all who helped that this Symposium was very successful, in particular: We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of VERUM foundation, Munich, both for the Symposium and for the Proceedings. The speakers are gratefully acknowledged for their time and effort preparing their lectures and manuscripts. Without their expertise and dedication the Symposium could not have taken place. We wish to thank Dr. GOOter Oberdorster and Dr. Peter Walzer, who invited experts of their fields to participate in this interdisciplinary symposium and supervised the anonymous peer-review process of the manuscripts of their sessions prior to acceptance for these Proceedings. Our thanks to John M. Davis, PhD, for language editing of the recorded discussion sections. We are grateful to Ms. Ursula Kerscher, Ms. Eva Kath, Ms. Regina Droll and Dr. Gisela Henze for their attentive assistance that everyone was well taken care of during the Symposium and that everything was extremely well organized. The Proceedings could have failed without major contribution of Dr. Jutta Weinand whose most excellent and dedicated editorial efforts in preparing the camera-ready manuscript are gratefully acknowledged. N. Martini and 1. Schell February 1998 Max-Planck-Institute for Breeding Research Cologne, Gennany

7 Contents Introduction The Biodiesel Market Today and its Future Potential Werner Korbitz Discussion 3 13 Session 1: Engines for Natural and Modified Plant Oil-Based Fuels Engines for Natural and Modified Plant Oil-Based Fuels Peter Walzer The Automotive Industry's Views of the Standards for Plant Oil-Based Fuels Sven-Oliver Koftmehl and Hartmut Heinrich Vegetable Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Alternative Diesel Fuels for Commercial Vehicle Engines Ansgar Schafer Diesel Engine Technologies for Raw and Transesterified Plant Oils as Fuels: Desired Future Qualities of the Fuels Onno Syassen Exhaust Components ofbiofuels Under Real World Engine Conditions Theodor Sams Discussion of Session I

8 VIII Session 2: Toxicological and Environmental Aspects Related to the Use of Plant Oils as Fuels Toxicological and Environmental Aspects Related to the Use of Plant Oils as Fuels Ganter OberdtJrster 89 Health Issues Concerning Inhalation of Petroleum Diesel and Biodiesel Exhaust J. Mauderly 92 Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions and Detennination of their Environmental and Health Effects Jtlrgen Krahl, Jargen Banger and Axel Munack 104 The Mutagenic Potential of Diesel and Biodiesel Exhausts Peter M Eck!, P. Leikermoser, M WtJrgetter, H. Prankl and F. Wur.s1 123 Biodiesel: Effects on Exhaust Constituents Joseph McDonald and Matthew W. Spears 141 Toxicology and Ecotoxicology ofbiodiesel Fuel Wolfgang Rodinger 161 Discussion of Session Session 3: Contribution of Plant Breeding for Making Biodiesel Rapeseed a Realistic Proposition Contribution of Plant Breeding for Making Biodiesel Rapeseed a Realistic Proposition Jeff Schell Breeding of Hybrid Rapeseed Gisbert Kley Pollination Control in Transgenic Rapeseed: from Concept to Market Entry offl Hybrids Johan Botterman

9 IX Rapeseed with Tolerance to the Non Selective Herbicide Glufosinate Ammonium Ernst Rasche Plant Biotechnology and Implications for Rapeseed Agronomy: Development of New Methods of Pest and Disease Control Christoph Maas Modification of Fatty Acids by Genetic Engineering Matfi Sovero Breeding of High-Oleic-Acid Rapeseed (HOAR) Martin Frauen Genetic Engineering of Brassica napus Seeds for Oil Quality and Yield with Toxicological and Motor-Technical Aspects ofbiodiesel in Mind Norbert Marfini Discussion of Session Roundtable Discussion 266 Subject Index 274