UNIFIED LECTURE #2: THE BREGUET RANGE EQUATION
|
|
- Helen Wade
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 UNIFIED ENGINEERING Fall 2003 Lecture Outlines Ian A. Waitz UNIFIED LECTURE #2: THE BREGUET RANGE EQUATION I. Learning Goals At the end of this lecture you will: A. Be able to answer the question How far can an airplane fly, and why? ; B. Be able to answer the question How do the disciplines of structures & materials, aerodynamics and propulsion jointly set the performance of aircraft, and what are the important performance parameters? ; C. Be able to use empirical evidence to estimate the performance of aircraft and thus begin to develop intuition regarding important aerodynamic, structural and propulsion system performance parameters; D. Have had your first exposure to active learning in Unified Engineering 1
2 II. Question: How far can an airplane (or a duck, for that matter) fly? OR: What is the farthest that an airplane can fly on earth, and why? We will begin by developing a mathematical model of the physical system. Like most models, this one will have many approximations and assumptions that underlie it. It is important for you to understand these approximations and assumptions so that you understand the limits of applicability of the model and the estimates derived from it. L L T T D W W Figure 1.1 Force balance for an aircraft in steady level flight. 2
3 For steady, level flight, T = D, L = W or L W = L = D = T L D D The weight of the aircraft changes in response to the fuel that is burned (rate at which weight changes equals negative fuel mass flow rate times gravitational constant) dw = m f g dt Now we will define an overall propulsion system efficiency: what you get overall efficiency = what you pay for = propulsive power fuel power propulsive power = thrust flight velocity = Tu o (J/s) fuel power = fuel mass flow rate fuel energy per unit mass = m h f (J/s) Thus η overall = Tu o mh f We can now write the expression for the change in weight of the vehicle in terms of important aerodynamic (L/D) and propulsion system (η overall ) parameters: We can rewrite and integrate dw W Wu = m g = 0 Wu = = 0 f dt L T h L Tu 0 h L η f f g overall D m g g D m h D dw udt = 0 W h L η g overall D ln W = constant tu 0 h L η g overall D applying the initial conditions, at t = 0 W = W initial const. = ln W initial L h W t = η overall ln D gu 0 W initial 3
4 the time the aircraft has flown corresponds to the amount of fuel burned, therefore L h W t η ln final final = overall D gu0 W initial then multiplying by the flight velocity we arrive at the Breguet Range Equation which applies for situations where overall efficiency, L/D, and flight velocity are constant over the flight. Range = h L η overall ln W initial g D W final Fluids Propulsion Structures + (Aero) Materials Note that this expression is sometimes rewritten in terms of an alternate measure of efficiency, the specific fuel consumption or SFC. SFC is defined as the mass flow rate of fuel per unit of thrust (lbm/s/lbf or kg/s/n). In the following expression, V is the flight velocity and g is the acceleration of gravity. ( ) VL D ln g SFC W initial Range = W final
5 Thus we see that the answer to the question How far can an airplane fly? depends on: 1. How much energy is contained in the fuel it carries; 2. How aerodynamically efficient it is (the ratio of the production of lift to the production of drag). During the fluids lectures you will learn how to develop and use models to estimate lift and drag. 3. How efficiently energy from the fuel/oxidizer is turned into useful work (thrust times distance traveled) which is used to oppose the drag force. Thermodynamics helps us describe and estimate the efficiency of various energy conversion processes, and propulsion lets us describe how to use this energy to propel a vehicle;. How light weight the structure is relative to the amount of fuel and payload it can carry. The materials and structures lectures you will teach you how to estimate the performance of aerospace structures. 5
6 Below are some data to allow you to make estimates for various aircraft and birds. MJ/Kg $/Kg $/MJ Comments Prime Beef Beef.0 2 Whole Milk cal/quart Honey Sugar cal/ounce Cheese Bacon Corn Flakes cal/ounce Peanut Butter cal/ounce Butter Vegetable Oil cal/ounce Kerosene kg/liter Diesel Oil kg/liter Gasoline Natural Gas kg/liter 0. kg/m 3 Figure 1.2 Heating values for various fuels (from The Simple Science of Flight, by H. Tennekes) 0.1 F=0 F=25 1 cabbage white F= F= human-powered airplane sailplane w [meters / second] albatross budgie ultralight pheasant Fokker Friendship Boeing V [meters / second] The Great Gliding Diagram. Airspeed, V, is plotted on the horizontal axis. Rate of descent, w, is plotted downward along the vertical axis. The diagonals are lines of constant finesse. The horizontal line represents the practical soaring limit, 1 meter / second. Figure 1.3 Gliding performance as a function of L/D (where L/D=F, from The Simple Science of Flight, by H. Tennekes) 6
7 25 F2-00 F2-000/ S360 L/Dmax F27 B707-0B/300 A320-0/200 A3-300 RJ200/ER B777 B B77-00 B77-0/200/300 F0 BAC /00 B /ER ATR72 S30A DHC-300 MD11 DC-30 L B /ER B B ATR2 BAE-ATP B737-0/200 A L11-1/0/200 D32 DC9-30 B DC- MD0 & DC9-0 EMB120 B /600 DC-0 B BAE16-0/200/RJ70 B /231A BAE SA227 J1 J31 5 Turboprops Regional Jets Large Aircraft Data Unavailable For: EMB-15 CV-0 BAE RJ5 Beech 1900 CV-50 CV-600 FH-227 Nihon YS-11 SA-226 DHC--0 L-1 DHC Year Figure 1. Aerodynamic data for commercial aircraft: L/D for cruise (Babikian, R., The Historical Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of Regional Aircraft From Technological, Operational, and Cost Perspectives, SM Thesis, MIT, June 2001) W S b (N) (m 2 ) (m) A F House Sparrow Swift Common Tern Kestrel (Sparrow Hawk) Carrion Crow Common Buzzard Peregrine Falcon Herring Gull Heron White Stork Wandering Albatross Hang Glider 00 7 Parawing Powered Parawing Ultralight (microlight) Sailplanes Standard Class Open Class Fokker F-50 Boeing x 36 x Figure 1.5 Weight and geometry for aircraft and birds (where L/D=F, from The Simple Science of Flight, by H. Tennekes) 7
8 0 70 C-7A 60 W E / W TO [%] 50 0 C-12A C UV -1 C-9A A3 C-21A C-10 C-130 C-20A C-11B Concorde L-11 C-17 KC-A C-5A 77 C-5B KC-135A W TO [1,000 lbs] Weight Fractions of Cargo and Passenger Aircraft Figure 1.5 Weight fractions for transport aircraft in terms of empty weight over max take-off weight (Mattingly, Heiser & Daley, Aircraft Engine Design, 197) OEW/ MTOW B /231A DHC7 CV600 BAE16-0/RJ70 BAC F2-00 SA226 BAE BAC MD0 & DC9-0 DC9- L11-1/0/200 FH227 DC- F2-000/6000 F27 B /ER B737-0/200 B77-200/300 DC9-50 DC9-0 L1A-0/1C DC-0 CV0 DC9-30 L DC-30 B77-0 B B S360 DHC-0 J31 SA227 ATR2 B1900 F0 B B A A3-300 B /ER EMB120 S30A D32 DHC-300 ATR72 J1 BAE-ATP RJ200/ER B /600 BAE A320-0/200 RJ5 B B77-00 MD11 B777 EMB Turboprops Regional Jets Large Aircraft Year Figure 1.6 Structural efficiency data for commercial aircraft: Operating empty weight over maximum take-off weight (Babikian, R., The Historical Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of Regional Aircraft From Technological, Operational, and Cost Perspectives, SM Thesis, MIT, June 2001)
9 Takeoff weight W (tons) S (m 2 ) b (m) Sea-level thrust T (tons) Fuel Cruising consumption speed (liters/hour) V (km/hour) Range (km) Seats Boeing x Boeing x Boeing x Douglas Dc x Airbus A x Boeing x Fokker F x Fokker F x Figure 1.7 Aircraft performance (from The Simple Science of Flight, by H. Tennekes) For aircraft engines it is often convenient to break the overall efficiency into two parts: thermal efficiency and propulsive efficiency where the subscripts e and o refer to exit and inlet: mu 2 2 e e m u o rate of production of propellant k.e. o 2 2 η thermal = = fuel power m h propulsive power Tu η = = o prop rate of production of propellant k.e. 2 2 mu o e e m u o 2 2 such that η overall = η thermal η prop During the first semester thermodynamics lectures we will focus largely on thermal efficiency. In next semester s propulsion lectures we will combine thermodynamics with fluid mechanics to obtain estimates for propulsive and thus overall efficiency. The data shown in Figure 1.6 will give you a rough idea for the conversion efficiencies of various modern aircraft engines. f 9
10 Overall Efficiency Future Trend SFC Core Thermal Efficiency Turbojets Low BPR '777' Engines CF6-0C2 Current High BPR UDF Engine Advanced UDF 0.3 Whittle Propulsive x Transmission Efficiency 30 Figure 1. Trends in aircraft engine efficiency (after Pratt & Whitney) B B TSFC (mg/ns) B /231A BAC DC9-0 F2-000/6000 BAE16-0/200/RJ70 CV0 DC9- F2-00 DC9-50 B DC9-30 B737-0/200 BAE MD0 & DC9-0 F0 RJ5 D32 EM170 DC-30 L B /ER EMB15 B B /600 B77-0 F27 B77-200/300 B RJ200/ER RJ700 L11-1/0/200 B77-00 CV600 DC-0 B /ER EMB135 MD11 DC- A L1A-0/1C J31 A3-300 A320-0/200 B777 SA226 DHC7 B1900 SA227 CV50 S360 EMB120 J1 ATR2 ATR72 D32 DHC-0 BAE-ATP DHC-300 DHC-00 S30A Turboprops 5 Regional Jets Large Jets New Regional Jet Engines New Turboprop Engines Year Figure 1.9 Engine efficiency for commercial aircraft: specific fuel consumption (Babikian, R., The Historical Fuel Efficiency Characteristics of Regional Aircraft From Technological, Operational, and Cost Perspectives, SM Thesis, MIT, June 2001)
11 The accuracy of the range equation in predicting performance for commercial transport aircraft is quite good. The Department of Transportation collects and reports a variety of operational and financial data for the U.S. fleet in something called DOT Form 1. Operational data for fuel burned and payload (passengers and cargo) carried was extracted from Form 1 and combined with the technological data shown in Figures 1., 1.6 and 1.9 to estimate range. In Figure 1. these estimates are compared to the actual stage length flown (range) as reported in Form 1. The difference between the actual stage length flown and the estimated stage length is shown in Figure Figure 1.11 shows that the percent deviation between the Breguet range equation estimates and the actual stage lengths flown is a function of the stage length. For long-haul flights, the assumptions of constant velocity, L/D, and SFC are good. However, for short-haul flights, taxiing, climbing, descending, etc. are a relatively large fraction of the overall flight time, so the steady-state cruise assumptions of the range equation are less valid. (16 short- and long-haul aircraft) Calculated Stage Length (miles) Actual Stage Length Flown (miles) Figure 1. Performance of Breguet range equation for estimating commercial aircraft operations (J. J. Lee, MIT Masters Thesis, 2000) 11
12 Stage Length Figure 1.11 Deviation (%) of Breguet range equation estimates from actual stage length flown is a function of the stage length (J. J. Lee, MIT Masters Thesis, 2000) III. Questions: A. How far can a duck fly? B. Why don t we fly on hydrogen-powered airplanes? Fuel properties are listed below. Fuel Density (kg/m 3 ) Heating Value (kj/kg) Jet-A H 2 (gaseous, S.T.P.) H 2 (liquid, 1 atm) C. Why is the maximum range for an aircraft on earth approximately 25,000mi? (Voyager: 311kg of fuel is 72% of maximum take-off weight, flight speed 16.1km/hr = 9 days to circle the earth) D. What are the assumptions and approximations that underlie the Breguet Range Equation? 12
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING IN 2003 vs. 1999
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING IN 2003 vs. 1999 Green bars are updated values, with arrows updated uncertainty. 2003 Waitz 32 RADIATIVE IMBALANCE AT TROPOSPHERE DUE TO AIRCRAFT (IPCC Special Report on Aviation,
More informationWelcome to Aerospace Engineering
Welcome to Aerospace Engineering DESIGN-CENTERED INTRODUCTION TO AEROSPACE ENGINEERING Notes 5 Topics 1. Course Organization 2. Today's Dreams in Various Speed Ranges 3. Designing a Flight Vehicle: Route
More informationFlying Low and Slow. (and the Tools for its Calculation) Dieter Scholz. Hamburg University of Applied Sciences
AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND SYSTEMS GROUP (AERO) (and the Tools for its Calculation) Hamburg University of Applied Sciences 12th European Workshop on Aircraft Design Education (EWADE) 2015 (and the Tools for its
More informationElectric Flight Potential and Limitations
Electric Flight Potential and Limitations Energy Efficient Aircraft Configurations, Technologies and Concepts of Operation, Sao José dos Campos, 19 21 November 2013 Dr. Martin Hepperle DLR Institute of
More informationPreface. Acknowledgments. List of Tables. Nomenclature: organizations. Nomenclature: acronyms. Nomenclature: main symbols. Nomenclature: Greek symbols
Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Tables Nomenclature: organizations Nomenclature: acronyms Nomenclature: main symbols Nomenclature: Greek symbols Nomenclature: subscripts/superscripts Supplements
More informationFlugzeugentwurf / Aircraft Design SS Part 35 points, 70 minutes, closed books. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME. Date:
DEPARTMENT FAHRZEUGTECHNIK UND FLUGZEUGBAU Flugzeugentwurf / Aircraft Design SS 2015 Duration of examination: 180 minutes Last Name: Matrikelnummer: First Name: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME Date:
More informationAircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 10 Weight of Components. Tables
Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 10 Weight of Components Tables No Aircraft MTOW/Payload Weight 1 Transport 3-4 2 Single engine light GA 3-6 3 Twin-engine
More informationChapter 4 Estimation of wing loading and thrust loading - 10 Lecture 18 Topics
Chapter 4 Estimation of wing loading and thrust loading - 10 Lecture 18 Topics 4.15.3 Characteristics of a typical turboprop engine 4.15.4 Characteristics of a typical turbofan engine 4.15.5 Characteristics
More informationChapter 4 Lecture 16. Engine characteristics 4. Topics. Chapter IV
Chapter 4 Lecture 16 Engine characteristics 4 Topics 4.3.3 Characteristics of a typical turboprop engine 4.3.4 Characteristics of a typical turbofan engine 4.3.5 Characteristics of a typical turbojet engines
More informationIntroduction to Aerospace Engineering
Introduction to Aerospace Engineering Lecture slides Challenge the future 1 18-9-2011 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering AE1101ab - Propulsion Delft University of Technology Prof.dr.ir. Challenge JaccotheHoekstra
More informationPerformance means how fast will it go? How fast will it climb? How quickly it will take-off and land? How far it will go?
Performance Concepts Speaker: Randall L. Brookhiser Performance means how fast will it go? How fast will it climb? How quickly it will take-off and land? How far it will go? Let s start with the phase
More informationApproche novatrice pour la conception et l exploitation d avions écologiques, sous incertitudes.
Sylvain Prigent Approche novatrice pour la conception et l exploitation d avions écologiques, sous incertitudes. Challenges Air traffic will double in the next 20 years! *Revenue passenger kilometers (number
More informationPropeller blade shapes
31 1 Propeller blade shapes and Propeller Tutorials 2 Typical Propeller Blade Shape 3 M Flight M. No. Transonic Propeller Airfoil 4 Modern 8-bladed propeller with transonic airfoils near the tip and swept
More informationMaking Sense of Aircraft Endurance, Range, and Economy It isn t as simple as the textbook says it is!
Making Sense of Aircraft Endurance, Range, and Economy It isn t as simple as the textbook says it is! Photo: First aerial refueling, two DH- 4B aircraft, 27 June 1923, USAF Photo Most professional pilots
More informationProf. João Melo de Sousa Instituto Superior Técnico Aerospace & Applied Mechanics. Part B Acoustic Emissions 4 Airplane Noise Sources
Prof. João Melo de Sousa Instituto Superior Técnico Aerospace & Applied Mechanics Part B Acoustic Emissions 4 Airplane Noise Sources The primary source of noise from an airplane is its propulsion system.
More informationMini-Lab Gas Turbine Power System TM Sample Lab Experiment Manual
Mini-Lab Gas Turbine Power System TM Sample Lab Experiment Manual Lab Session #1: System Overview and Operation Purpose: To gain an understanding of the Mini-Lab TM Gas Turbine Power System as a whole
More informationFlight Test Evaluation of C-130H Aircraft Performance with NP2000 Propellers
Flight Test Evaluation of C-130H Aircraft Performance with NP2000 Propellers Lance Bays Lockheed Martin - C-130 Flight Sciences Telephone: (770) 494-8341 E-Mail: lance.bays@lmco.com Introduction Flight
More informationJet Aircraft Propulsion Prof. Bhaskar Roy Prof. A.M. Pradeep Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Jet Aircraft Propulsion Prof. Bhaskar Roy Prof. A.M. Pradeep Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture No. # 04 Turbojet, Reheat Turbojet and Multi-Spool Engines
More informationTechnology in Transportation Exam 1
Name: 16.682 Technology in Transportation Exam 1 April 5, 2011 Question 1: Internal Combustion Engine Technology (20 points) Use the torque/rpm curve below to answer the following questions: 600 500 Horsepower
More informationFlugzeugentwurf / Aircraft Design WS 10/ Klausurteil 30 Punkte, 60 Minuten, ohne Unterlagen. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME
DEPARTMENT FAHRZEUGTECHNIK UND FLUGZEUGBAU Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Scholz, MSME Flugzeugentwurf / Aircraft Design WS 10/11 Bearbeitungszeit: 180 Minuten Name: Matrikelnummer.: Vorname: Punkte: von 68 Note:
More informationAircraft Design in a Nutshell
Dieter Scholz Aircraft Design in a Nutshell Based on the Aircraft Design Lecture Notes 1 Introduction The task of aircraft design in the practical sense is to supply the "geometrical description of a new
More informationDevelopment and Implementation of Interactive/Visual Software for Simple Aircraft Gas Turbine Design
Development and Implementation of Interactive/Visual Software for Simple Aircraft Gas Turbine Design Afshin J. Ghajar, Ronald D. Delahoussaye, Vandan V. Nayak School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
More informationFuture Trends in Aeropropulsion Gas Turbines
Future Trends in Aeropropulsion Gas Turbines Cyrus B. Meher-Homji, P.E. Turbomachinery Group Bechtel Corporation ASME SW Texas Gas Turbine Technical Chapter 12-Nov-2012 Copyright 2012 : C.B. Meher-Homji
More informationClassical Aircraft Sizing I
Classical Aircraft Sizing I W. H. Mason from Sandusky, Northrop slide 1 Which is 1 st? You need to have a concept in mind to start The concept will be reflected in the sizing by the choice of a few key
More informationThe Sonic Cruiser A Concept Analysis
International Symposium "Aviation Technologies of the XXI Century: New Aircraft Concepts and Flight Simulation", 7-8 May 2002 Aviation Salon ILA-2002, Berlin The Sonic Cruiser A Concept Analysis Dr. Martin
More informationAE Aircraft Performance and Flight Mechanics
AE 429 - Aircraft Performance and Flight Mechanics Propulsion Characteristics Types of Aircraft Propulsion Mechanics Reciprocating engine/propeller Turbojet Turbofan Turboprop Important Characteristics:
More informationTURBOPROP ENGINE App. K AIAA AIRCRAFT ENGINE DESIGN
CORSO DI LAUREA SPECIALISTICA IN Ingegneria Aerospaziale PROPULSIONE AEROSPAZIALE I TURBOPROP ENGINE App. K AIAA AIRCRAFT ENGINE DESIGN www.amazon.com LA DISPENSA E E DISPONIBILE SU http://www.ingindustriale.unisalento.it/didattica/
More informationAE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Final Examination. Instructor: Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZGEN Date:
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Serkan ÖZGEN Date: 11.01.2012 1. a) (8 pts) In what aspects an instantaneous turn performance is different from sustained turn? b) (8 pts) A low wing loading will always increase
More informationChapter 9 GAS POWER CYCLES
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6 th Edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2008 Chapter 9 GAS POWER CYCLES Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction
More informationblended wing body aircraft for the
Feasibility study of a nuclear powered blended wing body aircraft for the Cruiser/Feeder eede concept cept G. La Rocca - TU Delft 11 th European Workshop on M. Li - TU Delft Aircraft Design Education Linköping,
More informationEngines for Green Aviation s Future
Engines for Green Aviation s Future Alan Epstein Vice President, Technology & Environment Pratt & Whitney EcoAviation Washington, June 2010 Evolution in By-Pass Ratio, Efficiency, & Noise Turbojets Turbofans
More informationAIAA UNDERGRADUATE TEAM DESIGN COMPETITION PROPOSAL 2017
TADPOLE AIAA UNDERGRADUATE TEAM DESIGN COMPETITION PROPOSAL 2017 Conceptual Design of TADPOLE Multi-Mission Amphibian MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 5-10-2017 Team Member AIAA Number Contact Details
More informationCONTENTS Duct Jet Propulsion / Rocket Propulsion / Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 15 References / 25
CONTENTS PREFACE xi 1 Classification 1.1. Duct Jet Propulsion / 2 1.2. Rocket Propulsion / 4 1.3. Applications of Rocket Propulsion / 15 References / 25 2 Definitions and Fundamentals 2.1. Definition /
More informationWhat does the future bring?
Gebhardt Lecture Georgia Institute of Technology January 23, 2014 Dr. M.J. Benzakein Director, Propulsion and Power Center What does the future bring? A look at Technologies for Commercial Aircraft in
More informationChapter 4 Engine characteristics (Lectures 13 to 16)
Chapter 4 Engine characteristics (Lectures 13 to 16) Keywords: Engines for airplane applications; piston engine; propeller characteristics; turbo-prop, turbofan and turbojet engines; choice of engine for
More informationEAS 4700 Aerospace Design 1
EAS 4700 Aerospace Design 1 Prof. P.M. Sforza University of Florida Commercial Airplane Design 1 1.Mission specification and market survey Number of passengers: classes of service Range: domestic or international
More informationAE 452 Aeronautical Engineering Design II Installed Engine Performance. Prof. Dr. Serkan Özgen Dept. Aerospace Engineering March 2016
AE 452 Aeronautical Engineering Design II Installed Engine Performance Prof. Dr. Serkan Özgen Dept. Aerospace Engineering March 2016 Propulsion 2 Propulsion F = ma = m V = ρv o S V V o ; thrust, P t =
More informationIn this lecture... Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
1 In this lecture... Intakes for powerplant Transport aircraft Military aircraft 2 Intakes Air intakes form the first component of all air breathing propulsion systems. The word Intake is normally used
More informationMultidisciplinary System Design Optimization (MSDO)
Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization (MSDO) Problem Formulation Lecture 2 Anas Alfaris 1 Today s Topics MDO definition Optimization problem formulation MDO in the design process MDO challenges
More informationLateral Directional Flight Considerations
Lateral Directional Flight Considerations This section discusses the lateral-directional control requirements for various flight conditions including cross-wind landings, asymmetric thrust, turning flight,
More informationGerman Aerospace Center Flight Operations
German Aerospace Center Flight Operations Introduction DLR is Germany s aerospace research center and space agency with about 4700 employees in 31 research institutes distributed over 8 main research centers
More informationSmall Fixed Wing Aircraft Operational Weight and Balance Computations
Small Fixed Wing Aircraft Operational Weight and Balance Computations Chapter 4 Weight and balance data allows the pilot to determine the loaded weight of the aircraft and determine whether or not the
More informationDESIGN THE VTOL AIRCRAFT FOR LAND SURVEYING PURPOSES SHAHDAN BIN AZMAN
DESIGN THE VTOL AIRCRAFT FOR LAND SURVEYING PURPOSES SHAHDAN BIN AZMAN A report submitted as the first draft of the final year project in semester 1 2016/2017 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Universiti
More informationSILENT SUPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
25 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES SILENT SUPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM Akira Murakami* *Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Keywords: Supersonic, Flight experiment,
More informationAIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOTS LICENSE ( FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING)
032 01 00 00 PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIELD UNDER JAR/FAR 25 (LIGHT AEROPLANES) PERFORMANCE CLASS B 032 01 01 00 Definitions of terms and speeds used Define the following terms
More informationAccident Prevention Program
Accident Prevention Program Part I ENGINE OPERATION FOR PILOTS by Teledyne Continental Motors SAFE ENGINE OPERATION INCLUDES: Proper Pre-Flight Use the correct amount and grade of aviation gasoline. Never
More informationFlight Forces, work, power, electric motors, energy storage
What we (and our students) can learn from radio-controlled flight? Dr. John Cerne Physics Department University at Buffalo Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Partnership and Division of Materials
More informationSCHOOL OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014 ME110. Aircraft and Automotive Systems
s SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014 ME110 Aircraft and Automotive Systems Time allowed: TWO hours Answer TWO questions from THREE in Section A and TWO questions
More informationLIQUID HYDROGEN AS AVIATION FUEL AND ITS RELATIVE PERFORMANCE WITH COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFTS FUEL
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2014 Shreyas Harsha, 2014 Research Paper ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Special Issue, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2014 National Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering
More informationAircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 11 Aircraft Weight Distribution Tables
Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 01 Chapter 11 Aircraft Weight Distribution Tables No Component group Elements Weight X cg Y cg Z cg 1 Wing 1.1. Wing main structure 1..
More informationA Game of Two: Airbus vs Boeing. The Big Guys. by Valerio Viti. Valerio Viti, AOE4984, Project #1, March 22nd, 2001
A Game of Two: Airbus vs Boeing The Big Guys by Valerio Viti 1 Why do we Need More Airliners in the Next 20 Years? Both Boeing and Airbus agree that civil air transport will keep increasing at a steady
More informationEngine Performance Analysis
Engine Performance Analysis Introduction The basics of engine performance analysis The parameters and tools used in engine performance analysis Introduction Parametric cycle analysis: Independently selected
More informationEnvironmentally Focused Aircraft: Regional Aircraft Study
Environmentally Focused Aircraft: Regional Aircraft Study Sid Banerjee Advanced Design Product Development Engineering, Aerospace Bombardier International Workshop on Aviation and Climate Change May 18-20,
More informationAERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING SHIBIN MOHAMED Asst. Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Al Ameen Engineering College Al- Ameen Engg. College 1 Aerodynamics-Basics These fundamental basics first must be
More informationFUEL CONSUMPTION DUE TO SHAFT POWER OFF-TAKES FROM THE ENGINE
FUEL CONSUMPTION DUE TO SHAFT POWER OFF-TAKES FROM THE ENGINE Dieter Scholz, Ravinkha Sereshine, Ingo Staack, Craig Lawson FluMeS Fluid and Mechatronic Systems Table of Contents Research Question Secondary
More informationResearch Report ZETJET-Aircraft Engines
Research Report ZETJET-Aircraft Engines aviation can reduce cost of transport by up to 70% UAV 1 click picture for video test rig click picture for video UAV 2- click picture for video ZETJET AG Bahnhofplatz
More informationJODEL D.112 INFORMATION MANUAL C-FVOF
JODEL D.112 INFORMATION MANUAL C-FVOF Table of Contents I General Description...4 Dimensions:...4 Powertrain:...4 Landing gear:...4 Control travel:...4 II Limitations...5 Speed limits:...5 Airpeed indicator
More informationWeight Effects Part 1
Weight Effects Part 1 David F. Rogers Copyright c 1997-1999 David F. Rogers. All rights reserved. Most of us normally operate our aircraft at less than gross weight, yet weight significantly affects the
More informationAircraft Characteristics/ Aircraft Recognition
Aircraft Characteristics/ Aircraft Recognition 3-15-11 Aircraft Characteristics and Recognition 1 Lesson Objectives 1. Identify aircraft using common recognition features A. Categories. B. Weight classes.
More informationAIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS (ME110)
s School of Environment and Technology Aircraft & Automotive Systems (ME110) Division of Engineering and Product Design Semester Two Examination, June, 2010 B.ENG. HONOURS DEGREE COURSE AIRCRAFT AND AUTOMOTIVE
More informationFULL-ELECTRIC, HYBRID AND TURBO-ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE AIRCRAFT PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 23, No. 4 2016 FULL-ELECTRIC, HYBRID AND TURBO-ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE AIRCRAFT PROPULSION SYSTEMS Borys Łukasik, Witold Wiśniowski Institute of
More informationOPTIMAL MISSION ANALYSIS ACCOUNTING FOR ENGINE AGING AND EMISSIONS
OPTIMAL MISSION ANALYSIS ACCOUNTING FOR ENGINE AGING AND EMISSIONS M. Kelaidis, N. Aretakis, A. Tsalavoutas, K. Mathioudakis Laboratory of Thermal Turbomachines National Technical University of Athens
More informationWHY TWO SPOOLS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: EQUIPPING OUR MILITARY WITH THE BEST TECHNOLOGY FOR EXISTING AND EMERGING THREATS
WHY TWO SPOOLS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: EQUIPPING OUR MILITARY WITH THE BEST TECHNOLOGY FOR EXISTING AND EMERGING THREATS SUPERIOR TECHNOLOGY: ATEC s HPW3000 is the superior option to serve as the new engine
More informationAirship Technology. G. A. Khoury. J. D. Gillett Formerly of Brunei University and The Airship Association CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
- uirf Airship Technology G. A. Khoury Imperial College, London, and The Airship Association J. D. Gillett Formerly of Brunei University and The Airship Association CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents
More informationAircraft Design Conceptual Design
Université de Liège Département d Aérospatiale et de Mécanique Aircraft Design Conceptual Design Ludovic Noels Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials CM3 http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/ Chemin
More informationSingle-phase Coolant Flow and Heat Transfer
22.06 ENGINEERING OF NUCLEAR SYSTEMS - Fall 2010 Problem Set 5 Single-phase Coolant Flow and Heat Transfer 1) Hydraulic Analysis of the Emergency Core Spray System in a BWR The emergency spray system of
More informationFelix Du Temple de la Croix Monoplane 1857
2 1 Felix Du Temple de la Croix Monoplane 1857 2 Thrust for Flight 3 Unpowered airplanes George Cayle s design (early 19 th century) Samuel P Langley s Airplane (late 19 th century) 4 Langley s Airplane
More informationENERGY EXTRACTION FROM CONVENTIONAL BRAKING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILE
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2009 (ICME2009) 26-28 December 2009, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME09- ENERGY EXTRACTION FROM CONVENTIONAL BRAKING SYSTEM OF AUTOMOBILE Aktaruzzaman
More informationReducing Landing Distance
Reducing Landing Distance I've been wondering about thrust reversers, how many kinds are there and which are the most effective? I am having a debate as to whether airplane engines reverse, or does something
More informationAnswer Key. Page 1 of 10
Name: Answer Key Score: [1] When range and economy of operation are the principal goals, the pilot must ensure that the airplane will be operated at the recommended A. equivalent airspeed. B. specific
More informationMASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 16.00 Introduction to Aerospace and Design Problem Set #4 Issued: February 28, 2002 Due: March 19, 2002 ROCKET PERFORMANCE
More informationa) Calculate the overall aerodynamic coefficient for the same temperature at altitude of 1000 m.
Problem 3.1 The rolling resistance force is reduced on a slope by a cosine factor ( cos ). On the other hand, on a slope the gravitational force is added to the resistive forces. Assume a constant rolling
More informationAIRCRAFT DESIGN MADE EASY. Basic Choices and Weights. By Chris Heintz
AIRCRAFT DESIGN MADE EASY By Chris Heintz The following article, which is a first installement of a two-part article, describes a simple method for the preliminary design of an airplane of conventional
More information3. What is the total fuel capacity with normal tanks? Usable? 4. What is the total fuel capacity with long range tanks? Usable?
Pilot Name: Last, first, mi. Date: (mo/dy/yr) Instructor: Pass/Fail: Instructors Initials: 1. What is the engine Manufacturer: Model: Type: 2. What is the horsepower rating? 3. What is the total fuel capacity
More informationFigure 1: Forces Are Equal When Both Their Magnitudes and Directions Are the Same
Moving and Maneuvering 1 Cornerstone Electronics Technology and Robotics III (Notes primarily from Underwater Robotics Science Design and Fabrication, an excellent book for the design, fabrication, and
More informationIdealizations Help Manage Analysis of Complex Processes
8 CHAPTER Gas Power Cycles 8-1 Idealizations Help Manage Analysis of Complex Processes The analysis of many complex processes can be reduced to a manageable level by utilizing some idealizations (fig.
More informationThree major types of airplane designs are 1. Conceptual design 2. Preliminary design 3. Detailed design
1. Introduction 1.1 Overview: Three major types of airplane designs are 1. Conceptual design 2. Preliminary design 3. Detailed design 1. Conceptual design: It depends on what are the major factors for
More informationElectric Flight Potential and Limitations
Martin Hepperle German Aerospace Center Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology Lilienthalplatz 7, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany Martin.Hepperle@dlr.de ABSTRACT During the last years, the development
More informationTechnology in Transportation Exam 1 SOLUTIONS
Name: 16.682 Technology in Transportation Exam 1 SOLUTIONS April 5, 2011 Question 1: Internal Combustion Engine Technology (20 points) Use the torque/rpm curve below to answer the following questions:
More informationXIV.C. Flight Principles Engine Inoperative
XIV.C. Flight Principles Engine Inoperative References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to single engine operation. Key Elements Elements Schedule
More informationThis Flight Planning Guide is published for the purpose of providing specific information for evaluating the performance of the Cessna Corvalis TT.
May 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS This Flight Planning Guide is published for the purpose of providing specific information for evaluating the performance of the Cessna Corvalis TT. This guide is developed from
More informationEverything You Need to Know About. Aerodynamics. By Julien Versailles
Everything You Need to Know About Aerodynamics By Julien Versailles The study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air or The study of the flow of air around and through an object
More informationFrom aviation pioneer to partner in the global engine community
Engine programs From aviation pioneer to partner in the global engine community In the aviation industry, three simple letters stand for top-notch engine technology: MTU has been providing propulsion
More informationChapter 9 GAS POWER CYCLES
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 9 GAS POWER CYCLES Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep Copyright The McGraw-Hill
More informationPart 1 Aerodynamic Theory COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
Part 1 Aerodynamic Theory COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 5 6 1 Preliminaries Before studying the chapters dealing with the aerodynamics of each phase of flight, it is essential to understand various definitions
More informationTurbo-Rocket. A brand new class of hybrid rocket. Rene Nardi and Eduardo Mautone
Turbo-Rocket R A brand new class of hybrid rocket Rene Nardi and Eduardo Mautone 53 rd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference July 10 12, 2017 - Atlanta, Georgia Rumo ao Espaço R - UFC Team 2 Background
More informationSimple Finite Heat Release Model (SI Engine)
Simple Finite Heat Release Model (SI Engine) Introduction In the following, a finite burn duration is taken into account, in which combustion occurs at θ soc (Start Of Combustion), and continues until
More informationRotary Wing Micro Air Vehicle Endurance
Rotary Wing Micro Air Vehicle Endurance Klaus-Peter Neitzke University of Applied Science Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany neitzke@fh-nordhausen.de Abstract One of the first questions to pilots of rotor
More informationThe new Raisbeck/Hartzell C90 Swept Blade Turbofan Propeller
The new Raisbeck/Hartzell C90 Swept Blade Turbofan Propeller the new SWEPT BLADE TURBOFAN PROPELLER FOR THE ENTIRE KING AIR C90 FAMILY developed jointly by Raisbeck Engineering and Hartzell Propeller for
More informationAppenidix E: Freewing MAE UAV analysis
Appenidix E: Freewing MAE UAV analysis The vehicle summary is presented in the form of plots and descriptive text. Two alternative mission altitudes were analyzed and both meet the desired mission duration.
More informationFlight and Terminal Ballistic Performance Demonstration of a Gun-Launched Medium Caliber Ramjet Propelled Air Defense Projectile
Flight and Terminal Ballistic Performance Demonstration of a Gun-Launched Medium Caliber Ramjet Propelled Air Defense Projectile Ronald Veraar and Eelko v. Meerten (TNO) Guido Giusti (RWMS) Contents Solid
More informationEWADE th European Workshop on Aircraft Design Education - Naples 2011
EWADE 2011 10th European Workshop on Aircraft Design Education - Naples 2011 Regional turboprop conversion for purposes supposing auxiliary engine installation. Technical and economical analysis Prof.
More informationME3264: LAB 9 Gas Turbine Power System
OBJECTIVE ME3264: LAB 9 Gas Turbine Power System Professor Chih-Jen Sung Spring 2013 A fully integrated jet propulsion system will be used for the study of thermodynamic and operating principles of gas
More informationThe new Raisbeck/Hartzell C90 Swept Blade Turbofan Propeller
The new Raisbeck/Hartzell C90 Swept Blade Turbofan Propeller 2 the new SWEPT BLADE TURBOFAN PROPELLER FOR THE ENTIRE KING AIR C90 FAMILY developed jointly by Raisbeck Engineering and Hartzell Propeller
More informationY. Lemmens, T. Benoit, J. de Boer, T. Olbrechts LMS, A Siemens Business. Real-time Mechanism and System Simulation To Support Flight Simulators
Y. Lemmens, T. Benoit, J. de Boer, T. Olbrechts LMS, A Siemens Business Real-time Mechanism and System Simulation To Support Flight Simulators Smarter decisions, better products. Contents Introduction
More informationAeronautical Engineering Design II Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots. Prof. Dr. Serkan Özgen Dept. Aerospace Engineering Spring 2014
Aeronautical Engineering Design II Sizing Matrix and Carpet Plots Prof. Dr. Serkan Özgen Dept. Aerospace Engineering Spring 2014 Empty weight estimation and refined sizing Empty weight of the airplane
More informationAND BETTER... 14,000 lbs. STC + PT6A-34 Engines (NEW) + Wing Tip Tanks. 5 $100/SEAT x 5 SORTIES PER DAY. 14,000 lbs. STC + PT6A-34 Engines (NEW)
AND BETTER... IKHANA is proud to offer the RWMI DHC-6 Increased MTOW Standard Commuter Category STC. Along with the added benefits of more horsepower, a four blade propeller that offers improved performance
More informationContent : 4.1 Brayton cycle-p.v. diagram and thermal efficiency. 4Marks Classification of gas turbines.
Content : 4.1 Brayton cycle-p.v. diagram and thermal efficiency. 4Marks Classification of gas turbines. 4.2 Construction and working of gas turbines i) Open cycle ii) Closed cycle gas Turbines, P.V. and
More informationGREEN AVIATION. Kota Harinarayana DAE Raja Ramanna Fellow. New Delhi,6 2 10
GREEN AVIATION Kota Harinarayana DAE Raja Ramanna Fellow New Delhi,6 2 10 Systems View of Air Transportation Air Transportation System Elements Emerging Asia Population Growth Half of the planet lives
More informationHow to use the Multirotor Motor Performance Data Charts
How to use the Multirotor Motor Performance Data Charts Here at Innov8tive Designs, we spend a lot of time testing all of the motors that we sell, and collect a large amount of data with a variety of propellers.
More information