Tractor innovations and sustainability CLUBOFBOLOGNA 2009

Transcription

1 Tractor innovations and sustainability Renius 2009

2 Sustainability Resources Environment Human factors Renius 2009

3 Sustainability: Resources Saving material Load-stress analysis Representative load spectra Random load fatigue analysis Accelerated design verification Renius 2009

4 Transmission input load spectrum Vahlensieck 1999 Renius 1976 ASAE Lecture 29/2005

5 Innovations for energy savings Higher power density for 4-cylinder engines SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction Electro-hydraulic valve timing Variable displacement engine oil pumps Turbo-compound systems Electric powered engine aggregates High voltage energy supply for implements Electric power steering (small tractors) Oil level management for transmissions Synthetic oils for engine & transmissions Electronic control of load sensing hydraulics Real time control of tire inflation pressures Real time control of traction efficiency Real time process implement controls tractor Renius 2009

6 Sustainability: Resources Saving energy - components Engine Transmission Hydraulics Ground drive Tractor-implement Renius 2009

7 Diesel engine fuel economy best point within efficiency map: Actually 200 g/kwh (η = 42%) Vision: 190 g/kwh (η = 44%) Renius 2009

8 VTG Turbo charger Adjustable vanes Courtesy John Deere Renius TUM 2009

9 Benefits of an intelligent engine turbo charger control Diesel engine DEUTZ BF 6 M 1013 FC, rpm, NOx level about 6 g/kwh Deutz AG Yearbook VDI-MEG 2004 Renius TUM 2009

10 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx can favor fuel economy by accepting higher NOx generation in the burning process. Renius

11 Energy saving by el. aggregates, J. Deere 7030 (2008) Renius Renius/Knechtges Yearbook VDI-MEG 2008 Renius TUM 2009

12 Sustainability by CVT efficiency targets ( 100 kw) Renius Seoul 1993 CIGR Handbook III 1999

13 Full load efficiencies of electric generators/motors Tarasinski J. Deere 2004 Renius TUM 2009

14 Tractor hydraulics: load-sensing circuit Symbols ISO 1219 Renius 1999 CIGR Handbook III Renius TUM 2009

15 Electric energy for implements, J. Deere 7030 (2008) Renius Renius 2008 John Deere Renius TUM 2009

16 Ground drive: Efficiency improvements Renius TUM 2009 Renius 2004

17 FENDT concept study TRISIX 2007 Fendt-TUM

18 Tractor-implement: The H. Auernhammer Vision Renius TUM 2009 Renius 2009

19 Data-BUS II for process automation and tractor-implement communication Impactor Virtual terminal Task controller Rot. harrowsawing machine GPS ISO Tractor ECU Data-BUS I for tractor guiding and internal communication Axles Transmiss. Interface 3 point lift Engine Displays Hydraulics Brakes Freimann/Renius TUM 2002

20 Sustainability: Resources Alternative fuels and working fluids Bio-fuels Hydrogen (fuel cells) Working liquids Condition monitoring Renius 2009

21 Bio fuels and hydrogen Bio-diesel in crisis (tax, oil prices) Waiting for BtL (still too expensive) Fuel cells for tractors 2022? On-board H2 generation? Renius 2009

22 The CNH fuel cell tractor study NH Courtesy CNH-Fiat 2009

23 Alternative working fluids: Sustainable working fluids are available but not verry popular. Vegetable oils lubricate well, but are weak in chemical stability. Vision: Sysnthetic fluids based on sustainable resources. Renius 2009

24 Condition monitoring Working fluid change on demand Information carrier system health Information carrier for future design Renius 2009

25 Sustainability: Environment Subjects Exhaust gas emissions Other emissions Physical soil protection Renius 2009

26 Exhaust gas emissions Renius 2009

27 Tractors & mobile machinery Limits for Europe acc. 97/68/EG. Additional CO limits about const. 5 g/kwh. Cycle C1, ISO Renius & VDMA 2009 Renius TUM 2009

28 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) - external - cooled Renius/Dreher 2009 Renius TUM 2009

29 Sustainability needs new tractor design example cooler Courtesy Renius Steyr TUM 2009

30 Selective Catalythic Reduction SCR Geimer/Renius 2007 Renius TUM 2009

31 Other emissions Renius 2009

32 Spill container prevents soil pollution Renius TUM 2009 Courtesy FENDT

33 Physical soil protection Renius 2009

34 The conflict of sustainable tire inflation pressures Renius 1999 CIGR Handbook III Renius TUM 2009

35 Parameters as affacting soil compaction Renius 1999 CIGR Handbook III Renius TUM 2009

36 Sustainable traffic ability of soils, VDI Guideline 6101 (2007) VDI Guideline 6101 VDI-MEG 2007 Renius TUM 2009

37 Control of soil pressures by tire inflation pressure Schwanghart 1994 CIGR Handbook III 1999

38 Galileo Galilei statet in his Discorsi (1638): if all dimensions of a system are enlarged by the same factor, all supporting elements seem to be overloaded. This is the problem of large ag machinerey: - A scale factor λ influences the weight by λ 3 but the tire contact only by λ 2 - If a tractor is enlarged by λ, tire dimensions must be enlarged by λ 1,5 to keep the tire-soil contact pressure constant. Galileo Galilei 1638 Söhne, Bekker, Renius et. al.

39 Sustainable soil contact pressure and ruth depth Courtesy Deutz-Fahr Renius TUM 2009

40 On-land ploughing can reduce subsoil compaction conventional on-land VDI Guideline 6101 VDI-MEG 2007 Renius TUM 2009

41 Sustainability Human factors Renius 2009

42 Fatal tractor overturns in GER a sustainable reduction Renius 2009 BLB 2008 Renius TUM 2009

43 Sustainable noise reducion within tractor cabs kw db(a) Knechtges 2009 Renius TUM 2009

44 Bystander noise level of commercial tractors 1998 Schauer VDMA 1998 Renius TUM 2004 Renius TUM 2009

45 Munich Research Tractor, developed at TUM Renius/Kirste TUM 1988

46 Tractor cab: arm rest control and instructor seat Renius Courtesy CNH 2009 TUM 2009

47 Sustainability increases first costs Tractor costs per kw Grade of sustainability Renius TUM 2009

48 Renius TUM 2009

49 Summary and conclusions Sustainability generates higher tractor first costs Regulations can push those sustainable technologies which are not driven by the market High level sustainability is reality in the high tech markets with however further refinements Low level sustainability is reality in the lower developed countries with more or less large deficits Countries with a lower tech level should adopt proved technologies. I see high priorities for ROPS, reduced engine emissions, noise reductions, energy savings and material saving durability. Renius TUM 2009

50 Renius TUM 2009

51 First commercial double clutch power split CVT, CNH 2009 Geimer/Renius VDI-MEG Yearbook Ag Eng 2010

52 Pump Flow Engine speed Energy saving for power steering Renius 1980 and 2009 Renius TUM 2009