THE PORT OF LONG BEACH

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3 PORT OF LONG BEACH AIR EMISSIONS INVENTORY 2006 Prepared for: THE PORT OF LONG BEACH Prepared by: STARCREST CONSULTING GROUP, LLC P.O. Box 434 Poulsbo, WA 98370

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5 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION Reason for Study Goods Movement Container Movements Regulatory and San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP) Measures Ocean-going Vessels Harbor Craft Cargo Handling Equipment Railroad Locomotives Heavy-Duty Vehicles Greenhouse Gases Scope of Study Pollutants Emission Sources Geographical Extent Facilities Not Included General Methodology Ocean-going Vessels Harbor Craft Cargo Handling Equipment Railroad Locomotives Heavy-Duty Vehicles Report Organization SECTION 2 OCEAN-GOING VESSELS Source Description Geographical Delineation Data and Information Acquisition Marine Exchange of Southern California Vessel Speed Reduction Program Data... 52

6 2.3.3 Jacobsen Pilot Service Lloyd s Register of Ships Vessel Boarding Program Survey Data Operational Profiles Methodology Propulsion Engine Maximum Continuous Rated Power Propulsion Engine Load Factor Propulsion Engine Activity Propulsion Engine Emission Factors Propulsion Engines Low Load Emission Factors Propulsion Engine Harbor Maneuvering Loads Propulsion Engine Defaults Auxiliary Engine Emission Factors Auxiliary Engine Defaults Auxiliary Boilers Fuel Correction Factors Emission Reduction Technologies Emission Estimates Emission Estimates by Engine Type Emission Estimates by Engine Type Facts and Findings Flags of Convenience Next and Last Port of Call Vessel Characteristics Hotelling Time at Berth and Anchorage Frequent Callers SECTION 3 HARBOR CRAFT Source Description Geographical Delineation Data and Information Acquisition Operational Profiles Methodology Deterioration Factors, Useful Life and Emission Factors... 95

7 3.5.2 Fuel Correction Factors Load Factors Emission Estimates SECTION 4 CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT Source Description Geographical Delineation Data and Information Acquisition Operational Profiles Methodology Emission Factors Load Factors, Useful Life, and Deterioration Rates Control Factors Emission Estimates SECTION 5 RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES Source Description Geographical Delineation Data and Information Acquisition Operational Profile Rail System Description of Locomotives and Trains Methodology Switching Emissions Line Haul Locomotive Emissions Emission Estimates SECTION 6 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES Source Description Geographical Delineation Data and Information Acquisition On-Terminal Off-Terminal Data and Information Acquisition

8 6.4.1 On-Terminal Off-Terminal Methodology The EMFAC Model Basic Emission Rates Age Distribution Mileage Accrual Rates/Cumulative Mileage Correction Factors Emission Estimates SECTION 7 SUMMARY OF 2006 EMISSION RESULTS SECTION 8 COMPARISON OF 2006 AND 2005 FINDINGS AND EMISSION ESTIMATES Ocean-Going Vessels Harbor Craft Cargo Handling Equipment Rail Locomotives Heavy-Duty Vehicles APPENDIX A OCEAN-GOING VESSEL APPENDIX B HARBOR CRAFT APPENDIX C CARGO HANDLING EQUIPMENT APPENDIX D HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES

9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure ES.1: South Coast Air Basin Boundary... 3 Figure ES.2: OGV Inventory Geographical Extent... 4 Figure ES.3: TEUs and Vessel Call Comparison, %... 5 Figure ES.4: Distribution of Vessel Types by Inbound Calls... 5 Figure ES.5: Distribution of 2006 Commercial Harbor Craft... 6 Figure ES.6: Distribution of 2005 Port CHE by Equipment Type... 7 Figure ES.7: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Category, % Figure ES.8: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Port Boundary Figure ES.9: 2006 DPM Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure ES.10: 2006 NO x Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure ES.11: 2006 SO x Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure ES.12: Port-wide Emissions Comparison, % Change Figure ES.13: Tons of Emissions per 10,000 TEU Comparison, % Change Figure 1.1: Overseas Container Transport Figure 1.2: Import Container Transport Figure 1.3: Export Container Transport Figure 1.4: Empty Container Transport Figure 1.5: Port of Long Beach Map of Terminals Figure 1.6: South Coast Air Basin Boundary Figure 1.7: OGV and Harbor Vessel Out of Port Geographical Extent Figure 2.1: Distribution of Vessel Types by Inbound Calls Figure 2.2: Geographical Extent, Fairway and Major Shipping Routes Figure 2.3: Precautionary Zone Figure 2.4: Percent by Vessel Type of Vessels Boarded in Figure 2.5: Propulsion Engine Emission Estimation Flow Diagram Figure 2.6: Distribution of Fuel Switchers, Figure 2.7: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Vessel Type, % Figure 2.8: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Engine Type, % Figure 2.9: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Mode Figure 2.10: Flag of Registry, Discrete Vessel Figure 2.11: Flag of Registry, Vessel Call Figure 2.12: Next (To) Port Figure 2.13: Last (From) Port Figure 2.14: Average Age of Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, years Figure 2.15: Avg Max Speed of Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, knots Figure 2.16: Avg Deadweight of Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, tons Figure 2.17: Average Main Engine Total Installed Power of Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, kilowatts Figure 2.18: Average Auxiliary Engine Total Installed Power of Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, kilowatts Figure 2.19: Average Hotelling Time at Berth and Anchorage for Vessels that Called the Port in 2006, hours Figure 3.1: Distribution of 2006 Commercial Harbor Craft Figure 3.2: Distribution of Engines by Tier... 91

10 Figure 3.3: Distribution of Replaced Propulsion Engines by Vessel Type Figure 3.4: Distribution of Replaced Auxiliary Engines by Vessel Type Figure 3.5: Harbor Craft Emission Estimation Flow Chart Figure 3.6: 2006 Harbor Craft Emissions by Vessel Type, % Figure 4.1: Distribution of 2005 Port CHE by Equipment Type Figure 4.2: Port of Long Beach Terminals Figure 4.3: 2006 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, % Figure 4.4: 2006 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, % Figure 5.1: Typical Line Haul Locomotives Figure 5.2: Typical Switching Locomotive Figure 5.3: Port Area Rail Lines Figure 5.4: Air Basin Major Intermodal Rail Routes Figure 5.5: Alameda Corridor Figure 5.6: Port-Related Locomotive Operations Estimated Emissions Figure 6.1: Truck with Container Figure 6.2: Port and Near-Port Roadways Figure 6.3: Regional Traffic Volume Map Figure 6.4: HDV Emission Estimating Process Figure 6.5: Population Distribution of the Heavy-Duty Truck Fleets Figure 6.6: Fleet Weighted Speed Correction Factors Figure 6.7: Distribution of HDV Emissions Figure 7.1: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Category, % Figure 7.2: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Port Boundary Figure 7.3: 2006 DPM Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure 7.4: 2006 NO x Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure 7.5: 2006 SO x Emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, % Figure 8.1: TEUs and Vessel Call Comparison, % Figure 8.2: Port-wide Emissions Comparison, % Change Figure 8.3: Tons of Emissions per 10,000 TEU Comparison, % Change Figure 8.4: OGV Emissions Comparison, % Change Figure 8.5: Harbor Craft Emissions Comparison, % Figure 8.6: CHE Emissions Comparison, % Change Figure 8.7: CHE Count Comparison Figure 8.8: CHE Activity Comparison Figure 8.9: CHE Average Age Comparison Figure 8.10: Rail Emissions Comparison, % Change Figure 8.11: HDV Emissions Comparison, %

11 LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1: TEUs and Vessel Call Comparison, %... 4 Table ES.2: Count of Vessels and Calls with Emission Reduction Strategies... 6 Table ES.3: Percentage of Container Terminal CHE as Compared to Total CHE... 8 Table ES.4: 2006 CHE Emission Reduction Technologies by Equipment... 8 Table ES.5: CHE Emission Reduction Technologies Comparison... 9 Table ES.6: TEU Throughput Comparison... 9 Table ES.7: HDV Total Idling Time Comparison, hours Table ES.8: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Category, tpy Table ES.9: 2006 Port-related GHG Emissions by Category, tpy Table ES.10: 2006 Port-related Emissions in the SoCAB Basin and within the Port Boundary, tpy Table ES.11: Port-wide Emissions Comparison, tpy and % Change Table 2.1: Route Distances, nm Table 2.2: Auxiliary Engine Information from VBP and Lloyd s Data Table 2.3: Total OGV Movements for Table 2.4: Precautionary Zone Speed, knots Table 2.5: Emission Factors for OGV Propulsion Power using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.6: GHG Emission Factors for OGV Propulsion Power using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.7: Low-Load Emission Factor Regression Equation Variables as Modified Table 2.8: Low Load Adjustment Multipliers for Emission Factors Table 2.9: Composite Harbor Maneuvering Loads Table 2.10: Emission Factors for Auxiliary Engines using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.11: GHG Emission Factors for Auxiliary Engines using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.12: Auxiliary Engine Power and Load Defaults Table 2.13: Emission Factors for OGV Auxiliary Boilers using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.14: GHG Emission Factors for OGV Auxiliary Boilers using Residual Oil, g/kw-hr Table 2.15: Auxiliary Boiler Energy Defaults Table 2.16: Fuel Correction Factors Table 2.17: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Vessel Type, tpy Table 2.18: 2005 Ocean-going Vessel GHG Emissions by Vessel Type, tpy Table 2.19: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Engine Type, tpy Table 2.20: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel GHG Emissions by Engine Type, tpy Table 2.21: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Emissions by Mode, tpy Table 2.22: 2006 Ocean-going Vessel Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Mode, tpy Table 2.23: TEUs and Vessel Call Comparison, % Table 2.24: Port of Long Beach 2006 Vessel Type Characteristics Table 2.25: Hotelling Times at Berth for Vessels that Called the Port of Long Beach in 2006 by Vessel Type Table 2.26: 2006 Hotelling Times at Anchorage by Vessel Type Table 2.27: Percentage of Frequent Callers in Table 3.1: Main Engine Data by Harbor Craft Category Table 3.2: Auxiliary Engine Data by Harbor Craft Category... 90

12 Table 3.3: Count of Replaced Main Engines Table 3.4: Count of Replaced Auxiliary Engines Table 3.5: Engine Deterioration Factors for Harbor Craft Diesel Engines Table 3.6: Useful Life by Vessel Type Table 3.7: Fuel Correction Factors for ULSD Table 3.8: Load Factors Table 3.9: 2006 Commercial Harbor Craft Emissions by Engine Type, tpy Table 3.10: 2006 Commercial Harbor Craft GHG Emissions by Engine Type, tpy Table 4.1: CHE Characteristics for All Terminals, Table 4.2: Percentage of Container Terminal CHE as Compared to Total CHE Table 4.3: CHE Characteristics for Container Terminal, Table 4.4: CHE Characteristics for Break-Bulk Terminals, Table 4.5: CHE Characteristics for Dry Bulk Terminals, Table 4.6: CHE Characteristics for Liquid Bulk Terminals, Table 4.7: CHE Characteristics for Auto Terminal, Table 4.8: CHE Characteristics of Passenger Terminal, Table 4.9: 2006 CHE Emission Reduction Technologies by Equipment Table 4.10: 2006 CHE Emission Reduction Technologies by Terminal Type Table 4.11: 2006 CHE Useful Life and Load Factors Table 4.12: Deterioration Factors by Horsepower Group Table 4.13: CHE Control Measure Emission Reductions Percentages Table 4.14: Fuel Correction Factors Table 4.15: 2006 CHE Emissions by Terminal Type, tpy Table 4.16: 2006 CHE GHG Emissions by Terminal Type, tpy Table 4.17: 2006 CHE Emissions by Equipment Type, tpy Table 4.18: 2006 CHE GHG Emissions by Equipment Type, tpy Table 5.1: Typical On- and Off-Port Switching Locomotives Table 5.2: Horsepower Characteristics of PHL Locomotives Table 5.3: Calculation of Notch-Specific In-Use Horsepower Table 5.4: Horsepower-Based Emission Factors from RSD Table 5.5: Hourly Notch-Specific Emission Rates Table 5.6: Time-in-Notch and Weighted Average Emission Rates Table 5.7: Estimate of Average In-Use Horsepower Table 5.8: Switching Emission Factors, g/hp-hr Table 5.9: Switching GHG Emission Factors, g/hp-hr Table 5.10: Emission Factors for Line Haul Locomotives, g/hp-hr Table 5.11: On-Port Line Haul Locomotive Activity Table 5.12: Estimated Average Load Factor Table 5.13: Assumptions for Gross Weight of Trains Table 5.14: Train Travel Distance Assumptions Table 5.15: Gross Ton-Mile, Fuel Use, and Horsepower-hour Estimate Table 5.16: Port-Related Rail Estimated Emissions, tpy Table 6.1: Onroad HDV Activity Modeling Results Example Table 6.2: Summary of Reported Container Terminal Operating Characteristics Table 6.3: Summary of Reported Non-Container Facility Operating Characteristics Table 6.4: Emission Factors in EMFAC 2007 (ZMR in g/mi DR in g/mi/10,000mi)

13 Table 6.5: Idle Emission Rates in EMFAC 2007 (g/hr) Table 6.6: Mileage Accrual Rates Heavy-Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks in EMFAC 2007 (mi/yr) Table 6.7: Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Fleet Weighted Emission Rates Table 6.8: CARB Diesel Fuel Correction Factors Table 6.9: CARB Speed Correction Factor Coefficients Table 6.10: 2006 On-Terminal VMT and Idling Hours by Terminal ID Table 6.11: HDV Emissions, tpy Table 6.12: GHG HDV Emissions, tpy Table 6.13: HDV Emissions Associated with Container Terminals, tpy Table 6.14: GHG HDV Emissions Associated with Container Terminals, tpy Table 6.15: HDV Emissions Associated with Other Port Terminals, tpy Table 6.16: GHG HDV Emissions Associated with Other Port Terminals, tpy Table 7.1: 2006 Port-related Emissions by Category, tpy Table 7.2: 2006 Port-related GHG Emissions by Category, tpy Table 7.3: 2006 Port-related Emissions in the SoCAB Basin and within the Port Boundary, tpy Table 7.4: 2006 DPM Emissions Percentage Comparison, tpy and % Table 7.5: 2006 NO x Emissions Percentage Comparison, tpy and % Table 7.6: SO x Emissions by Category Percentage Comparison, tpy and % Table 8.1: TEUs and Vessel Call Comparison, % Table 8.2: Port-wide Emissions Comparison, tpy and % Change Table 8.3: OGV Engine Activity Comparison, kw-hrs Table 8.4: TEUs per Vessel Call Comparison Table 8.5: Count of Vessels and Calls with Emission Reduction Strategies Table 8.6: OGV Emissions Comparison, tpy and % Table 8.7: Harbor Craft Engine Comparison Table 8.8: Engine Horsepower and Hours Comparison, % Change Table 8.9: Harbor Craft Emissions Comparison, tpy Table 8.10: CHE Count and Engine Activity Comparison Table 8.11: CHE Emission Reduction Technologies Comparison Table 8.12: CHE Alternative Fuel Comparison Table 8.13: Cargo Handling Equipment Comparison of Emission Estimates, tpy Table 8.14: CHE Count Comparison Table 8.15: CHE Activity Comparison Table 8.16: CHE Average Model Year and Age Comparison, 2006 vs Table 8.17: TEU Throughput Comparison Table 8.18: Rail Emissions Comparison, tpy and % Table 8.19: HDV Total Idling Time Comparison, hours Table 8.20: HDV Emissions Comparison, tpy and % Change

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15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and their respective companies and organizations assisted with providing the technical and operational information described in this report, or by facilitating the process to obtain this information. This endeavor would not have been possible without their assistance and support. We truly appreciate their time, effort, expertise, and cooperation. The Port of Long Beach and Starcrest Consulting Group, LLC (Starcrest) would like to recognize all who contributed their knowledge and understanding to the operations of Port-related facilities, commercial marine vessels, locomotives, and offroad and onroad vehicles at the Port-related entities: Art Gonzales, Baker Commodities Kevin Elizondo, California United Terminals Greg Bombard, Catalina Express Steve Dillon, Cemex Craig Smith, Chemoil Marine Terminal Mike Larison, Conolly-Pacific Tyronne McLaine, Equillon (Shell) Jerry Allen, Foss Maritime David Neal, GP Gypsum Kim Huertas, Horizon Lines Gregory Stuhr, ITS Eric Bayani, ITS Thomas Jacobsen, Jacobsen Pilot Service Gene Hester, Jankovich Scott Lebbin, Koch Carbon Kevin Hayes, Long Beach Container Terminal Charlie Doucette, Long Beach Container Terminal Richard McKenna, Marine Exchange Ken Pope, Marine Terminals Corporation Robert Waterman, Metropolitan Stevedore Eric Jen, Mitsubishi Cement Ken Dobson, Morton Salt Hun Nguyen, National Gypsum Tom Brophy, Norske Skog Cherie Austin, OOCL Dale Leuer, Pacific Coast Recycling Andrew Fox, Pacific Harbor Line Wayne Caley, Pacific Tugboat Service Pat Kennedy, Petro Diamond Steve Clark, SSA Klaudio Biazevich, SSA Kevin Nicholella, Total Terminals International Gary Roque, Toyota Jon Germer, Union Pacific Railroad Tom Burke, Vopak Al Montano, Weyerhaeuser

16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (CONT'D) The Port of Long Beach and Starcrest would like to thank the following reviewers who contributed, commented, and coordinated the approach and reporting of the emissions inventory: Michael Benjamin, California Air Resources Board Todd Sax, California Air Resources Board Nicole Dolney, California Air Resources Board Elaine Chang, South Coast Air Quality Management District Ed Eckerle, South Coast Air Quality Management District Zorik Pirveysian, South Coast Air Quality Management District Roxanne Johnson, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Starcrest would like to thank the following Port of Long Beach staff members for assistance during the development of the emissions inventory: Thomas Jelenic Heather Tomley Rick Cameron Authors: Contributors: Document Preparation: Cover: Cover Photo Archana Agrawal, Consultant, Starcrest Guiselle Aldrete, Consultant, Starcrest Bruce Anderson, Principal, Starcrest Joseph Ray, Principal, Starcrest Mark Carlock, Consultant, Starcrest Sam Wells, Consultant, Starcrest Steve Ettinger, Consultant, Starcrest Alycia Gilde, Consultant, Starcrest Joyce Kristiansson, Consultant, Starcrest Lars Kristiansson, Consultant, Starcrest Rose Muller, Consultant, Starcrest Jeff Reiter, Consultant, Starcrest Denise Anderson, Consultant, Starcrest Melissa Silva, Principal, Starcrest Joseph Ray, Principal, Starcrest

17 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Act AAPA ABS AMP ANPRM APL APM AS ATB BACT BAEI BNSF BTH BW CAAP CARB Cal/EPA CF CHE CO D DB DF DMV DMVT DOC DPF DPM DR DWT E EEIA EF EI EMD EPA activity American Association of Port Authorities American Bureau of Shipping alternative maritime power Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking American Presidents Line A. P. Moeller actual speed articulated tug and barge Best Available Control Technology Baseline Air Emissions Inventory Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad Business Transportation and Housing Agency Break water Clean Air Action Plan California Air Resources Board California Environmental Protection Agency control factor cargo handling equipment carbon monoxide distance Dynamic breaking deterioration factor Department of Motor Vehicles daily vehicle miles of travel diesel oxidation catalyst diesel particulate filter diesel particulate matter deterioration rate deadweight tonnage emissions Energy and Environmental Analysis emission factor emissions inventory (GE) Electromotive Division U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

18 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONT'D) FCF g/bhp-hr g/day g/hr g/kw-hr g/mi GHG GM GMP GVWR HC HDDV HDV HFO hp hrs HVAC ICTF IFO IMO ITB kw l/cyl L.A. LAXT lbs/day LF LLA Lloyd s LNG LPG LSI M&N MaRex MCR MDO MGO fuel correction factor grams per brake horsepower-hour grams per day grams per hour grams per kilowatt-hour grams per mile greenhouse gas goods movement Goods, Movement Plan gross vehicle weight rating hydrocarbons heavy-duty diesel vehicle heavy-duty vehicle heavy fuel oil horsepower hours heating/ventilation/air conditioning Intermodal Container Transfer Facility intermediate fuel oil International Maritime Organization integrated tug and barge kilowatt liter per cylinder Los Angeles Los Angeles Export Terminal pounds per day load factor low load adjustment Lloyd s Register of Ships liquefied natural gas liquefied petroleum gas large spark ignited (engine) Moffatt & Nichol Engineers Marine Exchange of Southern California maximum continuous rated marine diesel oil marine gas oil

19 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONT'D) MMA MMGT MOU mph MS MMGT MY MTC N NAAQS nm NO x NPRM NYK OBD OGV PCEEI PCST PHL PM PM 10 PM 2.5 PMSA POLA POLB ppm PZ Reefer RH RIA RO ROG Ro-Ro rpm RSD RTG Meyer, Mohaddes Associates, Inc. million gross ton-miles Memorandum of Understanding miles per hour maximum speed million gross ton-miles model year Marine Terminals Corporation north National Ambient Air Quality Standards nautical miles oxides of nitrogen Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Nippon Yusen Kaisha on-board diagnostics ocean-going vessel Pleasure Craft Exhaust Emissions Inventory Pacific Cruise Ship Terminals Pacific Harbor Line particulate matter particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter Pacific Merchant Shipping Association Port of Los Angeles Port of Long Beach parts per million precautionary zone refrigerated vessel relative humidity Regulatory Impact Analysis residual oil reactive organic gases roll-on/roll-off revolutions per minute Regulatory Support Document rubber tired gantry crane

20 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONT'D) RTL S SCAG SCAQMD SFC SoCAB SO x SPB SSA SUV T&M TEU TICTF TOG tpd tpy UDDS U.S. ULCC ULSD UP USCG VBP VLCC VLCS VMT VOCs VSR VTS W ZH ZMR rich text language sulfur Southern California Association of Governments South Coast Air Quality Management District specific fuel consumption Southern California Air Basin oxides of sulfur San Pedro Bay Stevedoring Services of America sport utility vehicle tampering and mal-maintenance twenty-foot equivalent unit Terminal Island Container Transfer Facility total organic gases tons per day tons per year Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule United States ultra large crude carriers ultra low sulfur diesel Union Pacific Railroad U.S Coast Guard vessel boarding program very large crude carrier very large cargo ship vehicle miles of travel volatile organic compounds vessel speed reduction vessel traffic service west zero hour zero mile rate