INSTRUCTIONS Ç CAUTION. S&C Manual PMH Pad-Mounted Gear Outdoor Distribution (14.4 kv and 25 kv) For Installation TABLE OF CONTENTS

Transcription

1 INSTRUCTIONS For Installation TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page Number INTRODUCTION INSPECTION AND HANDLING Packing Inspection Handling INSTALLATION Access to Interior Placement Cable Terminations Fault Indicators Completing the Installation Section Page Number DIELECTRIC TESTING SPECIFICATIONS Optional Features INTRODUCTION Ç CAUTION The equipment in this publication must be selected for a specific application and it must be installed, operated, and maintained by qualified persons who are thoroughly trained and who understand any hazards that may be involved. This publication is written only for such qualified persons and is not intended to be a substitute for adequate training and experience in safety procedures for this type of equipment. General The following instructions cover installation of S&C Manual PMH Pad-Mounted Gear which features directly operable accessible components and is available in ratings of 14.4 kv and 25 kv. These units are equipped with external handle-operated 600-ampere S&C Mini- Rupter Switches for three-pole live switching of threephase source circuits, and 200- or 400-ampere hookstickoperated S&C Power Fuses with Uni-Rupter for singlepole live switching of single-phase or three-phase load circuits. Models available offer a choice of S&C Type SML-20 and SML-4Z Power Fuses, S&C Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuses, or a variety of single-barrel current-limiting fuses. Supersedes Instruction Sheet dated ç2005 Page 1 of 14

2 INTRODUCTION Continued For operating instructions regarding S&C Manual PMH Mounted Gear, refer to S&C Instruction Sheet This instruction sheet, along with a catalog dimensional drawing showing cable-locating and anchor-bolt dimensions, are included in the Installation and Operation Information Kit provided with the gear. All personnel involved with the installation and operation of the equipment should be thoroughly familiar with the contents of the information kit. The catalog number stamped on the nameplates affixed to the outside of the doors of the pad-mounted gear is suffixed with letter-number combinations. These suffixes indicate the inclusion of optional features, such as key interlocks (Catalog Number Suffix -C1, -C3, or -C4 ). Refer to SPECIFICATIONS on pages 13 and 14 for a complete listing of the available options for the gear. Warranty Qualifications The standard warranty contained in seller s standard conditions of sale (as set forth in Price Sheet 150) does not apply to S&C Manual PMH Pad-Mounted Gear where fuse units, fuse-unit end fittings, holders, refill units, or switch blades of other than S&C manufacture are used in conjunction with S&C SML Mountings. Nor does it apply to S&C Manual PMH Pad-Mounted Gear where other than Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuses, S&C Switch Blades, or selected current-limiting fuses are used in conjunction with S&C Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuse Mountings and S&C Holders designed therefor, or when current-limiting fuses are applied other than as set forth under Current-Limiting Fuses for Use in S&C PMH Pad-Mounted Gear, in S&C Instruction Sheet Page 2 of 14

3 INSPECTION AND HANDLING Packing S&C Manual PMH Pad-Mounted Gear is fastened to a wood skid for shipment. Any components specified, such as fuses, refill units, fuse holders, end fittings, etc., are packed separately and, insofar as practicable, are shipped within the enclosure. At the first opportunity, remove all packing materials (cardboard, paper, foam padding, etc.) from the outside of the gear. This will prevent the finish from being damaged by rainwater absorbed by the packing materials and will also prevent wind-induced abrasion from loose cardboard. Inspection Examine the shipment for external evidence of damage as soon after receipt as possible, preferably before removal from the carrier s conveyance. Check the bill of lading to make sure that all shipping skids, crates, and containers listed thereon are present. If there is visible loss and/or damage: 1. Notify the delivering carrier immediately. 2. Ask for a carrier inspection. 3. Note condition of shipment on all copies of the delivery receipt. 4. File a claim with the carrier. If concealed damage is discovered: 1. Notify the delivering carrier within 15 days of receipt of shipment. 2. Ask for a carrier inspection. 3. File a claim with the carrier. Also notify S&C Electric Company in all instances of loss and/or damage. Handling To avoid damaging the gear when handling with an overhead hoist, observe standard lifting practices as well as the following general instructions: 1. Make sure that the lifting tabs are securely bolted to the enclosure before lifting the gear. 2. Use 6-foot or longer hoist slings of equal length to prevent overstressing the enclosure during lifting. (Fourfoot hoist slings are acceptable for two-compartment pad-mounted gear models: PMH-3, -4, and -5.) 3. Arrange the hoist slings so as to distribute the lifting forces equally between the lifting tabs. See Figure Avoid sudden starts and stops. Figure 1. Hoisting arrangements. Page 3 of 14

4 INSTALLATION Access to Interior Step 1 TO OPEN DOORS: Access to the interior of S&C Pad- Mounted Gear is controlled by the S&C Penta-Latch Mechanism, which must be opened with a pentahead socket wrench or tool except when hexhead actuators (Catalog Number Suffix -B1 or -B2 ) are specified. The latching mechanism is coordinated with the provisions for padlocking such that the mechanism can be unlatched only after the padlock has been removed, and the padlock can be installed only after the door has been securely closed and completely latched. Use a pentahead socket wrench or tool (a hexhead socket wrench or tool when Catalog Number Suffix -B1 or -B2 is specified) to unlatch the Penta-Latch Mechanism by rotating the actuator counterclockwise approximately 60 against spring resistance until a distinct click is heard and the actuator reaches its stop. Refer to Figure 2. This single motion unlatches the mechanism and recharges the latching spring for the subsequent closing operation. Pull the door open and secure it with the door holder. Ç CAUTION Do not apply any undue force when attempting to open a door. The use of undue force may damage the latching mechanism. If optional key interlocks are provided, make certain that the interlocks are in their correct positions to allow door opening. For double-door models of pad-mounted gear, the lefthand door is secured by a latch and is overlapped by the right-hand door which is equipped with the Penta-Latch Mechanism. The left-hand door can be opened after opening the right-hand door, removing the tie wrap that secures it for shipment, and disengaging the latch by rotating the latch upward. See Figure 3. Unlatching Penta-Latch Mechanism with pentahead socket wrench a distinct click indicates the mechanism is unlatched and recharged. Opening door. Closing door firmly push door, mechanism latches automatically when all latching points are engaged. Figure 2. Penta-Latch Mechanism operation. Page 4 of 14

5 INSTALLATION Continued TO CLOSE DOORS: Close the left-hand door, where applicable, and secure it with the latch by rotating the latch downward over the stop on the outer edge of the door. See Figure 3. The right-hand door of double-door models of pad-mounted gear is equipped with the Penta- Latch Mechanism which latches automatically when the door is closed. To close a door equipped with the Penta- Latch Mechanism, place one hand at the midpoint of the door-front near the edge and firmly push the door closed. See Figure 2. When the latch points are positively engaged, the spring mechanism will trip to latch the door. Pull outward on the cover of the Penta-Latch Mechanism to verify that the door has latched securely. If it has not, use a pentahead (or hexhead, when applicable) socket wrench or tool to rotate the actuator counterclockwise until a distinct click is heard and the actuator reaches its stop. If the actuator will not rotate counterclockwise, the mechanism was already charged for closing and was not closed properly. Close the door again, making sure that all latch points engage completely and simultaneously. Once the door is securely latched, a padlock may be inserted into the hasp. Rotating latch secures left-hand door of double-door models closed. Rotate latch upward to disengage left-hand door as shown above. To secure left-hand door closed, rotate latch downward over stop on outer edge of door. Figure 3. Left-hand door retainer. Page 5 of 14

6 INSTALLATION Continued Placement Step 2 At the installation site, remove all separately packaged components that were shipped within the pad-mounted gear enclosure and set them aside in a protected area. Then unbolt the enclosure from its skid and lift the unit onto the mounting pad, observing the precautions given under Handling on page 3. Open the doors to the interior of the gear and secure them with the door holders. Refer to the catalog dimensional drawing furnished and verify that the enclosure compartments are positioned correctly and that the unit is properly aligned with respect to the anchor bolts (or flush anchors). If excess lengths of direct-buried cable are in place and it is desired to feed them into the enclosure compartments as the unit is being lowered, the doors must be opened (with door holders in place) to allow any excess cable to be fed over the door stiles. If switch interphase and end barriers (where applicable) are removed to facilitate this procedure, note their positioning to ensure correct reinstallation later. It should not be necessary to remove any upper barriers. Refer to Step 3 under Cable Terminations on page 7 for instructions on removal of switch barriers. Level the pad-mounted gear enclosure using metal shims as required between the mounting pad and the enclosure. Shim the enclosure of four-compartment units until the tops of the compartment doors are even. For two-compartment units, shim the enclosure until the top of each door is parallel with the top of the gear. Then secure the enclosure to the pad using the anchor brackets provided (see anchor-bolt detail on the catalog dimensional drawing). Make sure that all compartment doors open and latch closed without binding. Binding indicates enclosure distortion which must be corrected by additional shimming. Barrier-support angle Wing-head screw Switch interphase barrier Connect terminator (or connector) to two uppermost holes on switch terminal pad when Catalog Number Suffix -M2 is specified Offset spade-type compression terminal Barrier guide Cable terminator Concentric-neutral ground wires To ground bus 12 min. base spacer or cable pit (required if Catalog Number Suffix -M2 or -M3 is specified) Mounting angle and cablesupport bracket (furnished with Catalog Number Suffix -M2, Catalog Number Suffix -M3 similar) Figure 4. Side view of switch showing interphase barrier attachment points, terminal-pad connections, and optional cable guides. Page 6 of 14

7 INSTALLATION Continued Cable Terminations Step 3 To facilitate makeup and connection of cable terminations to switch terminals, switch interphase and end barriers (where applicable) can be removed by loosening the wing-head screw that secures each barrier to the barrier-support angle. Remove the tie wraps that secure wing-head screws for shipment. The screw will remain attached to the barrier, which is supported at the switch frame by the barrier guide. See Figure 4. Lift the barrier from the guide and place it in a location where the barrier will not be damaged. Step 4 Optional cable guides (Catalog Number Suffix -M2 or -M3 ), if specified, include cable-support brackets (packed separately) and mounting angles (factoryinstalled when an optional base spacer, 12-inch minimum, is specified; packed separately otherwise). Using the hardware furnished, attach the mounting angles (if packed separately) to the tabs provided on the sidewalls of the compartments and attach the cable-support brackets to the angles. See Figure 4. Do not remove the protective sheet from the saddle of the bracket or install the cable wrap until instructed to do so in Step 5 on page 10. Page 7 of 14

8 INSTALLATION Continued Minimum clearance from energized parts to barriers: 1 for 14.4 kv 2¹ ₄ for 25 kv Minimum clearance from energized parts to electrical ground: 6 for 14.4 kv 7¹ ₂ for 25 kv Minimum clearance from terminator skirts to barriers: ¹ ₂ for 14.4 kv 1¹ ₄ for 25 kv Minimum clearance from energized parts to barriers: 1 for 14.4 kv 2¹ ₄ for 25 kv Minimum clearance from terminator skirts to barriers: ¹ ₂ for 14.4 kv 1¹ ₄ for 25 kv Minimum clearance from energized parts to electrical ground: 6 for 14.4 kv 7¹ ₂ for 25 kv Check clearances for both normal and alternate positions of adapter Figure 5. Minimum clearances that must be maintained when installing cable terminators. Page 8 of 14

9 INSTALLATION Continued Step 5 Make up cable terminations following the cable-terminator manufacturer s instructions. Ç WARNING While the interior of S&C Pad-Mounted Gear is protected from direct exposure to the elements, it is inherently an outdoor environment and requires selection and application of cable-terminating devices accordingly. Terminations must incorporate adequate leakage distance between the exposed conductor and the stress-relief cone, across a surface of nontracking material (or surface rendered nontracking by properly taping with a suitable material). Furthermore, to maintain the rated BIL, the following minimum clearances are required. See Figure 5: From energized parts to electrical ground: 6 inches at 14.4 kv; 7¹ ₂ inches at 25 kv. From energized parts to fiberglass-reinforced polyester barriers: 1 inch at 14.4 kv; 2¹ ₄ inches at 25 kv. From terminator skirts to fiberglass-reinforced polyester barriers: ¹ ₂ inch at 14.4 kv; 1¹ ₄ inches at 25 kv. Two-position cable-terminator adapters are provided at the fuse hinge assemblies. See Figure 6. These adapters can be placed in their alternate positions when required for increased clearance from energized parts to grounded parts of the cable terminators. Switch terminal pads are furnished with three mounting holes. In general, cable terminators may be connected to the two lower holes in the switch terminal pads. However, if the pad-mounted gear includes optional cable guides for switch terminals (Catalog Number Suffix -M2 ), cable terminators must be connected to the two uppermost holes in the switch terminal pads. See Figure 4 on page 6. Ç CAUTION When connecting cable terminators, avoid placing any intentional strain on a switch or fuse terminal. It is important that each cable-terminator connector be flat against the corresponding switch or fuse terminal pad with the bolt holes in alignment. Do not use the connecting bolts to pull the cables into alignment. Normal position for maximum cableterminating height Alternate position for use when required for electrical clearance Figure 6. Fuse assembly showing alternate arrangement of two-position cable-terminator adapters. Page 9 of 14

10 INSTALLATION Continued Before connecting the cable terminators to the aluminum terminal pads, thoroughly wire-brush aluminum contact surfaces to remove any dirt or foreign materials as well as natural surface oxides. Immediately coat both contact surfaces to one-half inch beyond the joint with a uniform layer of Penetrox A (available from Burndy Corporation). Then make the connections as follows. See Figure 7. (a) For aluminum connectors, use ¹ ₂-inch aluminum or galvanized steel hardware with two Belleville spring washers (not furnished) as shown in Detail A of Figure 7. Before tightening the connecting bolts, complete the installation of optional cable guides (where applicable) following the cable-guide manufacturer s instructions. Torque aluminum bolts to the manufacturer s specifications. Torque steel bolts to 50 footpounds or, in the absence of a torque wrench, tighten each bolt until the Belleville washers are flat; then back off one-half turn. Do not use lockwashers with Belleville washers. Aluminum terminal pad Belleville spring washer Tinned copper or tinned bronze connector Detail A Detail B Belleville spring washers Figure 7. Terminal-pad connections. See Step 5. Aluminum connector Aluminum terminal pad Galvanized steel flat washer (b) For tinned copper or tinned bronze connectors,f use ¹ ₂-inch galvanized steel hardware with one Belleville spring washer (not furnished) against the aluminum terminal pad and one galvanized steel flat washer against the tinned connector as shown in Detail B of Figure 7. Before tightening the connecting bolts, complete the installation of optional cable guides (where applicable) following the cable-guide manufacturer s instructions. Torque the bolts to 50 foot-pounds or, in the absence of a torque wrench, tighten each bolt until the Belleville washer is flat; then back off one-half turn. Do not use lockwashers with Belleville washers. Step 6 Connect the cable concentric-neutral ground wires and the ground pads inside the pad-mounted gear enclosure to the system ground facility in accordance with the user s standard grounding practice. Use the equivalent of 4/0 copper cable (or cable sized in accordance with the user s standard practice) in either a single or multiple connection to realize the maximum momentary rating of the gear. For a multiple connection, cables smaller than 1/0 copper or equivalent should not be used. Fault Indicators Step 7 Optional mounting provisions for fault indicators (Catalog Number Suffix -F1 or -F2 ) are available. Fault indicators are to be furnished by the user and installed in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. If mounting provisions are specified, mount the fault indicators on the mounting brackets and attach the associated sensors to the cables below the cable terminators. Completing the Installation Step 8 If applicable, install and connect surge arresters in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. Step 9 If any switch barriers were removed to facilitate cable termination, reinstall them at this time. Make sure that the clearances from the barriers to energized parts and from the barriers to terminator skirts conform to the minimum dimensions specified in Step 5 on page 9. f The use of untinned copper or bronze connectors is not recommended. Page 10 of 14

11 INSTALLATION Continued Step 10 Check functional operation of key interlocks, if furnished. Ç WARNING When optional key interlocks are furnished, duplicate keys are provided for use during installation. To maintain the integrity of the key-interlock scheme, duplicate keys must be destroyed or made accessible only to authorized persons. NOTE: Key interlocks are not security locks and are not a substitute for padlocks. Use of undue force in an attempt to open a door contrary to the correct sequence dictated by the keyinterlock scheme may damage the door latching mechanism. Make certain that the interlocks are in their correct positions to allow door opening. Step 11 Make sure that doors open and close without binding and that shimming of the pad-mounted gear enclosure is adequate. A resilient closed-cell gasket on the bottom flange of the enclosure protects the finish from being scratched during installation and isolates it from the alkalinity of a concrete foundation. This gasket also helps to seal the enclosure to the foundation to guard against entry of rodents, insects, or weeds, and to discourage tampering. In the event that the gasket cannot compensate for an uneven foundation, grout the bottom of the enclosure as necessary. Any grout applied should be recessed enough to permit caulking. To complete the installation, caulk around the bottom of the enclosure with a weatherproof compound applied with a standard caulking gun. A roomtemperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicon-rubber compound is recommended. Apply a suitable compound to fill the spaces between the cable and the conduit, and cap all empty conduits to prevent the entry of rodents. Step Remove the lifting tabs and replace the bolts to plug the blind-tapped holes. 2. Check the interior of the pad-mounted gear. Remove all foreign materials and tools that may have been mislaid, and sweep the interior clear of debris. 3. Remove the tie wraps that secure the dual-purpose barriers to the inside of the door. 4. Wipe barriers, insulators, switches, fuses, and terminators clean with a mineral-spirits solvent and dry with a clean cloth. 5. Hang dual-purpose front barriers in their normal, suspended positions. Also install optional inner barrier panels, if furnished. Ç WARNING Dual-purpose front barriers must be wiped clean before placing them in the slide-in position. In addition, do not leave any dual-purpose front barriers in the slidein position for more than one week. These barriers are intended for temporary use only. If the barriers are left in the slide-in position for extended periods of time, there is the possibility of corona discharge to the barriers. Prolonged exposure to corona discharge may damage the barriers and result in a flashover or injury. 6. Store spare SMU-20 Fuse Units or SM-4 Refill Units (as applicable) in the fuse-storage racks inside the fusecompartment doors. Storage for Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuses or current-limiting fuses cannot be provided in these racks. 7. Wipe down the exterior of the enclosure with a clean, damp cloth. To preserve the integrity of the surface, refinish any scratches or abrasions with S&C touch-up paint and red-oxide primer which are available in aerosol spray cans. Order Catalog Number for olive-green finish, for light gray finish, and for red-oxide primer. No other finish or primer is approved. The area to be touched up should be cleaned to remove all oil and grease. Sand the area, removing any traces of rust that may be present, and make sure that all edges are feathered before applying primer. Upon completion of these installation instructions, refer to S&C Instruction Sheet for operating instructions. Page 11 of 14

12 DIELECTRIC TESTING For the convenience of users who normally perform electrical tests on system components such as pad-mounted gear, appropriate withstand test values are given in the table below: RATINGS AND INSULATION TEST VALUES Rating, kv Withstand, kv Nom. Max1 60-Hz, RMS2 Dc34 Impulse (BIL) Maximum voltage ratings are lower than the values listed when current-limiting fuses are used. Consult the appropriate current-limiting fuse manufacturer for complete fuse ratings. 2 Ac withstand tests made on this equipment after shipment by S&C should be conducted at no more than 0.75 times the values shown. When making ac tests, the time duration for application of the test voltage should be limited to less than 10 seconds. 3 The column headed Dc is given as a reference only for those making dc tests and represents values believed to be appropriate and approximately equivalent to the corresponding power-frequency withstand test values specified for components of this voltage class. The presence of this column in no way implies any requirement for a dc withstand test on these components. 4 Dc withstand tests made on this equipment after shipment by S&C should be conducted at no more than 0.75 times the values shown. When making dc tests, the test voltage should be raised in discrete steps one minute per step. With fuses. Without fuses. Page 12 of 14

13 SPECIFICATIONS OPTIONAL FEATURES Item Suffix Added to Pad-Mounted Gear Catalog Number Light Gray Outdoor Ultradur Finish instead of olive green -A2 Stainless-Steel Enclosure1 With olive green finish -A10 With light gray finish -A12 Hexhead Actuator for use in lieu of pentahead actuator on all Penta-Latch Mechanisms For use except when option suffix -F2 is specified For use when option suffix -F2 is specified Key Interlocks to prevent paralleling of switches in Compartments 1 and 2 -C1 Key Interlocks to prevent opening fuse-compartment doors unless all switches (series tap switch only in PMH-19) are locked open -C3 Key Interlocks. Combines functions of options -C1 and -C3 listed above -C4 Fuse-Storage Feature for three spare fuse assemblies per compartment2 -B1d -B2d Located in Compartment 1 -E1 Located in Compartment 2 -E2 Located in Compartments 1 and 2 -E3 Mounting Provisions for a Fault Indicator in each switch compartment (except series tap switch in PMH-19) Without viewing window in door -F1 Note: Accommodates three-phase indicator with single-phase sensors With viewing window in door -F2d Inner Barrier Panels a panel inside the enclosure door for each compartment, secured by recessed pentahead bolt(s)34 -G7 Base Spacer, compartmented to match enclosure, increases cable-termination height Base Spacer, noncompartmented, increases cabletermination height Carbon steel Stainless steel Carbon steel Stainless steel 6 inches -K1 12 inches -K2 18 inches -K3 24 inches -K4 6 inches -K11 12 inches -K12 18 inches -K13 24 inches -K14 6 inches -K7 12 inches -K8 18 inches -K9 24 inches -K10 6 inches -K17 12 inches -K18 18 inches -K19 24 inches -K20 1 When this optional feature is specified, the entire exterior of the enclosure is fabricated from 11-gauge Type 304 stainless steel. 2 Fuse assemblies (fuse holders or fuse units with end fittings) are not included. For units equipped with Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuse Mountings, two spare Fault Fiter Interrupting Modules, one spare Fault Fiter Electronic Power Fuse Holder, or one spare current-limiting fuse holder can be accommodated in each compartment. 3 Where the National Electrical Safety Code (ANSI Standard C2) applies, this optional feature may be included to meet the requirements of Section 381G. 4 Meets REA s requirements for dead-front. d When optional feature -B1, -B2, or -F2 is ordered for use with a stainless-steel enclosure, the suffix designation is increased by 10; for example, -B11 is specified instead of -B1. Page 13 of 14

14 SPECIFICATIONS Continued OPTIONAL FEATURES Continued Switch- and Bus-Terminal Adapters for connection of two cables (through 750 kc mil) per terminal1 Note: Space limitations prevent use of these adapters where surge arresters are to be installed Cable Guides, one at each terminal12 Item In switch and bus compartments. For conductor sizes No. 2 through 1000 kc mil In fuse compartments. For conductor sizes No. 2 through 4/0 Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters,3 base-mounted, at switch terminals and bus terminals in Compartments 1 and 2 (removed for shipment) Mounting Provisions for Base-Mounted Surge Arresters,4 at switch terminals and bus terminals in Compartments 1 and 2 Mounting Provisions for Porcelain Cable Terminators for singleconductor UD cable, at all cable-connected switch terminals and bus terminals Suffix Added to Pad-Mounted Gear Catalog Number -M1 -M2 -M3 9 kv -N6f 10 kv -N7f 12 kv -N8 15 kv -N9 18 kv -N10l 9 kv, 10 kv, or 9/10 kv Joslyn PSC for No. 6 through 2/0,d or G&W PAT for No. 4 through 250 kc mil copper or aluminum cable G&W PAT for 3/0 through 750 kc mil copper or 500 kc mil aluminum cabled -P1f 12 kv -P3 15 kv -P4 18 kv -P5l -U2 -U3 1 When optional feature -M1 or -M2 is specified, cable-termination options (suffixes -U2 and -U3 ) cannot be accommodated. In addition, when optional features -M1 and -M2 are both specified, only one cable guide is provided at each switch terminal. 2 These devices extend below the base of the unit. A cable pit or optional base spacer that provides a 12-inch or greater increase in cabletermination height is required. 3 Surge arresters are base-mounted only (without isolators). 4 These provisions accommodate Ohio Brass Type PDV (metal oxide), McGraw-Edison Type AZL19C (metal oxide), General Electric Tranquell (metal oxide), or McGraw-Edison Type ES (silicon carbide) distributionclass surge arresters. Surge arresters must be base-mounted only (without isolators). d These devices extend below the base of the unit. A cable pit or optional base spacer is required. f Not applicable to 25-kV models. l Not applicable to 14.4-kV models. Page 14 of 14