Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi SUPPORTING MATERIAL FOR CLASS X SA-I SOCIAL SCIENCE. (Hindi Medium) SESSION

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1 Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi SUPPORTING MATERIAL FOR CLASS X SA-I SOCIAL SCIENCE (Hindi Medium) SESSION

2 COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS X Time : 3 Hrs. Marks : 90 Units Term I Term II I India and the Contemporary World - II II Contemporary India - II III Democratic Politics - II IV Understanding Economic Development V Disaster Management only through project work and assignments. - - TOTAL The formative assessment will comprise of projects, assignments, activities and class Tests / periodic tests for which Board has already issued guidelines to the schools. The Summative assessment will comprise of Theory paper as per the prescribed design of the Question paper. Unit 1 : India and the Contemporary World - II Themes 45 Periods Objectives Term I S u b - u n i t 1. 2 L i v e l i h o o d s, Economies and Societies : 4. The making of Global World : (a) Contract between the form of industrialization in Britain and India (b) R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n handicrafts and industrial production, format and informal sectors. (c) Livelihood of workers. Case studies : Britain and India (Chapter 4) 5. The Age of Industrialization : (a) Patterns of urbanization (b) * Discus two different patterns of industrialization, one in the imperial country and another within a colony. * Show the relationship between different sectors of production. * Show the difference between urbanization in two different contexts. A focus on Bombay and London will allow the discussions on urbanization and industrialization to complement each other. * Show that globalization has a long history and point to the shifts within the process. * Analyze the implication of globalization for local economies.

3 Migration and the growth of towns. (c) Social change and urban life. (d) Merchants, middle classes, workers and urban poor (Chapter 5) Case Studies : London and Bombay in the nineteenth and twentieth century. 5. Work, Life and Leisure : (a) Expansion and integration of the world market in the nineteenth and early twentieth century (b) Trade and economy between the two Wars (c) Shifts after the 1950s. (d) Implications of globalization for livelihood patterns. Case Study : The post war international Economic order, 1945 to 1960s. (Chapter 6) Sub-Unit 1.3 : Everyday Life, Culture and politics and one of the following themes : 7. Print Culture and the Modern World : (a) The history of print in Europe. (b) The growth of press in nineteenth century India (c) Relationship between print culture, public debate and politics (Chapter 7). 8. Novels, Society and History : (a) Emergence of the novel as a genre in the west. (b) the relationship between the novel and changes in modern society. (c) Early novels in nineteenth century India. (d) A study of two or three major * Discuss how globalization is experienced differently by differently social groups. * Discuss the link between print culture and the circulation of ideas. * Familiarize students with pictures, cartoons, extracts from p r o p a g a n d a l i t e r a t u r e a n d newspaper debates on important events and issues in the past. * Show that forms of writing have a specific history and that they reflect historical changes within society and shape the forces of change. * Familiarize students with some of the ideas of writers who have had a powerful impact on society.

4 writers. (Chapter 8). Term II In Sub-unit 1.1 students are required to choose any two themes. In that sub-unit, theme 3 is compulsory and for second theme students are required to choose any one from the first two themes. In sub-units 1.2. and 1.3 students are required to choose any one theme from each. Thus all students are required to study four themes in all. Sub-unit 1.1 : Events and processes: Any two of the following themes: 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe: (a) The growth of nationalism in Europe after the 1830s. (b) The ideas of Giuseppe Mazzini, etc. (c) General Characteristics of the movements in Poland, Hungary, Italy, Germany and Greece. (Chapter 1) 2. The Nationalist Movement in Indo China : Factors Leading to Growth of Nationalism in Indo- China. (a) French colonialism in Indo- China. (b) Phases of struggle against, the French. (c) The ideas of Phan Dinh Phun, Phan Boi Chau, Nguyen Ac Quoc (d) The second world war and the liberation struggle. (e) America and the second Indo- * The theme will discuss the forms in which nationalism developed along with the formation of nation states in Europe in the post period. * Discuss the relationship/ difference between nationalism and anti-colonial nationalisms. * Point to the way the idea of the nation states became generalized in Europe and elsewhere. * D i s c u s s t h e d i ff e r e n c e between French colonialism in Indo- China and British colonialism in India. * Outline the different stages of the anti-imperialist struggle in Indi- China. * Familiarize the students with the differences between nationalist movements in Indo China and India. * Discuss the characteristics of Indian nationalism through a case study of Civil Disobedience Movements. * Analyze the nature of the diverse social movements of the time. * Familiarize students with the writings and ideals of different political groups and individuals, notably Mahatama Gandhi.

5 Chgina war (Chapter 2) 3. Nationalism in India : (a) First world war, Khilafat, N o n - C o o p e r a t i o n a n d C i v i l Disobedience Movement (b) Selt Satyagraha. (c) Movements of peasants, workers, tribals. (d) Activities of different political groups. (Chapter 3) Map Work based on theme 3 only. (3 Marks) Unit 2 : Contemporary India - II Themes Term I 1. Resources and Development : Types natural and human; Need for resource planning, natural resources, land as a resource, soil types and distribution; changing land-use pattern; land degradation and conservation measures. (Chapter 1) 2. Forest and Wild Life Resource : Types and distribution depletion of flora and fauna; conservation and protection of forest and wild life. (Chapter 2) 3. Water Resources : Sources, distribution, utilisation, multi- 45 Periods Objectives * Understand the value of resources and the need for their j u d i c i o u s u t i l i s a t i o n a n d conservation. * Identify various types of farming and discuss the various farming methods; Describe the spatial distribution of major crops as well as understand the relationship between rainfall regimes and cropping pattern. * Explain various government policies for institutional as well as technoligical reforms since independence.

6 purpose projects, water scarcity, need for conservation and management, rainwater harvesting. (One case study to be introduced) (Chapter 3). 4. Agriculture : Types of farming, Major crops, cropping p a t t e r n, t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d institutional reforms; their impact; contribution of Agriculture to national economy-employment and output. (Chapter 4) Map Work Term II (3 marks) 5. M i n e r a l s a n d E n e r g y Resources : Types of minerals, distribution, use and economic i m p o r t a n c e o f m i n e r a l s, conservation, types of power resources: conventional and nonconventional, distribution and utilization, and conservation. (Chapter 5). 6. Manufacturing Industries : Types, spatial distribution, contribution of industries to the national economy, industrial pollution and degradation of environment, measures to control degrdation. (one case study to be introduced). (Chapter 6). 7. Life Lines of National Economy (Chapter 7) Map Work (3 marks) 5. M i n e r a l s a n d E n e r g y Resources : Types of minerals, * Understand the importance of forest and wild life in our environment as well as develop concept towards depletion of resources. * Understand the importance of agriculture in national economy. * Understand the importance of agriculture in national economy. * Understand the importance of water as a resource as well as develop awareness towards its judicious use and conservation. * Discuss various types of minerals as well as their uneven nature of distribution and explain the need for their judicious utilization. * Discuss various types of conventional and non-conventional resources and their utilization. * Discuss the importance of industries in the national economy as well as understand the regional disparities which resulted due to concentration of industries in some areas. * Discuss the need for a planned industrial development and debate over the role of government towards sustainable development.

7 distribution, use and economic i m p o r t a n c e o f m i n e r a l s, conservation, types of power resources : conventional and nonconventional, distribution and utilization, and conservation. (Chapter 5). * To explain the importance of transport and communication in the ever shrinking world. * To understand the role of trade in the economic development of a country. 6. Manufacturing Industries : Types, spatial distribution, contribution of industries to the national economy, industrial pollution and degradation of environment, measures to control degradation. (One case study to be i n t r o d u c e d ) ( C h a p t e r 6 ) 7. Life Lines of National Economy (Chapter 7) Map Work Project/ Activity : ( 3 marks) * Learner may collect photographs of typical rural houses, and clothing of people from different regions of India and examine whether they reflect any relationship with climatic conditions and relief of the area. * Learners may write a brief report on various irrigation practices in the village and the change in cropping pattern the last decade. Posters : * Pollution of water in the locality. * Depletion of forests and the greenhouse effect. Note : Any similar activities may be taken up. Unit 3 : Democratic Politics - II 45 Periods

8 Themes Objectives Term-I 1&2. Power Sharing & Federation : Why and how is power shared in democracies? How has federal division of power in India helped national unity? To what extent has decentralization achieved this objective? How does democracy accommodate different social groups? (Chapter 1 & 2) 3&4. Democracy and Diversity & Gender Religion and Caste : Are division inherent to the working of democracy? What has been the effect of caste on politics and of politics on caste? How has the gender division shaped politics? How do communal divisions affect democracy? (Chapter 3&4). Term II 5 &6. Popular Struggles and Movements & Political Parties : How do struggles shape democracy in favour of ordinary people? What role do political parties play i n competition and contestation? Which are the major national and regional parties in India? Why have social movements come to occupy large role in politics? (Chapter 5&6) * Analyse the relationship between social cleavages and political competition with reference to Indian situation. * Understand and analyse the challenges posed by communalism to Indian democracy. * Understand the enabling and disabling effects of caste and ethnicity in politics. * D e v e l o p a g e n d e r perspective on politics. * Introduce students to the centrality of power sharing in democracy. * Understand the working of spatial and social power sharing mechanisms. * Analyse federal provisions and institutions. * U n d e r s t a n d t h e n e w Panchayati Raj institutions in rural and urban areas. * Understand the vital role of struggle in the expansion of democracy. * Analyse party systems in democracies. * Analyse party systems in democracies. * Introduction to major political parties in the country. * Analyse the role of social movements and non-party political

9 7. Outcomes of Democracy: Can or should democracy be judged by its outcomes? What outcomes can one reasonably expect of democracies? Does democracy in India meet these expectations? Has democracy led to development, security and dignity for the people? What sustains democracy in India? (Chapter 7) 8. Challenges to Democracy: Is the idea of democracy shrinking? What are the major challenges to democracy in India? How can democracy be reformed and deepened? What role can an ordinary citizen play in deepening democracy? (Chapter 8) formations. * Introduction to the difficult q u e s t i o n o f e v a l u a t i o n t h e functioning of democracies. * D e v e l o p t h e s k i l l s o f evaluation Indian democracy on s o m e k e y d i m e n s i o n s : development, security and dignity for the people. * Understand the causes for continuation of democracy in India. * Distinguish between sources of strength and weaknesses of Indian democracy. * Reflect on the different kinds of measures possible to deepen democracy. * Promote an active and participatory citizenship. Unit 4 : Understanding Economic Development Themes 45 Periods Objectives Term I 1. D e v e l o p m e n t : T h e traditional notion of development; National income and Per-capita income. Growth of NI- Critical appraisal of existing development indicators (PC), IMR, SR and other income and health indicators) The need for health and educational development; Human development Indicators (in simple and brief as a holistic measure of development). * Familiarization of some macroeconomic concepts. * Sensitizing the child about the rationale for overall human development in our country, which include the rise of income, improvements in health and education rather than income. * It is necessary to raise question in minds of the children whether the increase in income alone is sufficient for a nation.

10 The approach to hthis theme: Use case study of three states (Kerela, Punjab and Bihar) or take a few countries (India, China, Sri Lanka and one developed country) (Chapter 1) 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy: Sectors of Economic Activities; Historical change in sectors; Rising importance of tertiary sector; Employment Generation; Division of Sectors - Organised and Unorganised; P r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s f o r unorganised sector workers. (Chapter 2) * How and why people should be healthy and provided with education. * Familiarize the concept of money as an economic concept. * Create awareness of the role of financial institutions from the point of view of day-to-day life. Term II 3. Money and Credit : Role of money in an economy : Historical origin; Formal and informal financial institutions for Savings and Credit - General Introduction; Select one formal institution such as a nationalized commercial bank and a few informal institutions: Local money lenders, landlords, self help groups, chit funds and private finance companies. (Chapter 3) 4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy: What is Globalisation (through some simple examples); How India is being globalised and why; Development Strategy prior to 1991 State Control of industries : Textile goods as an * To make aware of a major employment generating sector. * Sensitise the learner of how and why governments invest in such an important sector.

11 e x a m p l e f o r e l a b o r a t i o n ; Economics Reforms : Strategies adopted in Reform measures (easing of capital flows; migration, investment flows); D i f f e r e n t p e r s p e c t i v e s o n globalisation and its impact on different sectors; Political impact of globalisation. (Chapter 4) * Provide children with some idea about how a particular e c o n o m i c p h e n o m e n o n i s influencing their surroundings and day to day life. 5. Consumer Rights : How consumer is exploited (one or two simple case studies) factors causing exploitation of consumers; Rise of consumer awareness; how a consumer should be in a market; role of government in consumer protection. (Chapter 5). * Making the child aware of her rights and duties as a consumer. * Familiarizing the legal measures available to protect from being exploited in markets. Suggested Activities / Instructions : Theme 2*: Visit to banks and money lenders / pawnbrokers and discuss various activities that you have observed in banks in the classroom. Participate in the meetings of self help groups, which are engaged in micro credit schemes in the locality of learners and observe issues discussed. Theme 4**: Provide many examples of service sector activities. Use numerical examples, charts and photographs. Theme 555***: Collect logos of standards available for various goods and services. Visit a consumer court nearby and discuss in

12 the class the proceedings; Collect stories of consumer exploitation and grievances from newspapers and consumer courts. Unit 5: Disaster Management (Through Formative Assessment Only) (10 Periods) * Tsunami * Safer Construction Practices * Survival Skills * Alternate Communication systems during disasters * Sharing Responsibility Note : Project, activities and other exercises in Unit 5 should encourage students to place 'disasters' and 'disaster management in: (i) The wider context fo Social Science knowledge as covered through history, geography, political science and economics textbooks of class IX / X. (ii) Other problems faced by our country and the world from time to time. Prescribed Books : 1. India and the Contemporary world-ii (History) - published by NCERT 2. Contemporary India II (Geography) - published by NCERT 3. Democratic Politics II (Pol. Sci) - published by NCERT 4. Understanding Economic Development - published by NCERT. 5. Together Towards a Safer India - Part III, a textbook on Disaster Management - Published by CBSE.

13 CLASS X - MAP WORK FOR SA-I GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1 : Resources and Development Identification only : Major Soil Types. Chapter 3 : Water Resources - Locating and Labelling - Dams: * Salal * Bhakra Nangal * Tehri * Rana Pratap Sagar * Sardar Sarovar * Hirakund * Nagarjuna Sagar * Tungabhadra (Along with rivers) Chapter 4 : Agriculture - Identification only (a) Major areas of rice and wheat. (b) Largest / Major producer states of sugarcane; tea; coffee; rubber; cotton and jute. (Location and labelling). History - No Map

14 LIST OF MAP ITEMS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE ( ) CLASS X - MAP WORK FOR SA-II HISTORY Cutline Political Map of India Nationalism in India - ( ) - (For locating and labelling/ identification) 1. Indian National Congress Sessions:- * Calcutta (Sep. 1920) * Nagpur (Dec. 1920) * Madras (1927) * Lahore (1929) 2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement (Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement) * Champaran (Bihar) Movement of Indigo Planters. * Kheda (Gujrat) Peasant Satyagrah * Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Collon Mill Workers Satyagraha * Chauri Chaura (U.P.) Calling off the NCM. * Bardoli (Gujarat) no tax campaign * Dandi (Gujarat) Civil Disobedience Movement. GEOGRAPHY Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources. Minerals : (Identification only) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Iron are mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh. Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh. Coal Mines : Raniganj, Jhajria, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Neyvali Oil Fields : Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar

15 Power Plants :- (Locating and Labelling Only) (a) (b) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Ramagundam, Tuticorin. Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhatia, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam. Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries Locating and Labelling Only (1) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Madurai. (2) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur, Jamnagar. (3) Silk Industry : Anatnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad, Mysore. (4) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem (5) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, Noida, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Triruvanantapuram. Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy. Identification Only : * Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor. * National Highways : NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 Locating and Labelling : Major Ports - Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Paradip, Haldia. International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International), Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose), Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi). Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.

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17 Team Members of Review of Support Material SOCIAL SCIENCE Class X (Hindi Medium) Group Leader - Mrs. Anju Kumari Vice Principal (HOS) GGSSS, Pataudi House, Darya Ganj, New Delhi Team Members S.No. Name & Designation Name of School 1. Mrs. Kamal Grover (TGT SSc.) GGSSS No.1 East of Kailash 2. Mr. Gopal Prasad Shahi (TGT S.Sc.) RPVV Raj Niwas Marg 3. Mr. Ravinder Singh (TGT S.Sc.) GBSSS, Begumpur 4. Mrs. Vandana Gautam (S.Sc.) Kishani SKV, G-Block Saket. 5. Mrs. Seema Sharma (S.Sc.) SKV, Prashant Vihar 6. Mrs. Nirmal Kikran (S.Sc.) RPVV Link Road, Karol Bagh 7. Ms. Ranjeeta Kakkar (S.Sc.) RPVV Link Road Karol Bagh 8. Mrs. Urmila Devi (S.Sc.) GGSSS, Ram Ngr., Pahar Ganj 9. Ms. Shabana (S.Sc.) GGSSS Pataudi House Darya Ganj. 10. Mr. Nooruddin (S.Sc. Urdu) Anglo Arabic Sr. Sec. School

18 fo"k; lwph (SA-I) v/;k; la- fo"k; i`"b l[;k SA I [kam 2 bfrgkl 4- HkweaMyhd`r fo'o dk cuuk 5- vks ksxhdj.k dk ;qx 6- dke] vkjke vksj thou [kam 3 7- eqnz.k lald`fr vksj vk/kqfud nqfu;k 8- miu;kl] lekt vksj bfrgkl Hkwxksy 1- lalk/ku,oa fodkl 2- ou,oa ou; tho lalk/ku 3- ty lalk/ku 4- d`f"k yksdra=,oa jktuhfr 1- lùkk dh lk>snkjh 2- la?kokn 3- yksdra=,oa fofo/krk 4- tkfr] /kez vksj ysfxad elys vfkz'kkl= 1- fodkl 2- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ds {ks=d

19 ikb & 4 HkweaMyhd`r fo'o dk cuuk ;kn j[kus dh ckrsa %& 1- flyd ekxz & ;s ekxz,f'k;k dks ;wjksi vksj mùkjh výhdk ds lkfk&2 fo'o dks tehu vksj leqnz ekxz ls tksm+rs FksA 2- dkuz&yk&og dkuwu ftlds lgkjs ljdkj us eddk ds vk;kr ij ikcanh yxk nh Fkh! bls fczvsu us yxkbz FkhA 3- fjamjislv Iysx dh Hkk fr QSyus okyh eosf'k;ksa dh chekjh FkhA og chekjh 1890 bz0 ds n'kd esa výhdk esa cm+h rsth ls QSyhA 4- cszvu oqm~l ;w-,l-,- esa flfkr,d gksvy dk uke gsa nwljs fo'o ;q) ds ckn bl gksvy esa vurjkz"vªh; O;oLFkk lecu/kh,d leesyu vk;ksftr fd;k x;ka bl leesyu dks gh cszvu oqm~l le>ksrs ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gsa 5- olrqvksa dk izokg & vaxzsth 'kklu ds lkfk xsgw ] lwrh] Åuh rfkk js'keh dim+ksa dk izokg Hkkjr ls baxys.m esa gksrk FkkA 6- Jfedksa dk izokg & Hkkjr esa Jfed baxys.m ds Jfedksa ls llrsa miyc/k Fks] blfy, vaxzst bugsa baxys.m pk;] dkqh] uhy rfkk reckdw ds ckxkuksa esa dke djus ds fy, ys tkrs FksA 7- gksls & nf{k.k vesfjdk ds,d ns'k] f=funkn esa eqgjze ds lkykuk tqywl ds esys dk ukea 8- G-77 fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk lewg ftugksaus vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, vkokt mbkbza 9- ohvks & fu"ks/kkf/kdkj] bl vf/kdkj ds lgkjs,d gh lnl; dh vlgefr fdlh Hkh izlrko dks [kkfjt djus dk vk/kkj cu tkrh gsa 10- vk;kr 'kqyd (Tariff) fdlh nwljs ns'k ls vkus okyh phtksa ij olwy fd;k tkus okyk 'kqyda 1

20 11- fofue; nj & varjkz"vªh; O;kikj dh lqfo/kk ds fy, fofhkuuk ns'kksa dh jk"vªh; eqnzkvksa dks,d nwljs ls tksm+k tkrk gsa 1 vad okys iz'u %& 1- fe= jk"vªksa ds uke crkb,\ 2- nf{k.kh vesfjdk esa,y MksjkMks D;k gs\ 3- fdl ns'k ds ikl vurzjk"vªh; eqnzk dks"k vksj fo'o csad esa ohvksa dk izhkko'kkyh vf/kdkj gs\ 4- yxhkx 500 lky igys fdl Qly ds ckjs esa gekjs iwoztksa dks Kku ugha Fkk\ 5- dksu ls nks vkfo"dkjksa us 19 oha lnh ds fo'o esa ifjorzu fd;k\ ls 1934 ds chp Hkkjr esa xsgw dh dher 50 izfr'kr rd D;ksa fxj xbz\ 7- vesfjdk egk}hi dh [kkst fdlus dh\ 8- ml ;wjksih; ns'k dk uke fy[kks] ftlus vesfjdk ij fot; izkir dh\ y?kq@nh?kz iz'u ¼3@5½ 1- vesfjdk tkus okys u;s leqnzh jklrksa dh [kkst ds ckn fo'o esa D;k cnyko gq,\ rhu mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V djsaa 2-19oha lnh esa gtkjksa yksxksa }kjk ;wjksi ls Hkkxdj vesfjdk tkus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ 3- lwrh ol= m ksxksa ds vks ksfxdj.k dk fczvsu esa D;k izhkko im+k\ 4- ;wjksih; yksxksa ds výhdk dh vksj vkdf"kzr gksus ds D;k djk.k Fks\ 5- O;kikj vf/k'ks"k ls D;k vfhkizk; gs\ Hkkjr ds lkfk fczvsu O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dh vo;olfkk esa D;ksa jgk\ 6- fczvsu dh vfkzo;olfkk ij izfke fo'o ;q) ds D;k izhkko im+s\ 7- vkffkzd egkeanh ds dkj.k crkb;s\ 8- Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk ij egkeunh dk D;k izhkko im+k\ 9-19oha lnh dh vuqca/k O;oLFkk dks u;h nkl O;oLFkk ds :i esa of.kzr fd;k gsa mi;qdr mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,\ 2

21 10- os'ohdj.k dk D;k vfkz gs\ varjkz"vªh; vkffkzd fofue; esa rhu izdkj ds izokgksa dk o.kzu dhft,\ 11- czsvu &oqm~l le>ksrs dk D;k vfkz gs\ 12- vqhe ;q) dk D;k vfkz gsa phu ij vqhe ;q) ds izhkkoksa dk o.kzu dhft,\ 1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1- fczvsu] Ýk l vksj :la 2- fdaonafr;ksa dh cnksyr lksus dk 'kgja 3- la;qdr jkt; vesfjdka 4- vkywa 5-1 ½ Hkki batu jsyos 6- egkeanh ds dkj.k 7- følvksqj dksyacla 8- Lisu 3 5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1-1½ vkyw dk blrseky 'kq: djus ij ;wjksi ds xjhcksa dh ftunxh esa cnyko vk;ka mudk Hkkstu csgrj gks x;k vksj vkslr mez c<+us yxha xqykeksa dk O;kikj 'kq: gks x;ka ;wjksi esa /kkfezd Vdjko gksrs jgrs Fks blfy, gtkjksa yksx ;wjksi ls Hkkxdj vesfjdk pys x,a 2-1½ dkuz&yk dkuwu dks lekir djus ds ckn de dherksa esa lkeku dk vk;kra Hk;kud chekfj;ksa dk QSyuk /kkfezd VdjkoA 3-1½ vk;kr 'kqyd ds dkj.k fczvsu esa Hkkjrh; dikl ds vk;kr esa rsth ls deh vkbza Hkkjrh; ol=ksa dks vurjkz"vªh; cktkjksa esa Hkkjh izfrli/kkz dk lkeuk djuk 3

22 im+ka ckn esa fuekz.k fd, x, lwrh mriknksa ds fu;kzr esa deh vkus ds i'pkr~ fczfv'k fuekzrkvksa us cgqr gh llrh dher ij Hkkjr ls dikl dk vk;kr vkjehk dj fn;ka vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 5-1½ tc fu;kzr ewy; vk;kr ewy; ls vf/kd gksrk gs rks bls O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dgk tkrk gsa 19oha 'krkcnh esa cktkjksa esa fczvsu ds cus eky dh vf/kdrk gks xbz FkhA Hkkjr ls fczvsu vksj 'ks"k fo'o dks Hksts tkus okys [kk kuuk o dpps ekyksa ds fu;kzr esa btkqk gqvka ysfdu tks eky Hkkjr Hkstk tkrk Fkk mldh dher dkqh vf/kd vf/kd gksrh Fkh vksj tks Hkkjr ls baxys.m Hkstk tkrk Fkk mldh dher dkqh de gksrh Fkh blfy, fczvsu ges'kk O;kikj vf/k'ks"k dh volfkk esa jgrk FkkA 6-1½ ;q) ds ckn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa viuh opzlo okyh flfkfr dks izkir djuk fczvsu ds fy, dfbu gks x;ka 5½ fczvsu dks fo'o Lrj ij vc tkiku ls Hkh eqdkcyk djuk FkkA vesfjdk ls fy, x, dtsz dh otg ls fczvsu ;q) ds ckn Hkkjh fons'kh dtsz esa Mwc x;ka ;q) ds dkj.k vk;k vkffkzd mnky tc 'kkur gksus yxk rks mriknu fxjus yxk vksj csjkstxkjh c<+us yxha blh le; ljdkj us Hkkjh Hkjde 'kkafrdkyhu djksa ds lgkjs mudh HkjikbZ djus dh dksf k k dha bu iz;klksa ls jkstxkj Hkkjh ek=k esa lekir gks x,a 7-1½ egkeanh dh 'kq:vkr 1929 ls gqbz vksj ;g ladv 30 ds n'kd ds e/; rd cuk jgka bl nksjku fo'o ds T;knkrj fgllksa esa mriknu] jkstxkj] vk; vksj O;kikj esa cgqr cm+h fxjkov ntz dh xbza ;q)ksrj vfkzo;olfkk cgqr detksj gks xbz FkhA dhers fxjh rks fdlkuksa dh vk;?kvus yxh vksj vkenuh c<+kus ds fy, fdlku vf/kd ek=k esa mriknu 4

23 5½ djus yxsa cgqr lkjs ns'kksa us vesfjdk ls dtz fy;ka vesfjdh m ksxifr;ksaa us eanh dh vk'kadk dks ns[krs gq, ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks dtz nsuk cun dj fn;ka gtkjksa csad nhokfy;k gks x;sa 8-1½ 1928 ls 1934 ds chp ns'k dk vk;kr&fu;kzr?kv dj vk/kk jg x;ka 5½ vurjkz"vªh; cktkj esa dhersa fxjus ls Hkkjr esa xsgw dh dher 50 izfr'kr rd fxj xbza fdlkuksa vksj dk'rdkjksa dks T;knk uqdlku gqvka egkeanh 'kgjh turk,oa vfkzo;olfkk ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjda 1931 esa eanh pje lhek ij Fkh ftlds dkj.k xzkeh.k Hkkjr vlarks"k o mfky&iqfky ds nksj ls xqtj jgk FkkA 9-1½,tsaV etnwjksa dks Qqlykus ds fy, >wbh tkudkfj;k nsrs FksA 5½,tsaVksa }kjk etnwjksa dk vigj.k Hkh dj fy;k tkrk FkkA u;h txg dh thou,oa dk;z flfkfr;k dbksj FkhA osru cgqr de FkkA dke Bhd ls u dj ikus ds dkj.k osru dkv fy;k tkrk FkkA etnwjksa ds ikl dkuwuh vf/kdkj u ds cjkcj FksA 10-1½ fdlh ns'k dh vfkzo;olfkk fo'o dh vu; vfkzo;olfkkvksa ds lkfk tqm+h gksrh gsa igyk izokg O;kikj dk gksrk gs tks eq[;r% dim+ks,oa xsgw ds O;kikj rd lhfer FkkA nwljk izokg Je dk gs ftlesa yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa,d txg ls nwljh txg tkrs gsa rhljk izokg iw th dk gksrk gs ftls vyi ;k nh?kz vof/k ds fy, nwj&njkt ds bykdksa esa fuos'k dj fn;k tkrk gsa 5

24 11-1½ 1944 esa vesfjdk flfkr U;w gsei'kj ds czsvu oqm~l uked LFkku ij la;qdr jk"v eksfnzd,oa foùkh; leesyu esa lgefr cuh FkhA varjkz"vªh; eqnzk dks"k vksj fo'o csad dh LFkkiuk gqbza czsvu oqm~l O;oLFkk fuf'pr fofue; njksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh FkhA 12- vqhe ;q) dk vfkz & tc baxysam us phfu;ksa ij vqhe vk;kr djus dk ncko Mkyk rks nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp la?k"kz mriuu gks x;k ftldks vqhe ;q) dgk tkrk gsa 1½ phfu;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd o usfrd iru gqvka phu dks gtkzus ds :i esa 5 cunjxkg fczfv'k O;kikfj;ksa ds fy, [kksyus im+sa fcuk fdlh vof/k ds gk xdk x dks fczvsu dks lksai fn;k x;ka 6

25 ikb & 5 vks ksxhdj.k dk ;qx ;kn j[kus dh ckrsa %& 1- izkp; & ;g 'kcn mu ns'kksa ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs tks ;wjksi ds iwoz esa flfkr gsa 2- iw th & ;g eqnzk dh cm+h ek=k gs ftldk fuos'k fd;k tkrk gs ;k O;kikj ;k m ksx esa blrseky fd;k tkrk gsa 3- lektoknh & ftlesa ns'k ds izr;sd O;fDr dk leku fgllk gksrk gs rfkk eq[; m ksxksa ij LokfeRo vksj fu;a=.k ljdkj dk gksrk gsa 4- flifuax tsuh &,d lwr dkruss dh e'khua tks tsel gjxzhct }kjk 1764 esa cukbz xbz FkhA 5- LVsiy &,d O;fDr tks js'kksa ds fglkc ls Åu dks LVsiy djrk gs ;k mls NkaVrk gsa 6- QqytZ & pquuvksa ds lgkjs dim+s dks lesvrk gsa 7- dkfmzx & og izfø;k ftlls dikl ;k Åu vkfn dks js'kksa dks drkbz ds fy, rs;kj fd;k tkrk gsa 8- QykbZ 'kvy & jfll;ksa vksj iqfy;ksa ds tfj, pyus okyk,d ;kaf=d vkstkj gs ftldk cqukbz ds fy, blrseky fd;k tkrk gsa 9- Hkkjr esa lcls igyh twv fey dydùkk esa yxha 10- Hkki ds batu dk vkfo"dkj tselokv us fd;ka 11- Hkkjr esa igyh dim+k fey 1854 esa yxha 12- Hkkjr esa lcls igys vkus okys ;wjksih; iqrkzxkyh FksA 7

26 1 vad okys iz'u %& 1-19oha lnh esa fdl ns'k esa m ksxifr;ksa }kjk e'khuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\ 2- dksu ls n'kd esa bxys.m esa dkj[kkus [kqys\ 3- xqek'rk dksu Fks ftudks Hkkjr esa bzlv bafm;k deiuh us rsukr fd;k Fkk\ 4- u, mihkksdrk rs;kj djus ds fy, dksu lk rjhdk gs\ 5- vks ksxhdj.k ds lcls igys pj.k esa baxysam ds eq[; m ksx dksu ls Fks\ 6- flifuax tsuh us fdl izfø;k esa o`f) dh\ 7- ;wjksih; izcu/kd,tsful;ksa dh Hkkjr esa fdl izdkj ds m ksxksa esa :fp Fkh\ 8- lalkj esa olrqvksa dh ek x esa o`f) ds nks dkj.k crkvks\ 9- 'kgjh mriknd mriknu dks dsls fu;af=r djrs Fks\ 10- m ksxifr e'khu dk iz;ksx D;ksa ugha djuk pkgrs Fks\ 3@5 vad okys iz'u %& 1- esupslvj ds vkxeu ls Hkkjrh; cqudjksa ds lkeus D;k lel;k Fkh\ 2- izfke fo'o ;q) ds le; Hkkjr ds vks ksfxd mriknu c<+us ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ dh egkeunh ds dkj.k fy[kks\ 4- u, lksnkxjksa dk 'kgjkssa eas O;kikj LFkkfir djuk dfbu D;ksa Fkk\ 5- u, m ksxifr ijaijkxr m ksxksa dh txg D;ksa ugha ys lds\ 6- Hkkjrh; lksnkxjksa ds fu;a=.k okyk usvodz D;ksa VwVus yxk Fkk\ 7- bzlv bafm;k deiuh us Hkkjr esa cqudjksa ij fuxjkuh j[kus ds fy, xqek'rksa dks fu;qdr D;ksa fd;k Fkk\ 8- tkwcj dksu Fks\ ubz dkj[kkuk iz.kkyh esa mudh D;k flfkfr Fkh\ 9- fczfv'k fuekzrkvksa us fokkiuksa dh enn ls Hkkjrh; O;kikj ij fdl izdkj dctk fd;k\ 10- cktkj ls Je dh cgqrk;r ls Jfedksa dk thou dsls izhkkfor gqvk\ 11-19oha 'krkcnh esa ;wjksi ds m ksxifr e'khuksa dh vis{kk gkfk ds Je dks vf/kd ilan D;ksa djrs Fks\ 8

27 1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mrrj %& m01 vesfjdk ds n'kd esaa 3- cqudjksa ds Åij lqijokbtj 4- fokkiuksa }kjk 5- dikl vksj /kkrq m ksxa 6- drkbz 7- pk; vksj dkqh ds jksi.k esaa 8-1½ fo'o O;kikj dk folrkj fo'o esa mifuos'kokn dh LFkkiukA 9- lksnkxj fdlkuksa dks _.k nsrs FksA 10- llrs ekuo Je dk miyc/k gksuka 3@5 vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1-1½ Hkkjr ds dim+k fu;kzr eaas deh 5½ bzlv bafm;k daiuh ij dim+k cspus dk nckoa de ykxr LFkkuh; cktkj fldqm+us yxsa vpnh dikl u feyuka 2-1½ vaxzstksa dh ;q) lecu/kh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ubz QSfDVª;k LFkkfir dh xbza onhz ds dim+s] VSaV vksj pem+s ds twrs vkfn lkeku cukus ds fy,a u, etnwj dke ij yxk fn, x, vksj dke djus dk le; c<+k fn;k x;ka 3-1½ izfke fo'o ;q) ds ckn fu;kzr?kvka vesfjdh iwathifr;ksa }kjk ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa ds fy, dtsz cuna d`f"k esa vfr mriknua m ksxksa esa e'khuhdj.ka 9

28 4-1½ 'kgjksa esa mrikndksa ds laxbu vksj fxym dkqh 'kfdr'kkyh FksA dkjhxjksa dks izf'k{k.k nsrs FksA mrikndksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs FksA u, yksxksa dks vius O;olk; esa vkus ls jksdrs FksA 5-1½ vks ksfxd {ks= esa dke djus okys etnwjksa dh la[;k de FkhA 5½ izks ksfxdh; cnyko dh xfr /kheh FkhA dim+k m ksx,d xfr'khy m ksx FkkA izks ksfxdh dkqh eg xh FkhA mriknu dk,d cm+k Hkkx dkj[kkuksa dh ctk; x`g m ksx ls iwjk gksrk FkkA 6-1½ ;wjksih; deifu;ksa us /khjs&/khjs LFkkuh; vnkyrksa ls fofhkuu izdkj dh fj;k;rsa izkir djds O;kikj ij vf/kdkj izkir dj fy;s FksA ckn esa O;kikj ij,dkf/kdkj izkir dj fy;ka lwjr vksj gqxyh ds canjxkgksa ij O;kikj?kVus yxka 7-1½ os cqudjksa dks dtz nsrs FksA rkfd os fdlh vksj O;kikjh dks viuk eky rs;kj djds u ns ldsa os [kqn dim+ksa dh xq.korrk dh tk p djrs FksA 8-1½ m ksxifr;ksa us etnwjksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, tkwcj j[kk FkkA 5½ tkwckj dksbz iqjkuk fo'olr dezpkjh gksrk FkkA og xk o ls yksxksa dks ykrk FkkA dke dk Hkjkslk nsrk rfkk 'kgj esa clus ds fy, enn nsrka tkwcj enn ds cnys isls o rksgqksa dh ekax djus yxka 9-1½ mriknksa dks cspus ds fy, dsys.mj v[kckjksa o esxthu dk iz;ksxa yscyksa ij Hkkjrh; nsoh nsorkvksa dh rlohj yxh gksrh FkhA fons'k esa cuh pht Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks tkuh igpkuh yxrh FkhA 10-1½ 'kgj esa uksdjh dh lahkkoukvksa dh [kcj lqurs gh Jfed 'kgjksa dh rjq nksm+ im+sa ftuds lxs&lecu/kh 'kgjksa esa igys ls gh dk;zjr Fks muds tfj, u, yksxksa dks uksdjh fey ldrh FkhA 10

29 ftudk 'kgjksa esa dksbz ugha Fkk os g rksa Hkj izrh{kk djrs Fks rfkk iqyksa ds uhps ;k jsu clsjksa esa jkr xqtkjrs FksA 11-1½ fczvsu esa m ksxifr;ksa dks ekuo Je dh dksbz deh ugha FkhA os e'khu blfy, yxkuk ugha pkgrs Fks D;ksafd e'khuksa ds fy, vf/kd iw th fuos'k djuh im+rh FkhA dqn eksleh m ksxksa ds fy, os m ksxksa esa Jfedksa }kjk gkfk ls dke djokuk vpnk le>rs FksA cktkj esa vdlj ckjhd fmtkbu vksj [kkl vkdkjksa okyh phtksa dh ek x jgrh Fkh tks glr dks'ky ij fuhkzj FkhA 11

30 ikb & 6 ^^dke] vkjke vksj thou** ;kn j[kus dh ckrsa %& 1- egkuxj & fdlh izkar vfkok ns'k dh?kuh tula[;k okyk fo'kky uxj tks izk;% ogk dh jkt/kkuh Hkh gksrk gsa 2- 'kgjhdj.k & fdlh LFkku ds 'kgj vfkok dlcs ds :i esa fodflr gksus dh izfø;ka 3- ijksidkjh & og O;fDr tks lekt ds fgr ds fy, dke djrk gsa 4- VsuseasV~l & cgqr vf/kd HkhM+ okys dkepykå edkua,sls edku izk;% cm+s 'kgjksa ds xjhc bykdksa esa ik, tkrs FksA 5- la;erk vkanksyu & bl vkanksyu eas eq[;r% dkedkth yksxksa esa 'kjkc dk mi;ksx de djus ij cy fn;k tkrk FkkA 6- 'oklkjks/ku & vkwdlhtu dh deh ds dkj.k ^ne?kqvuk* 7- O;fDrokn & leqnk; dh ctk; O;fDr dh Lora=rk rfkk vf/kdkjksa ij cy fn;k tkuka 8- csjkwu gkwleku &,d oklrqdkj Fkk ftlus usiksfy;u r`rh; ds 'kkludky esa Ýkal dks,d vfr lqanj 'kgj dk :i fn;ka 9- izsthmsalh 'kgj & fczfv'k 'kklu ds v/khu cacbz] caxky] enzkl vkfn izsthmsalh 'kgj Fks D;ksafd ;s izsthmsafl;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;k FkhaA 10- Hkwfe fodkl & nynyh vfkok Mwch gqbz tehu dks jgus ;k [ksrh djus ;k vu; fdlh dke ds yk;d cukuka 11- /kqvk fujks/k dkuwu & dydùkk Hkkjr dk igyk 'kgj Fkk tgka /kq vk fujks/kd dkuwu ikfjr fd;k x;ka 12- ckecs beizqoesav VªLV dh LFkkiuk 1898 esaa gqbza 13- cxhpksa ds 'kgj dh vo/kkj.kk & oklrqdkj o ;kstukdkj,oaustj gkomz us 12

31 izlrqr dha 14- fczvsu ds nks izkjafhkd vks ksfxd uxj & yhm~l vksj esupslvj 1 vadh; y?kq iz'u %& 1- nqxkzpj.k jk; us dydùkk uxj ds fo"k; esa dksu lk miu;kl fy[kk\ 2- fdlus xkmzu lhvh vo/kkj.kk dk fl)kar cuk;k\ 3- pkfvzte vkanksyu fdlfy, Fkk\ 4-17oha 'krkcnh esa cacbz fdrus Vkiqvksa dk 'kgj Fkk\ 5- nqfu;k dh lcls igyh jsyxkm+h fdu nks LVs'kuksa ds chp nksm+h\ 6- fdldks yksg nsr; dgk x;k\ 7- Hkkjr dk dksu lk 'kgj ek;kiqjh dgykrk gs\ 8- uoecj 1857 esa yanu esa gqbz iqfyl dk;zokgh dks fdl uke ls ;kn fd;k tkrk gs\ 9- dydùkk esa /kqvk fujks/kd dkuwu dc ikfjr gqvk\ 10- fqye ^jktkk gfj'kpunz* dk fuekzrk dksu Fkk\ 11- pkwy fdls dgrs gsa\ 12- vaxzstks ls iwoz cecbz fdlds vf/kdkj {ks= esa Fkh\ y?kq@nh?kz 3@5 vad okys iz'u %& 1- xsjsfk LVsMeSu tksul ds 'kcnksa esa 19oha lnh ds yanu eas ik p izeq[k m ksx dksu ls Fks\ 2-19oha 'krkcnh esa yanu 'kgj dh vkcknh ds fujurj c<+us ds fdugha dkj.kksa dks Li"V djks\ 3- yanu dks lkq djus ds fy, dksu ls dne mbk, x,\ 4- yanu esa vk, mu lkekftd ifjorzuksa dh O;k[;k djsa ftuds dkj.k Hkwfexr jsyos dh t:jr isnk gqbza Hkwfexr jsyos dh vkykspuk D;ksa gqbz\ 5- vks ksxhdj.k ds QyLo:i yanu 'kgj esa euksjatu rfkk vodk'k ds {ks= esa gq, lkekftd ifjorzuksa ds mnkgj.k nhft,a 6- muuhloha lnh ds e/; esa cacbz dh vkcknh esa Hkkjh o`f) D;ksa gqbz\ 13

32 7-18oha 'krkcnh eas yanu esa efgykvksa }kjk viuh vk; c<+kus gsrq fd, x, iz;klksa dks Li"V dhft,\ 8- nqxkzpj.k jk; ds vuqlkj dydùkk dk 'kgjh thou fdu rjhdksa ls fojks/kh Nfo;ksa dks izlrqr djrk Fkk\ 9- cecbz uxj dqn yksxksa ds fy, liuksa dk uxj rfkk vu; ds fy, dfbukb;ksa dk uxj D;ksa gs\ 10- cecbz dh vf/kdrj fqyesa 'kgj esas ckgj ls vkus okyksa dh ftunxh ij vk/kkfjr D;ksa gksrh Fkh\ 11- 'kgj dh fo'kky tula[;k,d volj Hkh Fkh vksj,d [krjk Hkh Fkh & bl dfke dh iqf"v djksa 12- cecbz ds fodkl esa lgk;rk ds fy, pyk, x, Hkwfe fodkl dh fofhkuu ifj;kstukvksa dk o.kzu djks\ mùkj ekyk %&,d vadh; y?kq iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1- nscxkusj er;sz vkxeu 2-,osustj gkomz 3- o;ld iq#"k erkf/kdkj ds fy, 4- lkr 5- isfmaxvu ls QSfjaXVu 6- yanu Hkwfexr jsy 7- cecbz 8- [kwuh jfookj esa 10- nknk lkgc QkYds 11- vlfkkbz dkepykå edku 12- iqrzxkfy;ksa dsa 14

33 vadh; iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1-1½ ifj/kku,oa twrk m ksx 5½ ydm+h,oa QuhZpj m ksx /kkrq,oa bathfu;fjax m ksx NikbZ o LVs'kujh m ksx 'ky; fpfdrlk midj.k,oa?km+h m ksxa 2-1½ 1810 ls 1880 ds chp lùkj o"kksz ds nksjku yanu dh tula[;k 10 yk[k ls c<+dj 40 yk[k gks xbza dq'ky,oa 'kkjhfjd Je djus okyksa dh la[;k esa o`f)a ik p izdkj ds m ksx ds dkj.k voljksa dh vf/kdrka dkj[kkus] eksvjdkj vksj fctyh midj.k [kqyus ls yanu dh rjq yksxkas dk vkd"kz.k c<+ka 3-1½ vikvzesuv ds fo'kky CykWd cuk, x,a fdjk;k fu;a=.k dkuwu ykxw fd;k x;ka fczfv'k jkt; us LFkkuh; 'kklu ds lkfk feydj 10 yk[k edku cuk,a Hkwfexr jsyos dk fuekz.ka 4- Hkwfexr jsyos dh vko';drk mriuu djus okys lkekftd ifjorzu % 1½ 5½ 6½ 7½ xanh cflr;ksa dh Hkjekj] fu/kzu yksxksa dh vdky e`r;qa 1917 dh :lh Økafr ls Hk;A etnwjksa dk vkanksyua lekt lq/kkj Hkkouk tkx`r gksuka fu/kzuksa ds fy, x`g fuekz.k ;kstuk ij fopkja dkj[kkusa ls?kj nwj gksus ds dkj.k ifjogu lk/ku dh t:jra l?ku vkcknh ds dkj.k Hkwfexr jsyos ykbu dk fuekz.ka vkykspuk ¼Hkwfexr jsyos dh½ 1½ Hkouksa dks rksm+uk im+k cm+h la[;k esa yksx folfkkfira lqjax ds Hkhrj jsy ds pyus ls dks;ys ds d.k] xa/k vksj /kq, ls ;kf=;ksa dk 15

34 ne?kqvuka 5- yanu esa vks kxhdj.k ds QyLo:i nks fojks/kh oxz mhkjs vehj rfkk xjhc oxz 1½ 5½ vehjksa ds euksjatu ds fy, yanu lhtua etnwj oxz & ic ;k 'kjkc [kkusa vke turk & iqlrdky;] dyknh?kkz, rfkk laxzgky; fueu oxz & laxhr lhkk, rfkk gky leqnz ds fdukjs?kweuka 6-1½ 1819 esa cacbz dks izslhmsalh uxj cuk;k tkuka 5½ 1854 vksj 1921 ds chp 85 lwrh ol= feyksa dh LFkkiukA 1870 ds n'kd rd 22 oxz ehy dh leqnz eas Mwch gqbz cacbz dh Hkwfe dk fodkl gksuka cacbz fqye m ksx dsunz cu x;ka canjxkg ds dkj.k jkstxkj ds volj c<+sa 7-1½?kj ij dke djuk] lwr dkruk] dikl lkq djuk dim+s jaxuka QSfDVª;ksa esa JfedA?kj ds Qkyrw LFkku fdjk, ij nsuka flykbz] cqukbz] ekfpl cukuka 8-1½ dydùkk fczfv'k jkt; dh jkt/kkuh FkkA o"kkz dk nsork o:.k nsorkvkas dks jsy esa fcbkdj ;k=k djkrk gsa nsork iznw"k.k o /kq vk ns[k pfdr gks tkrs gsaa txexkrs egkuxj dh pdkpksa/k ls nsork izhkkfor gksrs gsaa dydùkk esa jkstxkj dh Hkjekj Fkh ij ogk Bx] pksj o Hk;adj xjhch Hkh Fkh 9-1½ cacbz 'kgj vius O;kikj] dkjksckj o m ksxksa ds dkj.k vizokfl;ksa dks vkdf"kzr djrk gsa cacbz vk'kkvksa rfkk voljksa dk uxj FkkA Qyrk&Qwyrk O;kikj fuos'k ds fy, iawth dh miyc/krk us fqye m ksx dks liuksa dh nqfu;k cuk nha fodkl ds lkfk lel;k, &xanh cflr;k ] pkwyksa dh Hkjekj] yksxkas dh n;uh; 16

35 flfkfr rfkk yxkrkj la?k"kz vksj thfor jgus ds fy, dm+h esgura 10-1½ vf/kdka'k fqyesa cukus okys funsz'kd] izksm;wlj ivdfkk ys[kd ukvddkj vksj dykdkj vizoklh Fks tks cecbz esa nwj&nwj ls vk, FksA blfy, os muls gh lacaf/kr izlaxksa eas vf/kd :fp j[krs FksA vizoklh fo'ks"k:i ls Jfed vksj QSDVjh dezpkjh tks dk:f.kd thou th jgs FksA muds thou dks vklkuh ls fqye izalxksa esa cnyk tk ldrk FkkA iqjkuh fqyesa ^lh vkbz Mh ¼1956½] xslv gkml ¼1959½ vizokfl;ksa dh lel;kvksa ls lecfu/kr FkhA 11-1½ csgrj jkstxkjksa dh lqfo/kk vksj csgrj thou Lrj ;g yksxksa ds fy,,d volj FkkA [krjk & c<+rh vkcknh 'kgjksa eas c<+rs vijk/k tsls yanu dk [kwuh jfookja 12-1½ 1864 esa ekykckj fgy ls dksykck ds vkf[kjh Nksj rd ds if'pe rv dks fodflr djus dk Bsdk csd cs fjdyses'ku daiuh dks feyka 1870 rd 'kgj dk {ks=qy 22 oxz fdyksehvj rd igq p x;ka vkcknh c<+us nds dkj.k T;knk iksvz VªLV ds varxzr 'kq: gqbz ftlus lw[kh xksnh dk fuekz.k fd;ka fev~vh ls 22,dM+ dk ckykmz,lvsv cuk;k vksj ejhu Mªkbo Hkh cuk;k x;ka 17

36 ikb & 7 ^^eqnz.k lald`fr vksj vk/kqfud nqfu;k ** ;kn j[kus dh ckrsa %& 1- lu~ 1448 esa xqvsucxz us ckbfcy dks NkikA 2- lu~ 1508 esa bjslel us,mspst+ iqlrd NkihA 3- lu~ 1517 esa ekfvzu ywfkj us /kez lq/kkj ij 95 ffkfll fy[kha 4- Hkkjr esa izsl dk tud% tsel vkaxlvl fgdh us 1780 esa caxky xtv dk laiknu kq: fd;ka 5- lu~ 1820 esa dydùkk lqizhe dksvz us izsl duvªksy fcy ikl fd;ka 6- lu~ 1821 esa jktkjkeeksgu jk; us laokn dkseqnh NkihA 7- lu~ 1822 esa xqtjkrh lekpkj i= eqacbz esa Nkik x;ka 8- ikamqfyfi;k ;g glrfyf[kr ys[k gksrs Fks] bugsa rkm+ ds iùkksa ij fy[kk tkrk FkkA 9- [kq'kulhoh & lqys[ku] gkfk ls cm+s lqanj&lqmksy v{kjksa esa dykred :i ls fy[kuka 10- Mk;eaM lw=%& tkiku dh lcls iqjkuh 868 esa Nih iqlrda 11- osye tkuojksa ds pem+s ls cuh ys[ku dh lrga 12- IykVsu &ysvjizsl NikbZ esa,d cksmz ftls dkxt ds ihns nckdj Vkbi dh Nki yh tkrh FkhA 14- deiksthvj NikbZ ds fy, bckjr deikst djus okyk O;fDrA 15- xsyh & /kkrqbz Ýse& ftlesa Vkbi fcnkdj bckjr cukbz tkrh FkhA 16- xkfkk & xhr& yksdxhrksa dk,sfrgkfld vk[;ku~ ftls xk;k ;k lquk;k tkrk FkkA 17- budohth'ku ¼/keZ vnkyr½ & fo/kfez;ksa dh f'kuk[r djus vksj ltk nsus okyh jkseu dsfkksfyd lalfkka 18- fujadq'kokn & jktdkt dh,slh O;oLFkk] ftlesa fdlh,d O;fDr dks fcuk dkuwuh vksj laos/kkfud ikcanh ds laiw.kz 'kfdr izkir gksa 18

37 18- myek & blykeh dkuwu vksj 'kfj;k ds fo}kua 19- Qrok & vlaetl dh flfkfr esa blykeh eq rh ds }kjk dh tkus okyh os/kkfud?kks"k.kka 20- iapkax & pk n] lwjt dh xfr vksj yksxksa ds nsfud thou ls tqm+h tkudkjh nsus okyk okf"kzd izdk'kua 21-] 1878 esa oukzd;qyj izsl,dv ykxw fd;k x;ka 1 vad okys y?kq iz'u %& 1- ;wjksi esa igyh fizfvax izsl dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k\ 2- dksu lk /kez lq/kkjd izksvslvsv /kez lq/kkj ds fy, mùkjnk;h Fkk\ 3- xqvsucxz }kjk Nkih igyh iqlrd dksu lh Fkh\ 4- iqlrdksa dk isij czsd laldj.k dc izdkf kr gqvk\ 5- baxysam esa Qsjhokyksa ds }kjk,d isls esa fcdus okyh fdrkcksa dks D;k dgk tkrk Fkk\ 6- dksu&lk i<+us dk lk/ku fo'ks"kdj ukfj;ksa ds fy, Fkk\ dk oukzd;wyj,dv fdl rtz ij cuk Fkk\ 8- tkiku dh lcls iqjkuh Nih iqlrd dk uke D;k Fkk\ 9- fdl ns'k esa eqnz.k dh rduhd lcls igys fodflr gqbz\ 10- ^eqnz.k bz'oj dh nh gqbz egkure nsu gs* ;g 'kcn fdlus dgk Fkk\ 11- fdlus 'kfdr pkfyr csyukdkj izsl dks dkjxj cuk;k\ 12- oqmcykwd fizaafvx dh rduhd ;wjksi esa dksu yk;k\ 13- eqnz.k dh lcls igyh rduhd fdu ns'kksa esa fodflr gqbz\ 14- Hkkjr esa NikbZ dh rduhd dc vksj dksu yk;k\ esa xqykefxjh fdlus fy[kh\ 16- rqylhnkl ds jkepfjrekul dk igyk eqfnzr laldj.k dc vksj dgk Nik\ 17- nks Qkjlh v[kckjksa ds uke fy[kks tks 1882 esa izdkf'kr gq,\ y?kq@nh?kz mùkjh; iz'u 3@5 vad okys %& 1- ^^oqm CykWd ¼dkB dh r[rh½ okyh NikbZ ;wjksi esa 1295 ds ckn vkbz** bl dfku dks Li"V djks\ 19

38 2- ubz eqnz.k dh [kkst ;wjksi ds lhkh Hkkxksa esa D;ksa QSy xbz\ dkj.k crkb,\ 3- eqnz.k lald`fr us Ýkalhlh ØkfUr ykus esa D;k Hkwfedk fuhkkbz\ 4- ik.mqfyfi;k D;k gsa\ buds iz;ksx dh lhek, D;k Fkh\ 5- eqnz.k us fdl izdkj leqnk;ksa vksj Hkkjr ds fofhkuu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksxkas dks tksm+us dk dk;z fd;k Fkk\ 6- eqnz.k lald`fr us Hkkjr esa jk"vªokn dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, fdl izdkj ;ksxnku fn;k\ 7- eqfnzr fdrkcsa vf'kf{kr yksxksa ds chp yksdfiz; D;ksa gqbz\ 8- Hkkjr esa oukzd;wyj izsl,dv tkjh djus ds dkj.k crkb,\ 9- jkseu dsfkksfyd ppz ds fohkktu eas eqnz.k lald`fr dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft,\ oha lnh esa efgykvksa }kjk i<us ds pyu ds izfr yksxksa dk D;k jos;k Fkk\ efgykvksa dh bl lanhkz esa D;k izfrfø;k Fkh\ 11-,sls rjhdksa dk myys[k dhft, ftuls eqfnzr fdrkcksa rd vke vkneh dh igq p c<+h\ mùkjekyk 1 vad okys iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1- ;ksgku xqvsucxz 2- ekfvzu ywfkj 3- ckbzfcy 4- egkeunh dh 'kq:vkr esa 5- psicqdl 6- isuh esxthul 7- vkbzfj'k izsl dkuwu 8- Mk;eaM lw= 9- phu 10- ekfvzu ywfkj 11- fjpmz,e gks 20

39 12- ekdksz iksyks 13- phu] tiku] dksfj;k 14-16oha 'krkcnh] iqrzxkyh 15- T;ksfrck Qwys 16- dydùkk tke&,&tgk ukek] 'kelqy v[k+ckj vad ds iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1- oqmcykwd okyh NikbZ ;wjksi esa 1295 bz ds i'pkr~ vkbz D;ksafd & 1½ ;g rduhd igys phu ds ikl FkhA ekdksz iksyks ;g Kku vius lkfk ysdj yksvk ekdkszs iksyks us ;wjksi dks oqmcykwd ls voxr djk;ka ;g rduhd ;wjksi eas QSy xbza 2-1½ fdrkcksa dh c<+rh ek x glrfyf[kr ikamqfyfi;ksa ls iwjh ugha gks jgh FkhA 5½ ikamqfyfi;k uktqd Fkha] muds j[kj[kko esa reke eqf'dysa FkhaA udy mrkjuk csgn [kphzyk FkkA budk ¼ikaMqfyfi;ksa½ pyu lhfer FkkA fdrkckas dh c<+rh ek x ds dkj.k oqmcykwd fiazfvax yksdfiz; gks x;ha 3-1½ NikbZ ds pyrs fopkjksa dk izlkj] muds ys[ku us ijaijk] vfo'okl vksj fujdqa'kokn dh vkykspuk dha jhfr&fjoktksa dh txg foosd ds 'kklu ij cy fn;ka ppz dh /kkfezd vksj jkt; dh fujdaaq'k lùkk ij geyka NikbZ us okn&fookn dh ubz lald`fr dks tue fn;ka 4- gkfkksa ls fy[kh iqlrdksa dks ikamqfyfi;k dgrs gsaa 1½ fdrkcksa dh c<+rh ek x] ikamqfyfi;ksa ls iwjh ugha gksus okyh FkhA udy mrkjuk csgn [kphzyk] le; vf/kd yxuk] ek x iwjh uk gksuka ;s cgqr uktqd gksrh FkhaA j[kj[kko esa] ysus ys tkus esa eqf'dy FkhA mijksdr lel;kvska dh otg ls mudk & vknku&iznku eqf'dy FkkA 21

40 5-1½ eqfnzr iz.kkyh us u, fopkjksa ds fodkl] izlkj vksj vfhko;fdr gsrq,d u, IysVQkeZ dk fodkl fd;ka 5½ eqfnzr iz.kkyh lapkj dk lcls llrk vksj ljy lk/ku FkkA ;s Hkkjr ds yksxksa dh lel;k dks mtkxj djrs FksA /kkfezd iqlrdsa cm+h rknkn esa O;kid tu leqnk; rd igq p jgh FkhA v[kckj Hkkjrh; ewy ds,d {ks= ls nwljs {ks= rd lekpkj igq pkrs FksA 6-1½ neudkjh uhfr ds ckotwn jk"vªoknh v[kckj ns'k ds gj dksus esa c<+rs&qsyrs x,a 5½ mugksaus vksifuosf'kd dq'kklu ds ckjs esa fy[kka iatkc ds Økafrdkfj;ksa dks fxj rkj djus ij cky xaxk/kj fryd us viuk dsljh lekpkj i= NkikA iatkc rfkk ns'k ds vu; Hkkxksa esa jk"vªh; vkanksyu dks cy feyka cky xaxk/kj fryd dks fxj rkj djus dk iwjs Hkkjr esa fojks/k gqvka 7-1½ tks yksx i<+ ugha ikrs Fks os Hkh cksydj i<+us okys yksxksa dks lqudj [kq'k gksrs FksA yksdxhr vksj dfkkvksa dk NiukA lfp= fdrkcksa dk NiukA bugsa xzkeh.k lhkkvksa esa] 'kgjh 'kjkc[kkuksa esa xk;k lquk;k tkrk FkkA 8-1½ tc fdlh fjiksvz dks ckxh djkj ns fn;k tkrk Fkk rks mls Nius ls iwoz psrkouh nh tkrh Fkh vksj uk ekuus ij fizafvax izsl t+cr dj yh tkrh FkhA Hkkjr esa v[kckj ds ek/;e ls c<+ jgs jk"vªokn vfkkzr~ fczfv'k fojks/kh fopkj/kkjk ds fu;a=.k ds fy,a Hkkjr esa Nius okys lhkh ns'kh v[kckjksa ds izdk'ku ij ut+j j[kus ds fy,a 9-1½ ekfvzu ywfkj us jkseu dsfkksfyd dh dqjhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq, 95 LFkkiuk,a fy[kha bldh,d Nih izfr fovsucxz ds fxjtk?kj ds njokts ij Vk xh xbza ywfkj ds ys[k cm+h rknkn esa Nkis x,a urhtk ppz dk fohkktu gks x;k vksj izksvslvsav /kez lq/kkj dh 'kq:vkr gqbza 10-1½ mnkjoknh firk vksj ifr vius ;gk vksjrksa dks?kj ij i<+kus yxsa 22

41 'kgjksa esa NksVs&NksVs Ldwy [kqys rks mugsa Ldwy Hkstus yxsa ckxh vksjrksa us bu izfrca/kks dks vlohdkj dj fn;ka 11-1½ enzkl esa llrh fdrkcsa pksd&pksjkgksa ij csph tk jgh FkhA vc xjhc yksx Hkh mugsa [kjhn ldrs FksA 5½ lkoztfud iqlrdky; [kqyuk] 'kgjksa] dlcksa rfkk laiuu xk oksa esaa iqflrdkvksa vksj fuca/kks esa tkfrxr Hksn ds ckjs esa fy[kuka etnwjh esa lk{kjrk vk,] u'kk[kksjh de gksa jk"vªokn dk lans'k vke vkneh rd igq p jgk FkkA 23

42 ikb & 8 ^^miu;kl] lekt vksj bfrgkl** ;kn j[kus dh ckrsa %& 1- miu;kl & lkfgr; dh,d vk/kqfud fo/kk ftldh isnkb'k Nkis[kkus ds e khuh vfo dkj ls gqbza 2- miu;kl dk fodkl & baxysam vksj Ýkal esa 18oha lnh esa gqvka 3- /kkjkokfgd &,slh i)fr ftlesa dgkuh dks fdlrksa esa Nkik tkrk gsa 4- igyk /kkjkokfgd miu;kl lu~ 1836 esa Nik FkkA 5- Hknz lekt & Å ps [kkunku esa isnk gksus okys vksj Å ph gsfl;r dk nkok djus okys yksxa 6- tu Hkk"kk & lkeku; cksypky dh Hkk"kkA 7- O;aX; & ys[ku] fp=dkjh] js[kkadu ds ek/;e ls gkl;ind vksj prqj <ax ls lekt dh vkykspuk dk fu:i.ka 8- nklrku & lkgl] ohjrk vksj prqjkbz ds fdllksa dh yach ijaijk tks Q+kjlh vksj mnwz esa FkhA 9- fgunh dk igyk miu;kl fy[kus dk Js; fnyyh ds Jhfuokl nkl dks tkrk gsa 10- tkslq dkwujsm ¼1857&192 tsls ys[kdksa us vius miu;klksa esa vksifuosf'kd xqykeh ds L;kg i{k dks mtkxj fd;ka 11-,feyh tksyk dk tfezuy ¼1885½ [knku etnwjksa dh 'kkspuh; gkykr dks n'kkzrk gsa 12- xksnku ¼1936½ izsepan dh e'kgwj d`fr gs tks Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ij fy[kk egku miu;kl gsa 13- izeq[k miu;kldkj miu;kl gsujh QhfYMax pkylz fmdsul VkWe tksul gkmz VkbEl] vksfyoj fvolv 24

43 ckck i.kth Jhfuokl nkl jksds;k gqlsu izsepan cafde panz pvksik/;k; ;equk i;zvu ijh{kk xq: lqyrkuk t Mªhe lsoklnu] jaxhkwfe] xksnku] fuezyk nqxsz'kuafnuh] vkuan eb y?kq iz'u ¼1 vad okys½ %& 1- igyk Hkkjrh; miu;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k Fkk\ 2- lksnkeuh miu;kl fdl Hkk"kk eas gs\ 3- banqys[kk miu;kl fdl Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k\ 4- fganh miu;kl dk ikbd oxz fdlds ys[ku ls isnk gqvk\ 5- es;j vkwq dslvjfczt uked miu;kl ds ys[kd dksu gs\ 6- pkylz fmdsul dh igyh /kkjkokfgd if=dk dksu lh Fkh\ 7- i=kred miu;kl D;k gksrk gs\ 8- Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud miu;kl dk fodkl dc gqvk\ 9- ljlorhfot;e fdl ys[kd dh jpuk gs\ 10- ijh{kk xq: miu;kl fdl 'ksyh esa fy[kk gs\ 11- rfey Hkk"kk ds yksdfiz;,sfrgkfld miu;kdkj dksu gsa\ 12- caxkyh esa fy[kk tkus okyk igyk miu;kl dksu lk Fkk\ 13- dknecjh dk ys[kd dksu gs\ 14- caxky ds nks yksdfiz; miu;kldkjksa ds uke fy[kks\ 15- gksjh vksj /kfu;k fdl miu;kl ds izfl) ik= gsa\ 16- ikamqfyfi;k D;k gksrh gsa\ y?kq@nh?kz mùkjh; iz'u ¼3@5 vad okys½ 1- miu;kl cgqr lkjh lald`fr;ksa dks,d lkfk feykrk gs] Li"V dhft,\ 2- miu;klksa us fdl izdkj Lora=rk lsukfu;ksa dks izsfjr fd;k\ 3- miu;kl fdl izdkj vksifuosf'kd ekufldrk dks mtkxj djrs gsa\ mnkgj.k 25

44 nsdj le>kb,\ 4- Hkkjr eas lkekftd lq/kkj ds {ks= esa miu;kldkjksa dh Hkwfedk mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls le>kb,a 5- Hkkjr esa lkekftd lq/kkj ds {ks= esa miu;kldkjksa dh Hkwfedk mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls le>kb,\ 6- fczvsu esa efgyk ikbdksa dh o`f) ds fy, mùkjnk;h dkjdksa dk o.kzu dhft,a 7-19oha lnh ds ;qokvksa ds fy, fdl izdkj ds miu;kl fy[ks x,\ O;k[;k dhft,a 8- fgunh ds igys vk/kqfud miu;kl dk uke fyf[k, tks lcls vf/kd fcdka bldk ys[kd dksu Fkk\ ;g vf/kd izfl) D;ksa gqvk\ 9- izsepun ds miu;klksa ds ik= lekt ds fofhkuu oxks± ls?kqy&fey x;s gsa\ Li"V dhft,a 10- jksds;k gqlsu ds f'k{kk vksj lkfgr; ds {ks= esa ;ksxnku dh O;k[;k djksa 11- izkjafhkd caxkyh Hkk"kk ds miu;klksa dh fo'ks"krk, fy[kksa 12- vksifuosf'kd Hkkjr eas miu;kl fdl rjg mifuos k vksj jk"vªokfn;ksa ds fy, ykhknk;d Fkk\ 13- miu;klksa esa oxkzd;wyj Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k x;k\ 14- gkmz VkbEl dh jpuk fdlus dh\ bldh fo"k; olrq dh O;k[;k dhft,\ 15- vlfe;k miu;kl dh izeq[k jpukvksa,oa mlds fodkl dh O;k[;k dhft,\ 16- ey;kye esa fy[kk miu;kl banqys[kk esa fdl eqn~ns dks mtkxj fd;k gs\ mùkj ekyk %&,d vadh; iz'uksa ds mùkj %& 1- ejkbh 2- mfm+;k 3- ey;kye 4- nsodh uunu [k=h 5- VkWel gkmhz 6- fidfod isilz 26