Concept of Gender Equality in Sikhism : A Critical Study

Transcription

1 Since Mrch 2002 P oliticl Science An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 125, Vol - XIII (6), August , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Concept of Gender Equlity in Sikhism : A Criticl Study The term 'gender equlity' mens both men nd women re equl nd possesses equl rights. But before the time period of Sikh Gurus, the position of women ws very demening, derogtory nd continully deteriorting. They remined ill-treted. During 15th century, Guru Nnk nd his successors dvocted equl sttus for women with glen in ll spheres of life. The hymn of Guru Nnk recorded t SGGS: 473, 'So kiqu mnd khiye, jit jmmeh rjn', ccords high sttus to women, who were hitherto subjected to subjugtion, humilition nd disrespect by men, in generl nd the priestly clss in prticulr. The present pper discussed the miserble position of women nd the contribution of Sikh Gurus regrding the women upliftment. It lso highlights the need of the hour to understnd the true spirit of the hymns of Sikh Gurus for the betterment of womnhood. GURPREET KAUR Men nd women re two inseprble prts of humn society so they should hve equl opportunities for development in different spheres of life. The term gender equlity is very much populr in this context. Sociologiclly the word 'gender' refers to socilly constructed role behviour, ctivities nd ttributes. Gender which derives from Ltin word 'gender' is more sociologicl relity. The terms gender nd sex re often used interchngebly, however, they re distinct concepts. The term sex refers to biologicl differences between femles nd mles; these differences re nturl nd therefore re unlterble. The most importnt sex differences re those tht re linked to reproduction. 'Gender' on the other hnd, is culturl term; it refers to the different roles tht society scribes to men nd women. Gender differences re typiclly imposed through contrsting stereotypes of 'msculinity' nd 'femininity'. (1) The term 'equlity', 'equl' nd 'eqully' signify qulittive reltionship. Equlity usully refers to how humns re equl, the sme nd deserving therefore, of equl tretment by the society nd government or equl conditions in life. The bsis for this modern notion of humn equlity found in John Locke's mterilistic philosophy tht emphsizes equl rights to members of the sme species. This equlitrin theory emphsize 'humnness' over individul differences in rce, colour, sex, religion, ntionlity, disbility, eduction, culture, tlents, bilities, ccomplishments or interest. From this biologicl bsis of equlity, the concept of equlity before the lw or government tretment of ll on n equl bsis (rther thn discrimintion) is dvnced. (2) Sikhism, the youngest religion, over five hundred yers go tught nd prctised tht ll people re equl. Mny verses in the compositions of Guru Nnk stte the idel of Gender Equlity. God hs no gender. He is in ll living beings. The one who creted the 'vessels' plced the sme light in ll. His light is in every 'hert'. God creted both 'mn nd womn' nd His light is in both 'mn nd womn'. Both femle nd mle re devotees of God. Thus, t one level Sikh religion upholds womn's equlity with mn. (3) Before the time period of Sikh Gurus, Indin society ws pssing through criticl sitution. Indin women were tightly tied down in the shckles of cruel, inhumn nd evil socil customs. During tht time period, women hd n inferior sttus. The customs of juhr, sti, femle infnticide, child mrrige nd purdh hd creted hell on erth for the femle sex. Sikh Gurus hd mde rdicl deprture in remining the unequl brriers between men nd women nd plyed n importnt role in the direction of Gender Equlity. Guru Nnk introduced the concept of Sngt nd Pngt. Sngt mens holy congregtion where both men nd women cn sit together nd eqully prticipte in reciting the prises of the Divine nd Pngt-sitting together, irrespective of cste or socil sttus difference, to et common mel in the institution of Lngr. Women were never excluded from ny specific tsk. Both men nd women took equl prt in essentil tsk, i.e. drwing wter from wells, reping nd grounding corn, cooking in the kitchen nd clening of the dishes. The Guru Nnk sys: All- Come, my der sisters nd spiritul compnions; Hug me close in your embrce. Let's join together, nd tell stories of our Powerful Husbnd Lord. (4) Guru Nnk is Indi's first prophet who promoted gender justice forcefully nd gve equl rights to womn. He declred in eloquent terms tht would be unfir to condemn those who give birth to kings nd Rj Yogis. Therefore we must not cll her bd, becuse mn is incomplete without womn. Our birth is from womn nd our body is shped in her womb. All socil reltions nd socil bindings exist due to women. Survivl of Reserch Scholr (Deprtment of Politicl Science), Punjbi University, Ptil (Punjb) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

2 rce is possible only becuse of women. Kings, the rulers re born from women. Why should the mother of king be clled sinner. When the king himself is considered to bove ll blme. (5) As Guru Nnk sid : So, why cll her bd? From her, kings re born. (6) Veiling of women ws quite common when Guru Nnk ws born. It contributed to the perception tht women were inferior. Guru Nnk explined tht women re being suppressed when they re veiled. Purdh system or wering of Ghoongt deprived the women of free movement in society. Sikh Gurus strongly criticized this custom. Guru Nnk sid: My shyness nd hesittion hve died nd gone, And I wlk with my fce unveiled. (7) The prctice of Sti hd been widely prevlent in Indi from erly times. The term sti mens burning of women long with the ded bodies of their husbnds. Guru Amrds denounced Sti by sying tht love nd remembrnce nd not flmes should consume the body of widow. There is no reson tht cn justify tht widow should burn herself live with her ded husbnd. Guru Amrds mde it very cler tht the brbrous ct of sti must stop. According to Guru Amrds, rel sti is one who bers the shock of her husbnd's deth, remins humble, serves humnity nd prys dily. Thus, sti is one who sublimtes her pngs of seprtion. As third Guru Amrds sid : Do not cll them 'stee', who burn themselves long With their husbnds' corpses. O' Nnk, they lone re known s 'stee', who die From the shock of seprtion. (8) For the missionry work, Guru Amrds estblished 22 mnji'sfor preching religion out of which he grnted 2 mnji'sto two women. He lso ppointed 52 women missionries to educte women in the three R's nd lso to spred Sikhism. The step, the Guru took to dvocte the equlity of women revolutionized the trdition of Indin society. As they begn to prtke in socil, religious nd politicl ffirs, their contribution nd worth s equl prtners of mn become more obvious. (9) The fourth Guru Rm Ds, sid tht God lives in every hert nd God lso trets everybody s equl. There is no difference between men nd women. God's grce is bestowed to ll. Men-women nd ll others re equl in God's vision. As Guru Rm Ds sid : You dwell deep within ech nd every hert. All shre in your Grce; none re beyond you. (10) Dowry is money to be pid by the bride's prents to the fmily of the bridegroom t the time of mrrige. In ddition the bride's prents lso py for ll the expenses of the mrrige. The mount to be pid depends upon the demnds of the bridegroom's prents nd the bility of the bride's prents to py. The Gurus knew tht dowries were one of the resons why prents kill their dughters. Sikh Gurus preched nd sid very clerly tht both offering nd ccepting of dowry ws ginst the techings of the Sikh Religion. The Sikh Religious code clled Rht Mryd sttes very clerly tht one who gives son or dughter in mtrimony for price or rewrd must be boycotted utomticlly. (11) So for the betterment of femle sex nd the dvncement of term Gender Equlity, the fourth Guru Rm Ds mde it cler bout the type of dowry dughter should sk from her fther. The Guru sid: O, My fther, give me the Nme of the Lord God s my wedding gift nd dowry. Give me the Lord s my wedding gown, nd the Lord s my glory, to ccomplish my works. (12) Guru Hrgobind respected women by sying; Womn is the conscience of mn. Guru Gobind Singh lso emphsized the spect of equlity prticulrly t the time of the birth of Khls. He invited Mt Shib Dev to put sugr bubbles in the nectr when he hd creted the Khls t Anndpur Shib during (13) Guru Gobind Singh gve Amrit to men nd women like. At the time of Amrit every womn is given the nme "Kur" mening princess. It ws to enhnce the sttus of women. A Sikh womn is n independent entity. She is merged with her husbnd nd t the sme time keeps her independence. She is n individul in her own right. She does not lost herself by ending her identity. She remins Kur till deth nd does not led her life s Mrs. so nd so s in the west. (14) As result Sikh women plyed very prominent role in history. They proved themselves worthy in every sphere they chose to serve. Their heroic stories of courge nd untold scrifice mke us feel proud. Sikh women plyed constructive role in the society like Bbe Nnki, Mt Sulkhni, they cnnot be overlooked becuse they hd ctully supported nd implemented the ides of Guru Nnk. Beside it, Mt Khivi, BibiBhni, Mt Gujri, Mt Sundri's, Mt Shib Kur, Mi Bhgo, Rni Sd Kur nd Mhrni Jind Kur etc. hve plyed n exemplry role in Sikh history. Thus, in Sikh ideology, the notion of gender equlity is still in existence but now, unfortuntely when the question of prctice rises, the sitution is quite pitible nd deplorble. At present time the fct is tht humnkind hs entered into the new millennium nd hs mde tremendous dvncement in science nd technology which hs completely revolutionized everydy life on erth but still mindset of men towrds their counterprts remins unchnged. Crimes like domestic violence, femle feticide, dowry deths, rpe, kidnpping, molesttion, sexul hrssment etc. ginst women re tking plce mercilessly in the society. The sex rtio is declining dy by dy. So, In order to enhnce the sttus of women, Sikhism hs given wide, generous nd liberl model of women libertion. Women cn get true justice nd emnciption if the techings of Sikh scripture re to be put into prctice unconditionlly in letter nd spirit. References : (1) Andrew Heywood, Politicl Ideologies: An Introduction- 3rd Edition, Plgrve Mcmilln, New York, 2005, p (2) Grrett Wrd Sheldon, The Encyclopedi of Politicl Thought, Viv Books Privte Limited, Kolkt, 2005, p. 96. (3) J.S. Grewl, The Sikhs : Ideology, Institutions nd Identity, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2009, p (4) Sri Guru Grnth Shib, p.17. (5) R.N. Singh, "Encyclopedi of Sikh Heritge", Socil Philosophy nd Socil Trnsformtion of Sikhs, Vol. 3, Ajy Verm Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p (6) SGGS, p (7) Ibid., p (8) Ibid., p.787. (9) Vlrie Kur, "Equlity of Women in Sikh Ideology nd Prctice", Abstrcts of Sikh Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 3, Institute of Sikh Studies, Chndigrh, p. 66. (10) SGGS, p. 97. (11) Jspl Singh Myll, Universlity of the Sikh Religion, Myell Publishers, USA, 2006 p (12) SGGS, p. 78. (13) Gurchrn Singh Jito, "Equl Sttus for women in Sikhism", The Sikh Review, Vol. 58: 9, No. 681, The Sikh Culturl Centre, Clcutt, September 2010, p. 24. (14) Diwn Singh, op.cit., p Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

3 Z Since Mrch 2002 P oliticl Science An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 125, Vol - XIII (6), August , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Jele&ceeve cew Deej#eCe keâer Øeemebefiekeâlee SJeb ØeYeeJeMeeruelee : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew Jele&ceeve cew Deej#eCe keâer Øeemebefiekeâlee SJeb ØeYeeJeMeeruelee keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ Deej#eCe Øeehle keâjves keâe JeemleefJekeâ DeeOeej DeeefLe&keâ meercee kesâ Éeje efveoee&efjle nesvee ÛeeefnS~ efheúì[s JeieeX cew Deej#eCe keâer Dehes#eee Mewef#ekeâ lelee DevÙe Ûelegefo&keâ ØeÙeemeeW keâer pùeeoe DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ Deej#eCe DeLeJee Øeoòe megefjeoeedeew keâe meceùe-meceùe hej cetuùeebkeâve lelee meceer#ee DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ Dele: leelkeâeefuekeâ DeeJeMÙekeâlee Fme yeele keâer nw efkeâ Deej#eCe veerefle nj Øekeâej mes vùeeùehetce& ueies Deewj JÙeeJeneefjkeâ he cew Yeer Fmekeâer vùeeefùekeâlee efmeæ nes, keäùeewefkeâ Deye Deiej Ssmee vener ngdee lees YeefJe<Ùe cew DeveeJeMÙekeâ meeceeefpekeâ SJeb jepeveereflekeâ škeâjeje newies, pees henues mes ner efjekebef[le YeejleerÙe meceepe keâes Deewj Yeer DeefOekeâ efjekebef[le keâj owies~ [e@.meefme ØeYee izlrkouk % Hkkjrh; lekt lfn;ks ls tkfr,o oxks es fohkkftr jgk gsa Hkkjrh; lekt es tkfr dh tm+s,d lkekftd llfkk ds :i es vr;ur xgjh gsa Hkkjr es izr;sd tkfr fdlh u fdlh O;olk; ls tqm+h gqbz gs rfkk izr;sd tkfr dh viuh lkekftd,o lklfrd igpku gsa tks tkfr;k fueu O;olk;ks ls tqm+h gqbz gsa os vkffkzd n`f"v ls finm+h gqbz gs vksj lekt es mudks fueu ntkz izkir gs rfkk tks tkfr;k mpp O;olk; ls tqm+h gs] os vkffkzd n`f"v ls lk/ku leiuu gs,o lekt es mudks mpp ntkz izkir gsa bl izdkj vkffkzd n`f"v ls fueu,o mpp tkfr;k Øe'k% finm+s,o vxm+s oxksz es fohkkftr gks x;h gsa ¼1½ ¼vfu:) 1990½A Hkkjrh; lekt dk,d cgqr cm+k fgllk lfn;ks ls vkffkzd n`f"v ls gh ugh oju~ lkekftd] jktuhfrd] 'ksf{kd,o lklfrd n`f"v ls Hkh finm+k gqvk gs vksj bl dkj.k jk"vª dh eq[; /kkjk ls vyx&fkyx jgk gssa Lor=rk ds mijkur,sls i`fkd~ lekt dks jk"vª dh eq[; /kkjk es feykus ds fy, bugs ^^vuqlwfpr oxz* dk ntkz nsrs gq, los/kkfud #i ls ^vkj{k.k* ds lkfk&lkfk vu; fj;k;rs iznku dh x;ha ¼2½ ¼vfu:) izlkn 1991½ izkjfehkd vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vuqlwfpr oxksz ds fy,,d fuf'pr vof/k ds fy, iznku dh x;h Fkh] ijurq ;g vhkh Hkh cjdjkj gsa e.my vk;ksx dh flqkfj'kks ds vk/kkj ij dqn vksj vu; finm+s oxks Z dks bles 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gs rfkk vkjf{kr tkfr;ks dh ;g lwph c<+rh tk jgh gsa vkj{k.k dk y{; vhkh fl) ugh gqvk gsa vkj{k.k dk y{; brus le; ds i'pkr~ Hkh fl) D;ks ugh gqvk gs\vkj{k.k dh ;g vof/k dc rd c<+rh jgsxh\ dc rd bles vu; tkfr;ks dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk jgsxk\ vkfn,sls iz'u gs] ftu ij fookn py jgk gsa ¼3½ ¼lfo/kku lhkk] 1984½A vkj{k.k dk mn~ns'; ;g Fkk fd tks oxz fuczy gs mugs vkj{k.k iznku dj vxm+ s oxksz es 'kkfey fd;k tk;sa Hkkjr dks Lor= gq, yxhkx 62 o"kz chr pqds gs rfkk lfo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds i'pkr~ ls vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk cnlrwj tkjh gsa,sls es ;g iz'u mbuk LokHkkfod gs fd D;k vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izhkko'kkyh <x ls vius mn~ns';ks dh iwfrz es lqy jgh\ D;k ;g orzeku le; es Hkh izklfxd gs\ vkfn,sls iz'u gs ftuds mùkjks dh vko';drk orzeku ifjn`'; es eglwl dh tk jgh gsa bl ifjizs{; es orzeku v/;;u mùkjk[k.m ds gfj}kj tuin es vuqhkokred i)fr ds lkfk leiuu fd;k x;k gsa ¼4½ ¼e.My vk;ksx fjiksvz] 1980½ lkfgfr;d voyksdu % MkW- vfu:) izlkn ¼1991½ us viuh iqlrd ^vkj{k.k lkekftd U;k;,o jktusfrd lurqyu*] es detksj oxksz dh dbz ifjflfkfr;ks ls voxr djk;k gsa vkfn dky ls gh detksj oxksz dk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk jgk gs] mudh i`fkdrk dk folr`r o.kzu mudh iqlrd es fo eku gsa izlrqr iqlrd es crk;k x;k gs fd Lor=rk i'pkr ds n'kdks dh vuqhkwfr Hk;kog jgh gs ftlus lekt dks tksm+us dh vis{kk fohkdr fd;k gsa vkj{k.k ls lel;k?kvh ugh] cfyd c<+h gs] ftlds eq[; dkj.k jktuhfrd lw>cw> dh deh] tulsok dh Hkkouk dk vhkko] izfrc)rk dh deh] vukftzr ykhkks dh yyd] dfkuh vksj djuh es c<+rh [kkbz gsa jktfd'kksj ¼1995½ us vius ys[k ^tkfr dsls VwVsxh** es crk;k gs fd tks tkfr O;oLFkk o"kks Z ls lkekftd] vkffkzd] /kkfezd vlekurk curh tk jgh gs ml tkfr O;oLFkk dks lekir djuk gksxka vkj{k.k ;k yksdrkf=d O;oLFkk es tkfr O;oLFkk lekir ugh gksxh] bls lekir djus ds fy, fofhkuu fo}kuks }kjk ys[kks] fucu/kks] iqlrdks ds ek/;e ls jpukred rfkk vkunksyukred SmeesefmeSš Øeeshesâmej SJeb DeOÙe#e (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), ceefnuee ceneefjeåeeueùe (heer.peer.) keâe@uespe, keâvekeue, nefjéej (GòejeKeC[) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

4 dne mbkus tkus pkfg,a ys[kd us tkfr O;oLFkk dks [kre djus ds fy, Lo.kksZ dks nfyrks ds lkfk O;kid :i ls osokfgd lecu/k cukus gks xs vksj lekt es,d cm+k oxz,slk cusxk] ftldh viuh dksbz tkfr ugh gksxha eksgunkl usfe'kjk; ¼2007½ us viuh iqlrd ^nfyr i=dkfjrk* es crk;k fd vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt es Å p&uhp] vehjh&xjhch cjdjkj gsa lerkewyd lekt cukus ds mn~ns'; ls ys[kd yecs le; ls fgunh i=dkfjrk es nfyr lokyks dks cm+h csckdh ls mbkrs jgs gsa tgk mugksus nksgjh Lo.kZ ekufldrk dks mtkxj fd;k ogh nfyrks es mxz jgs czká.koknh rsoj dks Hkh f'k r ds lkfk vius ys[kks es izlrqr fd;k gsa lq/kk'kq jtu ¼2010½ }kjk izlrqr ys[k ^vkj{k.k % eykbz dks nw/k ls vyx djus dk loky* es dgk gs fd vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds vkj{k.k es Hkh eykbznkj ijr dks vyx j[kus dk le; vk x;k gsa tcfd dsunz ljdkj us vu; finm+s oxksz ds fy, eykbznkj ijr dh vk; lhek <kbz yk[k ls c<+kdj lk<+ s pkj yk[k izfro"kz dj nh vksj bls ihns dh rkjh[k ls ykxw dj fn;ka ys[kd us crk;k fd eykbznkj ijr dh vk; lhek dks Åij c<+kus dk izlrko dsunzh; lkekftd dy;k.k vksj vf/kdkfjrk e=ky; us jk"vªh; finm+k oxz vk;ksx dh flqkfj'k ij Hkstk FkkA v/;;u ds mn~ns'; % ¼1½ vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds lecu/k es tkudkjh izkir djuka ¼2½ vkjf{kr oxz es tkx:drk ds Lrj dk irk yxkuka ¼3½ mùkjk[k.m es vkj{k.k dh izklfxdrk dk irk yxkuka ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ vkj{k.k uhfr us vkjf{kr oxksz ds mrfkku es lkfkzd Hkwfedk fuokzfgr dh gsa ¼2½ vkj{k.k dk vk/kkj tkfr ;k oxz ugh oju~ vkffkzd gksuk pkfg,a ¼3½ orzeku le; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izklfxd gsa v/;;u i)fr % orzeku le; es vkj{k.k dh izklfxdrk,o izhkko'khyrk ds ijh{k.k ds fy, vkuqhkkfod 'kks/k dh los Z{k.k i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gs rfkk v/;;u gsrq mùkjk[k.m ds gfj}kj tuin dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa vr% ;gk leiw.kz tuin es flfkr vkjf{kr oxz dks v/;;u dh tul[;k ekuk x;k gsa v/;;u es gfj}kj tuin ds fofhkuu {ks=ks ls 400,sls O;fDr ftugs vkj{k.k dk ykhk izkir ugh gqvk gs rfkk 200,sls O;fDr tks vkj{k.k dk ykhk izkir dj pqds gs] dks lks)s'; izfrn'kzu dh fof/k ds }kjk pquk x;ka izfrn'kz dk p;u fofhkuu vk;q] oxz] fyx] tkfr oxz] O;olk;,o vkffkzd Lrj ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;ka vkjf{kr oxz ls lwpuk;s,d= dj fu"d"kz fudkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa vkj{k.k dh izhkko'khyrk,o izklfxdrk dk fo'ys"k.k % vkj{k.k ofprks dh n`f"v es % izlrqr 'kks/k ifj;kstuk es ;g tkuus dh ps"vk dh x;h gs fd vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vius mn~ns';ks dh iwfrz es dgk rd lqy jgh gs\ og vkjf{kr oxz ds yksxks ds Lrj dks Åij mbkus es fdl gn rd lqy jgh gs\ vksj D;k vkj{k.k ykhk mugh O;fDr;ks dks fey jgk gs ftugs mldh vko';drk gs\ bl n`f"vdks.k ls vkj{k.k ds ykhk ls ofpr 400 lksn~ns'; izfrn'kz fhkuu vk;q oxz] fyx] f'k{kk oxz] tkfr oxz] O;olk;,o vkffkzd Lrj ds yksxks ls,df=r fd, x,] rkfd Li"V,o fu"i{k tkudkjh izkir dh tk ldsa mùkjnkrkvks ls izkir rf;ks dh tkudkjh dks rkfydk 1 ess n'kkz;k x;k gs % rkfydk 01 % vkj{k.k dk ykhk izkfir ds lecu/k es fopkj Øekd D;k vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh vko`fùk izfr'kr dks leku :i ls feyk gs\ 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;qzdr rkfydk l[;k 01 es iznf'kzr vkdm+ks ls Kkr gksrk gs fd 88 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh dks leku :i ls feyk gs] tcfd 12 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh dks leku :i ls ugh feyk gsa Li"V gs fd vf/kdk'k mùkjnkrkvks dh jk; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izhkko'kkyh ugh jgh gsa bldk dkj.k vf'k{kk] vkkurk] Hkz"Vkpkj,o fj'or[kksjh vkfn gsa vkj{k.k ds lecu/k es tkfr,d egroiw.kz dkjd gsa tc mùkjnkrkvks ls ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd D;k tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k mfpr gs\ bl lecu/k es izkir tkudkjh dks rkfydk 2 es iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gs& rkfydk 02 % tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds lecu/k es fopkj Øekd D;k tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vko`fùk izfr'kr vkj{k.k mfpr gs\ 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;qzdr rkfydk l[;k 02 es iznf'kzr vkdm+ks ls Kkr gksrk gs fd 38 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks us bldk ldkjkred mùkj fn;k] tcfd 62 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks us ekuk fd tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k mfpr ugh gsa vfkkzr vk/ks ls vf/kd mùkjnkrk vkj{k.k ds fy, tkfrxr vk/kkj dks mfpr ugh ekurs gsa mudk ekuuk gs fd vkffkzd vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k gksuk pkfg,a tc mùkjnkrkvks ls ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k fd D;k orzeku es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izklfxd gs\ mùkjnkrkvks ls izkir tkudkjh dks fueu rkfydk es iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gs& rkfydk 03 % vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dh izklfxdrk Øekd D;k vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vko`fùk izfr'kr izklfxdrk gs\ 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;qzdr rkfydk l[;k 03 es iznf'kzr vkdm+ks ls Li"V gs fd 24 izfr'kr mùkjnkrk vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dks orzeku es izklfxd ekurs gs] tcfd 76 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd orzeku le; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izklfxd ugh jg x;h gsa blls Li"V gs fd Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

5 vf/kdk'k mùkjnkrkvks dh jk; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vius mn~ns';ks ls HkVd x;h gs vksj orzeku es ;g izklfxd ugh jg x;h gsa vkj{k.k ykhkkffkz;ks dh n`f"v es % vkj{k.k ls ofprks ds n`f"vdks.k ls Li"V gs fd vkj{k.k O;oLFkk finm+s,o fueu oxz ds yksxks ds Lrj dks Å pk mbkdj lkekftd lekurk ykus es vlqy jgh gsa bl ifjizs{; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dh izhkko'khyrk,o izklfxdrk dh iqf"v ds fy, vkj{k.k ykhkkffkz;ks ds Hkh fopkj tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k tks fueu rkfydk ls Li"V gs& rkfydk 04 % vkj{k.k dk ykhk izkfir ds lecu/k es fopkj Øekd D;k vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh vko`fùk izfr'kr dks leku ykhk feyk gs\ 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;qzdr rkfydk l[;k 04 es iznf'kzr vkdm+ks ls Kkr gksrk gs fd 24 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh dks leku :i ls ugh feyk gs] tcfd 76 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd vkj{k.k dk ykhk lhkh dks leku :i ls feyk gsa vr% Li"V gs fd mùkjnkrkvks ds,d cm+s oxz dh jk; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izhkko'kkyh jgh gsa tc mùkjnkrkvks ls ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k fd D;k tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k mfpr gs\bl lecu/k es izkir tkudkjh dks fueu rkfydk es iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gs& rkfydk 05 % tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds lecu/k es fopkj Øekd D;k tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k mfpr gs\ vko`fùk izfr'kr 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;q ZDr rkfydk ls Li"V gs fd 61 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks us tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k dks mfpr crk;k gs tcfd 39 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks us tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k dks mfpr ugh ekuka mudk dguk gs fd vkj{k.k dk vk/kkj vkffkzd gksuk pkfg, u fd tkfra tc mùkjnkrkvks ls ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k fd D;k orzeku es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izklfld gs\ mùkjnkrkvks ls izkir tkudkjh dks fueu rkfydk es iznf'kzr fd;k x;k gs& rkfydk 06 % vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dh izklfxdrk Øekd D;k vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vko`fùk izfr'kr izklfxd gs\ 1 gk ugh ;ksx mi;qzdr rkfydk l[;k 06 es iznf'kzr vkdm+ks ls Kkr gksrk gs fd 82 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks us bldk ldkjkred mùkj fn;k tcfd 18 izfr'kr mùkjnkrkvks dk ekuuk gs fd orzeku le; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk izklfxd ugh jg x;h gsa vr% vkdm+ks ls Li"V gs fd vf/kdk'k mùkjnkrkvks dh jk; es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk vius mn~ns';ks es lqy jgh gs vksj orzeku es Hkh ;g izklfxd gsa fu"d"kz,o lq>ko % ¼1½ vkj{k.k dk ykhk vkjf{kr oxz ds lhkh O;fDr;ks dks leku :i ls ugh feyk gs] D;ksfd vkjf{kr oxz es,d fo'ks"k oxz gh yxkrkj vkj{k.k dk ykhk mbk jgk gs rfkk nwljk oxz bl ykhk ls ofpr gsa ¼2½ vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ls vkjf{kr oxz ds lkekftd&vkffkzd Lrj es lq/kkj gqvk gs ysfdu blds ckotwn Hkh ;g lekt es lkekftd&vkffkzd lekurk ykus es vlqy jgh gsa ¼3½ vkj{k.k izkir mùkjnkrk tgk tkfr ds vk/kkj ij vkj{k.k dks mfpr ekurs gs] ogh vkj{k.k ofpr vu; fodyiks ftues vkffkzd vk/kkj eq[; gs] dh ckr djrs gsa ¼4½ vf/kdk'k mùkjnkrk vkj{k.k O;oLFkk es lq/kkj dh ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gsa ¼5½ tgk,d vksj vf/kdk'k vkj{k.k ykhkkfkhz orzeku es vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dks izklfxd ekurs gs] ogh nwljh vksj vf/kdk'k vkj{k.k ofpr bls izklfxd ugh ekurs gsa vkj{k.k O;oLFkk dh lqyrk ds fy, dqn lq>ko % vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds lecu/k es oklrfodrk ;g gs fd vusd o"kks Z rd uhfr fu/kkzjdks,o vu; fo}kuks }kjk xehkhj iz;kl djus ds mijkur Hkh vkj{k.k dk dksbz Bksl LFkk;h fodyi vkt rd izkir ugh gks ldk gsa vr% ;g Li"V ugh gs fd dksu lh vkj{k.k uhfr orzeku nksj es mi;qdr,o de fooknklin gksxh] D;ks fd vkj{k.k tc rd jgsxk] fookn rc rd LFkk;h :i ls cuk jgsxka blfy, ges de ls de fooknklin dkjdks dks viukuk gsa ¼1½ vkj{k.k izkir djus dk oklrfod vk/kkj vkffkzd lhek ds }kjk fu/kkzfjr gksuk pkfg,a ¼2½ finm+ s oxks Z es vkj{k.k dh vis{kk 'ksf{kd rfkk vu; prqfnzd iz;klks dh T;knk vko';drk gsa ¼3½vkj{k.k vfkok iznùk lqfo/kkvks dk le; ij ewy;kdu rfkk leh{kk vko';d gsa vr% rrdkfyd vko';drk bl ckr gs fd vkj{k.k uhfr gj izdkj ls U;k;iw.kZ yxs vksj O;kogkfjd :i es Hkh bldh U;kf;drk fl) gksa D;ks fd vc vxj,slk ugh gvk rks Hkfo"; es vuko';d lkekftd,o jktuhfrd Vdjko gks xs] tks igys ls gh fo[kfmr Hkkjrh; lekt dks vksj Hkh vf/kd fo[kfmr dj ns xsa lunhkz % ¼1½ vfu:) izlkn ¼1990½] fjtos Z'ku ikwfylh,.m iz SfDVl bu bf.m;k] ubz fnyyh] 1990] i`"b 38- ¼2½ vfu:) izlkn ¼1991½] vkj{k.k lkekftd U;k; vksj jktuhfrd lrqyu] jkor ifcyds'ku] t;iqja ¼3½ MkW- vfu:) izlkn ¼1991½] vkj{k.k lkekftd U;k;,o jktuhfrd lurqyu] jkor ifcyds'ku] t;iqja ¼4½ MkW- vcjkj vgen ¼1995½] nfyr jktuhfr vksj dkxz sl] uohkkjr VkbZEl] ubz fnyyh] 10 fnlecja ¼5½ MkW- xksfoun lnkf'ko ¼1961½] tkfr] oxz vksj O;olk;] cecbza ¼6½ eksgunkl usfe'kjk; ¼2007½] nfyr i=dkfjrk Hkkx&1] Jh uvjkt izdk'ku],- 607@12] lkmfk xkom+h,dlvs 'ku] fnyyha ¼7½ jktfd'kksj ¼1995½] tkfr dsls VwVsxh] uohkkjr VkbEl] 21 uoecja ¼8½ e.my vk;ksx fjiksvz 1980] Hkkx&,dA ¼9½lfo/kku lhkk okn fookn] [k.m&lkr] 30 uoecj] 1984] i`- 1062&67- ¼10½ lq/kk'kq jtu ¼2010½] vkj{k.k % eykbz dks nw/k ls vyx djus dk loky] fgunqlrku VkbEl] 27 uoecj] 2010] gfj}kja Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

6 Since Mrch 2002 P oliticl Science An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 125, Vol - XIII (6), August , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No efjejeskeâevevo keâer DeeoMe& jepùe keâer heefjkeâuhevee : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew efjejeskeâevevo keâer DeeoMe& jepùe keâer heefjkeâuhevee keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efjejeskeâevevo ves Deheves efce$eew keâes he$e cew efuekee nw efkeâ, cesje Ùen efjeõeeme nw efkeâ peye lekeâ Skeâ peeefle, Skeâ Jeso lelee Meeefvle SJeb Skeâlee nesieer, leyeer melùeùegie (mjece&ùegie) DeeSiee~ melùe keâe efjeûeej ner Yeejle keâes hegve ppeerefjele keâjsiee, efjeõeeme jkew~ Ùener DeeoMe& jepùe SJeb DeeoMe& meceepe keâer efjejeskeâevevo keâer heefjkeâuhevee ÙegieeW lekeâ nceejer efomee leùe keâjleer jnsieer~ efkeâleveer ienjef& mes mecepee Lee, efjejeskeâevevo ves YeejleerÙe meceepe Je JÙeJemLee keâes Deewj pees heefjkeâuhevee os hees, Jen nceejer Deveceesue mecheefòe nesieer~ jjeervõveele šwieesj ves mener ner keâne nw, Yeejle keâes mecepevee nw, lees efjejeskeâevevo keâe heì{vee nesiee~ Øees.njerefmebn kegâmejeen* SJeb Øees.(ßeerceleer) YeeJevee kegâmejeen** vkn'kz dh ifjdyiuk ekuo dk LoHkko jgk gsa LoIu ns[kuk ekuo dh LokHkkfod xq.k gsa vkn'kzoknh n`f"vdks.k dk lewpk fpru lekt es fodklkred izxfr gksus ds O;kid fopkj ds ewy ij vk/kkfjr gsa mles ;g fo'okl n`<+ gksrk gs fd euq"; viuh cqf)] f'k{kk vksj fokku ds mi;ksx ls bruh muufr dj ysxk fd Hkfo"; es,d vkn'kz jkt; dh ifjdyiuk djuk LokHkkfod gs & vkn'kz jkt; dslk gksuk pkfg,a oklro es ;g vkn'kz jkt; 'kkfr vksj U;k;iw.kZ lekt O;oLFkk es fo'okl djrk gsa tgk lekt dk gj O;fDr lq[kh] leiuu jgdj veu ls thou O;frr djs] ftles O;fDr o lekt dk lokzxh.k fodkl gksa jk"vª fodkl dh vksj fujurj c<+sa lekt dks gh lr; dk leeku djuk gksxk] vu;fkk lekt u"v gks tkosxka foosdkuun dk dguk gs & **ogh lekt lcls Js"B gs] tgkw lokszpp lr; dks ifj.kr fd;k tk ldrk gsa** ;gh esjk er gsa dslk gksxk vkn'kz jkt; o lekt \ ;g ifjdyiuk ekuo ds fujurj fpru dk fo"k; jgh gsa gj dky[k.m es egku fopkjd] us tks vkn'kz O;oLFkk lksph og gekjh vueksy /kjksgj jgh gsa IysVks ds vkn'kz jkt; rfkk egkrek xk/kh ds jkejkt; dh gh rjg vkn'kz jkt; ds lc/k foosdkuun dh dyiuk mppre fpru,o Js"Bre fopkjks dk Qy jgh gsa foosdkuun us vkn'kz jkt; ds ckjs es dgk gs & **ckã LoxZ ;k jkejkt; dk vflrro dsoy dyiuk es gh gs ijurq euq"; ds Hkhrj budk vflrro igys ls gh gsa dlrwjh dh lqx/k ds dkj.k dh O;FkZ [kkst djus ds ckn] dlrwjh&e`x vr es mls vius es gh ikrk gsa** euq"; vo;dr czã gsa iwtk] mikluk] izkfkzuk] efnj] ewfrz vkfn lc ek= ckgjh lg;ksxh rro ek= gsa eq[; ekuo dk nsoro :i mls izdv fd;k tkuk pkfg,a gekjk nsoro vfhko;dr gksa ge Hkys cus o Hkyk djsa vpnk dk;z djs] vpnk lksps] vpnk Hkko j[ksa tks vpnk dk;z dj jgs gs mudh iz'klk dj vpns dk;z dks vfhkiz sfjr djrs jgsa cqjs dk;ks Z dks fu:rlkfgr djs rhkh vpnk lekt] jk"vª o O;oLFkk fufezr gks ldrh gsa vkt bldh furkr vko';drk gsa yunu ls dqekjh esjh gsy dks fy[ks i= es foosdkuun ds vkn'kz jkt; dh ifjdyiuk mhkj dj vkrh gsa mugks us fy[kk Fkk& **ekuoh; lekt ij pkjks o.kz iqjksfgr] lsfud] O;kikjh] etnwj ckjh&ckjh ls jkt; djrs gsa gj volfkk dk viuk xksjo,o nks"k gksrk gsa tc czkã.k dk jkt; gksrk gs] rc tue ds vk/kkj ij Hk;dj i`fkdrk jgrh gsa iqjksfgr Lo; vksj muds o'kt ukuk izdkj ds vf/kdkjks ls lqjf{kr jgrs gsa buds vfrfjdr vksj fdlh dks dksbz Kku ugh gksrk gs] u gh fdlh vu; dks f'k{kk nsus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gsa bl fof'k"v dky es jgl; fo kvks dh uho im+rh gs] ;gh bldk xksjo gs] czkã.k eu dks muur djrk gsa {kf=; jkt; Øwj vksj vu;k;iw.kz gksrk gs] ijurq bles i`fkdrk ugh gksrh gsa buds dky es dyk vksj lkekftd f'k"vrk muufr ds f'k[kj ij igq p tkrh gsa mlds ckn os'o jkt; vkrk gs] mles dqpyus dh vksj [kwu&pwlus dh eksu 'kfdr vr;ur Hkh"k.k gksrh gsa bldk ykhk ;g gs fd O;kikjh lc txg tkrk gsa blfy, og igyh nksuks volfkkvks ds,df=r fd, x, fopkjks dks QSykus es lqy gksrk gs] mues {kf=;ks ls Hkh i`fkdrk gksrh gs] ijurq lh;rk dh voufr vkjhk gks tkrh gsa vr es vk,xk etnwjks dk jkt;a bldk ykhk gksxk HkkSfrd lq[kks dk leku forj.k vksj gkfu gksxh ¼dnkfpr½ lh;rk dk fueu Lrj rd fxj tkuka lk/kkj.k f'k{kk dk izpkj cgqr gksxk] ijurq vlkeku; izfrhkk'kkyh O;fDr de gks tk,xsa** *ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, Oeej (ceoùeøeosme) **meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, Oeej (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

7 foosdkuun dk vkn'kz jkt; o.kz vk/kkj rro voxq.k vkn'kz jkt; czkã.k Kku i`fkdrk leuo; xq.kksz ls cqf)cy Kku ij,dkf/kdkj ;qdr {kf=; lh;rk dzwj o vu;k;iw.kz ¼$½ ckgqcy dyk&f'k"vrk f'k[kj ij os'; izpkj 'kks"k.k dh eksu {kerk ¼$½ /kucy lozo;kih izpkj 'kqnz lekurk leku forj.k voxq.kks tucy lh;rk es fxjkov ls eqdr ¼vkn'kZ jkt; og gksxk ftles czkã.k ;qx ds Kku] {kf=; ;qx ds ijkdze os'; ;qx dh le`f) vksj 'kwnz ;qx dh lekurk es lrqyu dk;e j[kk tk lds½ ;fn,slk jkt; LFkkfir gksuk lhko gks] ftles czkã.k dky dk Kku] {kf=; dky dh lh;rk] os'odky dk izpkj Hkko vksj 'kwnz dky dh lekurk j[kh tk lds] voxq.kks dks R;kxk tk lds rks ;gh vkn'kz jkt; gksxka fdurq D;k ;g dhkh lhko gs\ Kku] lh;rk] izpkj o lekurk ds leuo; ls gh vkn'kz jkt; dk fuekz.k lhko gsa jk"vªks ds bfrgkl es ] izkjhk es lnso gh ljdkj iqjksfgrks ds gkfk jgh gsa lhkh f'k{kk&nh{kk iqjksfgrks ls fu%l`r gqbza iqjksfgrks ds ckn 'kklukf/kdkj glrkrfjr gksrk gs vksj {kf=;ks dh jkt'kfdr dk mn; gksrk gs] lsfud 'kklu dk Js; feyrk gsa lnso gh ;g lr; gqvk gs vksj vur es fodkl dk pxqy vkrk gs vksj yksx mles Q ldj vf/kd 'kfdr'kkyh vksj cczj tkfr;ks ds v/khu gks tkrs gs jkt; j{kk] vius Hkksx foykl] vius ifjokj dh iqf"v vksj mles Hkh c<+dj iqjksfgrks dh rqf"v ds fy, jktk yksx lw;z dh Hkkfr viuh iztk dk /ku lks[k fy;k djrs FksA cspkjs os'o yksx gh mudh jln vksj nq/kk: xk; FksA fdrus Hkh egk'kfdr'kkyh jktk gks] ;fn fdlh euq"; ds eq g es lnk dksbz vuu dksj Mkyrk jgs rks ml euq"; dh Lo; gkfk mbkdj [kkus dh 'kfdr Øe'k% yqir gks tkrh gsa lhkh fo"k;ks es ftldh j{kk nwljks }kjk gksrh gs] mldh vkrej{kk dh 'kfdr dhkh LQqfjr ugh gksrh gsa nsorqy; jktk dh cm+ s ;Ru ls ikyh gqbz iztk Hkh dhkh Lok;r 'kklu ugh lksprh gsa lnk jktk ij fuhkzj jgdj /khjs&/khjs turk detksj o fudeeh gks tkrh gsa ;g ikyu vksj j{k.k gh cgqr fnuks rd jgus ls lr;kuk'k dk dkj.k gksrk gsa lro] jt] re rhuks xq.kks ds rkjre; ls czkã.k] {kf=;] os'o] 'kqnz pkjks o.kz mriuu gq, vksj ;s pkjks o.kz vukfndky ls lhkh lh; lekt es fo eku gsa dky izhkko ls vksj ns'k Hksn ls fdlh o.kz dh 'kfdr ;k l[;k de T;knk gks le>rh gs] ijurq llkj ds bfrgkl ds vuq'khyu djus ls izrhr gksrk gs fd izkd`frd fu;eks ds o'k czkã.k vkfn pkjks o.kz dze ls i`foh dk Hkksx djsxsa Hkkjr viuh vk/;kfred psruk ds cy ij leiw.kz ekuork dk ekxz fn[kk ldrk gsa ges fo'o dks vk/;kfredrk nsuk gs vksj blls leiw.kz fo'o dks thr ysuk gs ;g ges djuk gh gksxka foosdkuun ekurs Fks fd lekt es o.kz O;oLFkk tue vk/kkfjr ugh gs] dez vk/kkfjr gksrh gsa lekt es cqf)cy] ckgqcy] /kucy o tucy Øe'k% czkã.k] {kf=;] os'o o 'kwnz o.kz curs gsa ftues Øe'k% Kku] lh;rk] izpkj o lekurk ds xq.k dh izeq[krk gksrh gs vksj og ml xq.k dk izrhd cu tkrk gsa foosdkuun ds vuqlkj & orzeku le; es tkfr;kw ds chp dk erhksn pyrk jgk gsa mldk vur gksuk pkfg;sa izr;sd ns'k es loks ZPp leeku {kf=; dks ftuds gkfk es ryokj gs fn;k x;k gsa ftl tkfr es 'kl= cy c<rk gs og {kf=; gks tkrh gsa ftl tkfr es Kku c<+rk gs og czkã.k gks tkrh gsa ftl ftl tkfr es /ku cy vkrk gs og os'o gks tkrh gsa bxys.m dh /otk mlds feyks dh fpefu;k gs] mldh lsuk O;kikjh tgkt gs] mldk ym+kbz dk esnku llkj dk cktkj gsa euq"; cy ds dsunz jktk yksx bugh iqjksfgrks ij fuhkzj FksA mudk ekxzn'kzu jktkvks ds fy, dkqh lg;ksxh Fkk] mudk vk'khokzn gh lozjs"b jktdj FkkA jktk yksxks dks ;s iqjksfgr dhkh Mj fn[kkdj vkkk,w nsrs Fks dhkh fe= cu lykgs nsrs vksj dhkh prqj tky QSykdj mugs my>krs FksA bl ckj vusd ckj jktkdqyks dks bugks us vius o'k es fd;ka czkã.k tkfr drzo; gs fd Hkkjr dh nwljh tkfr;ks ds m)kj dh ps"vk djs A vkb, ge lc czkã.kks dh viwoz es/kk ds lkfk rfkkxr ds ân;] egkuqhkkork vksj vn~hkqr yksdfgrdkjh 'kfdr dks feyk nsa Hkkjrh; o.kz O;oLFkk dks bz'oj }kjk nh xbz loks ZRd`"V lkekftd O;oLFkkvks es ls,d gsa gekjk ;g Hkh fo'okl gs fd ; fi lokzf/kd dy;k.k,o lekt dks y{; izkfir es ifk izn'kzu djus dk Js; blh O;oLFkk ds HkkX; es gsa lekt dy;k.k ds fy, dqy rfkk tkfr fo'ks"k e s fo k vksj 'kfdr dk,d= gksuk dqn le; ds fy, ije vko';d gs] ijurq og 'kfdr loz= QSyus ds fy,,d= gqbz gsa ;fn,slk u rks lekt 'kjhj vo'; rqjur gh u"v gks tkosxka foosdkuun lektokn dh vksj vkdf"kzr jgsa mugks us?kks"k.kk fd Fkh & **es lektoknh gw WA** blfy, ugh fd og lozxq.k leiuu iz.kkyh gs] cfyd Hkw[ks jgus dh vis{kk vk/kh jksvh ik tkuk vpnk gsa lektokn iw thifr;ks ds /kuoku gksus dh izfø;k ij c/ku yxkus es lqy gksrk gsa og cnyko dh jkg fn[kykrk gsa foosdkuun lekurk ds fl)kr es fo'okl djrs FksA lektokn bles lgk;d gksrk gsa ;g oxz fo'ks"k ds fo'ks"kkf/kdkjks dks jksdrk gsa bl O;oLFkk es 'kks"k.k ij yxke yx tkrh gsa foosdkuun dh n`f"v es mpp tkfr;ks ds eqdkcys l?k"kz dj jgh tkfr;k dh dk;z{kerk cgqr T;knk gs vksj os vkrefuhkzj thus es lefkz gsa vc bu fueu tkfr;k es vius vf/kdkjks ds izfr tkx`fr u;s ifjorzu dk ldsr gsa vkn'kz jkt; tu lk/kkj.k dh f'k{kk dh ekx djrk gs mldk eq[; ek/;e f'k{kk gsa lpph f'k{kk og gs tks pfj=cy c<+k;s] cqf) dk fodkl djs,o euq"; dks vkrefuhkzj cuk;sa Hkkjr ds tu& lk/kkj.k dks f'k{kk dk ve`r fiykus dh vko';drk gsa Hkkjr ds f'kf{kr oxz dks vkxs vkuk gksxka f'k{kk :ih 'kl= bugs /kkj.k djokuk gsa os viuh fn'kk Lo; gh <w< ysxsa lekt es ftl xq.k o o.kz dk izhkko f'k[kj ij gksrk gs] ml flfkfr es vpnkb;k o cqjkb;k nksuks gh mhkj dj vkrh gsa vkus okyk le; tucy dk gksxka bls izeq[k gksus ls nqfu;k dh dksbz rkdr ugh jksd ldrha ijurq vkn'kz O;oLFkk o vkn'kz jkt; og gksrk gs ftles Kku] lh;rk] izpkj o lekurk ds xq.kks dk leuo; jgs rfkk tks buds xq.kks ls ;qdr rfkk voxq.kks ls eqdr jgsa Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

8 Z Z gekjk fu;e jgk gs fd o.kz fohkkx] Li/kkZ dk uke] izfrli)kz ds cy dks jksduk] blds vr;kpkjks dks jksn Mkyuk rfkk bl jgl;e; thou es ekuo dk ifk 'kq),o ljy cuk nsuka egkhkkjr es fy[kk gs & lr;;qx ds vkjhk es,d gh tkfr Fkh czkã.k vksj fqj is'ks ds Hksn ls og fofhkuu tkfr;ks es cvh xbza cl] ;gh,d ek= O;k[;k lp o ;qfdriw.kz gsa Hkfo"; es tks dqn gksxk mles czkã.ksrrj lhkh tkfr;kw fqj czkã.k :i es ifj.kr gksxha Hkkjrh; tkfr lel;k dh lgh eheklk ;gh gs mpp o.kks dks fxjkuk ugh gksxk] czkã.kks dk yksi djuk Hkh ugh gksxka lcdks czkg.kro dk iznku djuk gh gekjk pje vkn'kz gksxk pkfg,a fofhkuu Jsf.k;ks es fohkdr gksuk lekt dk LoHkko gsa tkfr fohkkx izkd`frd fu;e gsa lkekftd thou es lcds fhkuu&fhkuu dk;z gks ldrs gs] fdurq blls dksbz cm+k NksVk gksxk ;g ugh gksxk ;g dk;z fohkkx LokHkkfod gksxka thou lel;k ds lek/kku dk ;g,dek= LokHkkfod mik; gsa euq"; vyx o.kks es fohkdr gksxsa ;g rks gksxk gh pkgs dslk Hkh o dksbz Hkh lekt gks ;gh dgh tkfr gs] dgh o.kz gs rks dh oxza bues leuo; o lketl; gh bues mriuu gksus okyh lel;kvks ds gy gsa fdurq ges fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dks tm+ ls m[kkm+ QSduk gksxka mpp o.kksz dks uhps mrkjdj bl lel;k dh eheklk u gksxh] fdurq uhph tkfr;k dks Å ph tkfr ds cjkcj mbkuk gksxka,d Nksj ij czkã.k gs vksj nwljs Nksj ij 'kwnz gsa ges 'kwnz dks czkã.k cukuk gksxka ;gh leiw.kz dk;z gksxka foosdkuun dk n'kzu ges ekuo lsok vksj vk/;kfredrk dh vksj vfhkizsfjr djrk gsa fu%lokfkz csok gh lcls cm+k iq.; gsa ekuo ek= dh lsok bz'oj dh lsok gsa gekjs jk"vª es nfjnz ukjk;.k gh Hkxoku gsa ekuor lsok dk Hkko lekt dks mnkj o l'kdr cukrk gsa jk"vªizse dk Hkko ekuorkoknh vk/kkj nsrk gs] ;g ekuorkoknh n`f"v vknkz jkt; dh ewy 'kfdr gksrh gs ;g vknkz jkt; dh vksj,d dne gsa foosdkuun us lekt ds fy, Lok/khurk dks vko';d ekuk gsa Lok/khurk thou dk ojnku gsa og gekjk thou pje y{; gsa os,d,slk lekt pkgrs Fks] tgk lkekftd llfkk, o lkekftd fu;e ck/kd gs] os lekir gksuk pkfg,a mu llfkkvks dks c<+kok feys tks Lor=rk es lgk;d gksa foosdkuun Lok/khurk dks lc yksxks ds fy, vko';d ekurs gsa gj O;fDr dks leifrr] f'k{kk vksj Kku vftzr djus dh vlhe volj dks Lohdkjrs gsa Lor= Hkkjr mudkloiu Fkk] os Hkkjrekrk dks ijr=rk dh csfm+;ks ls eqdr djokuk pkgrs FksA jk"vªizse dk Hkko tu&tu es lek;k jgsa 'kfdr'kkyh] fuhkhzd] lkglh o n`< cuksa ;g foosdkuun dk lns'k detksjh ij thr dk vpqd ek/;e gsa jk"vª dks 'kfdr'kkyh cukus dk egke= gsa os 'kfdr dks Hko jksx dh nok ekurs FksA 'kfdr dks Hkkjr ds fy, fojklr ekurs FksA es dsoy 'kfdr'kkyh o egk'kfdr Hkkjr ns[kuk pkgrk gwwa ;s lc vkn'kz jkt; dh fn'kk es dne gksxsa foosdkuun ds vuqlkj & **fe=ks! tkfr;ks dk vkil es ym+uk csdkj gsa blls D;k ykhk gksxk\ blls ge cv tk,xs vksj detksj gks tk,xs rfkk vksj Hkh fxj tk,xsa** foosdkuun dgrs gs & Hkkjr es f'kf{kr lekt dh bl ckr ls lger gw fd lekt es vkewy pwy ifjorzu gksuk vko';d gsa esjh ;g ;kstuk gs geus vrhr dky es dqn cqjk ugh fd;ka gekjk lekt [kjkc ugh cfyd vpnk gsa es dsoy pkgrk gww fd vksj Hkh vpnk gksa ges lr; dks mpprj lr; rd] Js"B ls Js"Brj rd igq pkuk gsa es ns'kokfl;ks ls dgrk gw fd vc rd tks rqeus fd;k] lks vpnk fd;k gs] vc bl le; vksj Hkh vpnk djus dk eksdk vk x;k gsa jktk viuh iztk ds ekrk o firk gsa iztk mudh lrku gsa jktk dks viuh iztk dk ikyu lrku dh rjg djuk pkfg,a Hkkjr es o.kz O;oLFkk dk ewy ldkjkred vk/kkj Fkk lekt dh ljpuk dk;z fohkktu ¼deZ vk/kkj½ dk vk/kkj cukdj dh xbza vkt ds fodflr lekt es ;g oxz ds :i es fo eku gsa ;g lxbu o izcu/k dk egroiw.kz vk/kkj gsa tks tue ugh dez vk/kkfjr gsa ;fn ekuo 'kjhj dks leiw.kz lekt ekuk tk; rks bl lekt :ih 'kjhj dk eflr"d ¼efr½ flj gs] cy blh dh Hkqtk, gs] mnj bldh flfkfr gs,o iko xfr gsa xfr ds fcuk izxfr lhko ugh gsa lekt ds fodkl] dy;k.k o fuekz.k ds fy, efr] cy] mnj,o isj dk gksuk vko';d gsa bues lketl; o leuo; gks] rhkh fodkl lhko gsa euq"; fuekz.k] jk"vª fuekz.k dh iz;ksx'kkyk lekt gh gsa jk"vª egk'kfdr cus] ge Lok/khurk ls izse djs] jk"vª ds izfr leiz.k gks] lekurk dk vkn'kz Lohdkj fd;k tk;] ekuorkoknh n`f"vdks.k viuk;s] O;fDr dh xfjek dk;e jgs lk/kuks dh ifo=rk es vklfkk cuh jgs] f'k{kk ls euq"; fuekz.k dh izfø;k tkjh jgs] rhkh vkn'kz jkt; cu ldrk gsa foosdkuun vius fe=ks dks i= es fy[krs gs esjk ;g fo'okl gs tc rd,d tkfr],d osn rfkk 'kkfur,o,drk gksxh rhkh lr;;qx ¼Lo.kZ;qx½ vk;xka lr; dk fopkj gh Hkkjr dks iqu:tthfor djsxka fo'okl j[ksa ;gh vkn'kz jkt;,o vkn'kz lekt dh foosdkuun dh ifjdyiuk ;qxks rd gekjh fn'kk r; djrh jgsxha fdruh xgjkbz ls le>k Fkk foosdkuun us Hkkjrh; lekt o O;oLFkk dks vksj tks ifjdyiuk ns ik;s og gekjh vueksy leifrr gksxha lgh gh dgk gs johunzukfk VSxksj us & Hkkjr dks le>uk gs rks foosdkuun dk i<+uk gksxka lnhkz % ¼1½ foosdkuun lkfgr; ¼[k.M,d ls [k.m nl rd½ % v)sr vkje] dydrrk ¼1985½- ¼2½ Lokeh foosdkuun vksj mudk vonku % v)sr vkje] dydrrk ¼2002½- ¼3½ fo'o fotsrk lu;klh Lokeh foosdkuun % MkW- vkse ukxiky] dey izdk'ku] bunksj ¼1997½- ¼4½ Lokeh foosdkuun ohjsunz xzksoj ¼likfnr½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd fopkjd] 24ok Hkkx] nhi,.m nhi izdk'ku] ubzfnyyh ¼1994½- ¼5½ ikwfyfvdy dklsiv vkwq Lokeh foosdkuun & lty clq] lqtku ifcyds'kul] dydrrk ¼1993½- ¼6½ vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkjd MkW- y{e.k flga ¼7½ Lokeh foosdkuun % jksek jksyk vuqoknd lfppnkuun okrl;k;u **vks;** yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn ¼uoe~ lldj.k½ 1996A Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

9 Since Mrch 2002 P oliticl Science An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 125, Vol - XIII (6), August , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No keâeùe&heeefuekeâe yeveece efjeoeeefùekeâe vùeeefùekeâ meceer#ee hej peodoes ]peno : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e keâeùe&heeefuekeâe yeveece efjeoeeefùekeâe vùeeefùekeâ meceer#ee keâes ueskeâj efuekee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ Deepe pe jle vùeeefùekeâ hegveefve&jer#ece SJeb vùeeefùekeâ meef eâùelee hej Sslejepe peleeves keâer vener, yeefukeâ efjeoeeefùekeâe Je keâeùe&heeefuekeâe keâes mjeùeb keâer meef eâùelee efokeeves keâer nw~ Deepe vùeeefùekeâ meef eâùelee keâe oewj FmeefueS oskeves keâes efceue jne nw, keäùeewefkeâ efjeoeeefùekeâe SJeb keâeùe&heeefuekeâe Deheves oeefùeljeew kesâ efveje&nve kesâ ceeceueew cew Dehesef#ele meef eâùelee keâe heefjûeùe vener os jner nw~ yesnlej nesiee efkeâ osme kesâ mece«e efjekeâeme kesâ efues Ùen pe jer nw efkeâ leerveew mebmleesb Skeâ-otmejs keâer hetjkeâ Deewj ceooieej yeves~ Fmekesâ meele-meele vùeeùeheeefuekeâe Yeer MeerIeÇ SJeb lelhej vùeeùe keâes megefveef eùe keâjs, leeefkeâ veeieefjkeâew keâe DeefOekeâlece keâuùeece nes~ [e@.cegkesâme kegâceej ÙeeoJe Hkkjrh; x.kr= nqfu;k dk lcls cm+k yksdr= gs vksj Hkkjr us llnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh,o x.kr=h; O;oLFkk ds chp vn~hkqr leuo; LFkkfir djrs gq, nqfu;k ds leeq[k,d [kkl felky izlrqr dh gsa Hkkjrh; lfo/kku lhkk us fczvsu dh llnh; loks ZPprk,o l;qdr jkt; vesfjdk dh U;kf;d loks ZPprk ds chp leuo; LFkkfir djrs gq, Hkkjr ds fy, los/kkfud loks ZPprk dh LFkkiuk dha Hkkjr es 'kklu fdlh,d O;fDr vfkok lewg fo'ks"k ;k fqj fdlh jkt?kjkus dk u gksdj turk dk jkt gs vksj lfo/kku us 'kklu dh vfre ckxmksj Hkkjrh; tuekul ds gkfkks es lksih gsa Hkkjrh; lfo/kku us 'kklu ds rhuks vxks es jktdkt ds dk;ksz dk fohkktu djrs gq, lfo/kku dh vfre O;k[;k,o lfo/kku ds ewy&<+kps rfkk blds vkn'kksz ij fuxjkuh djus dk vf/kdkj Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk dks lksik gsa bruk gh ugh Hkkjr dh fo/kkf;dk,o dk;zikfydk ds dk;ks ij U;kf;d leh{kk dk vf/kdkj Hkh lfo/kku ds vuq0 131] 132] 141] 226,o vuq0 246 es U;k;ikfydk dks gh lksik x;k gsa vfkkzr U;k;ikfydk lfo/kku ds fy, ^^okp&mkwx^^ dh Hkwfedk es LFkkfir gsa ¼1½ orzeku Hkkjrh; l?kokn,o Hkkjrh; jktuhfr es tks Toyr eqn~nk cuk gqvk gs] og fo/kkf;dk cuke U;k;ikfydk dk gsa tgk rd ckr los/kkfud O;oLFkk dh gs] rks lfo/kku ds vuqlkj U;k;ikfydk dk dk;z fof/k leh{kk,o U;k; djus dk gsa fo/kkuikfydk dk dk;z tu&dy;k.k,o lq'kklu ds fy, lfo/kkulor~ fof/k fuekz.k dk gs vksj ;fn ;g fof/k vfkok dkuwu lfo/kku lor~ ugh gs rks fqj U;k;ikfydk dks,sls dkuwu dh leh{kk dk vf/kdkj gsa ¼2½ blds lkfk&lkfk ;fn fof/k fø;kuo;u es Hkh dk;zikfydk }kjk dksbz ykijokgh ;k vlos/kkfud d`r; dk izn'kzu fd;k tkrk gs rks bles U;k;ikfydk U;kf;d leh{kk,o fx)&n`f"v j[kus dk vf/kdkj j[krh gsa vfkkzr~ ;fn fo/kkuikfydk Bhd uhfr;ks o dkuwuks dk fuekz.k djs vksj dk;zikfydk lfo/kku ds vk/kkjks] mn~ns';ks,o lfo/kku ds ewy < kps dks /;ku es j[krs gq, fufr&fø;kuo;u djs,o jktdkt lqpk: :i ls pyk;s rc rd U;kf;d ^^okp&mkwx^^ vius dk;z{ks= ls ckgj ughs tkrka ijurq ;fn veqd nksuks vx dk;ks Z es ykijokgh,o dksrkgh cjrsxs] rks U;kf;d leh{kk gksxh ;k fqj U;kf;d lfø;rkokn iuisxka U;kf;d iqufuzjh{k.k rks Hkkjrh; lfo/kku ds dbz vuqpnsnks,o 38os rfkk 42os lfo/kku l'kks/ku }kjk Li"Vr;k ifjhkkf"kr fd;k x;k gs ijurq U;kf;d lfø;rkokn Hkkjrh; jktuhfr es lu~ 1986 ls izkjhk gksdj vc rd fo/kkuikfydkvks,o U;k;ikfydk ds e/; xgu fopkj&foe'kz rfkk tn~nkstgn dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gsa U;kf;d lfø;rk dh 'kq:vkr ekuuh; U;k;k/kh'k U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh vksj U;k;ewfrZ oh-vkj- d`".kk v;~;j us ek=,d ikslvdkmz ij tufgr ;kfpdk dh lquokbz djds dh,o Hkkjr ds U;kf;d bfrgkl es,d ubz vo/kkj.kk dks tue fn;ka olrqr% U;k;ikfydk us 1986 ds ckn dk;zikfydk,o fo/kkuikfydk ds {ks= es ldkjred glr{ksi djuk izkjhk dj fn;k vksj ;gh dk;zokgh U;kf;d lfø;rk ds :i es tkuh xbz gsa,slk blfy, fd;k x;k fd ;fn dksbz O;fDr ;k lewg xjhch] ykpkjh] vlefkzrk ;k lkekftd,o vkffkzd foiuurk ds dkj.k U;k;ky; dk }kj ugh [kv[kvk ldrk rks turk es ls dksbz O;fDr] Hkys gh mldk okn ls lh/kk lc/k u gks] ml O;fDr ;k ihfm+r lewg dh rjq ls lfo/kku ds vuq0 226 ds v/khu mpp U;k;ky; vfkok LkokZsPp U;k;ky; es xqgkj dj ldrk gsa ;g izko/kku,l- ih- xqirk cuke Hkkjr ljdkj ¼1982],l-lh- 149½ eqdn~es ds fu.kz; ds ifj.kkelo:i ykxw gq,a ;g dsoyek=,slh ;kfpdk i)fr gs] ftls ihfm+r i{k dh txg fdlh vu; futh i{k }kjk mbk;k tkrk gs vksj,sls ekeyks es vnkyr Hkh Lor% lkku ys ldrh gsa ¼3½ meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle efje%eeve efjeyeeie), jepekeâerùe ceneefjeåeeueùe, KejKeÌ[e, jsjeeì[er (nefjùeecee) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August

10 njvly U;kf;d leh{kk ds rgr~ vnkyr us turk dks tufgr ;kfpdk ds :i es,d,slk gffk;kj fn;k] ftls tufgr ls tqm+ s elyks ds Rofjr lek/kku ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk lds,o lfo/kku ds ewyhkwr vk/kkjks Lor=rk] lekurk,o U;k; dh oklrfod vfkksz es LFkkiuk gks ldsa tc&tc tufgr ls tqm+s eqn~nks ij dk;zikfydk ;k fo/kkf;dk }kjk ykijokgh cjrus dk ekeyk vk;k gs] U;k;ikfydk us,d dne vkxs c<+dj mu elyks dks vt+ke rd igwqpkus es gjlhko dksf'k'k dha olrqr% U;kf;d lfdz;rk ij Hkkjr ds cm+s&cm+s U;k;k/kh'kks,o lfo/kkufonks us rfkk dkuwu ds fo'ofo[;kr~ izkqsljks us Hkh vius lefkzu dh eqgj yxkbz vksj bl tn~nkstgn dks vkxs c<+k;ka bu lfo/kku~fonks us Hkh fo/kkf;dk rfkk dk;zikfydk dh drzo;foeq[krk dks gh U;kf;d lfdz;rk ds fy, fteesnkj Bgjk;kA bl lnhkz es mppre U;k;ky; ds vf/kodrk iz'kkr Hkw"k.k us fy[kk ^^U;kf;d lfdz;rk rc T;knk t:jh gksrh gs tc ljdkjh r= ;k dk;zikfydk Qsy gks tk;s vksj iwjh O;oLFkk dqn yksxks dh eqb~bh es flfkr gks tk;s tsls vktdy gks jgk gsa U;kf;d lfdz;rk vkt vko';d Hkh gs vksj le; dh t:jr HkhA^^ bruk gh ugh vkbzvkbz-,e- vgenkckn ds iwoz izksqslj,o Mhu MkW0 txnhi,l- Nksdj fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gs ^^cm+s vqlksl dh ckr gs fd yksdr= ds nksuks vx fo/kkf;dk vksj dk;zikfydk vke vkneh dh utjks es viuk fo'okl [kks pqds gsa yksdr= ds bu nksuks LrHkks dh v{kerk vksj mbk, tkus okys vuqfpr dneks ls mits [kkyhiu dks Hkjus ds fy, rhljk LrHk U;k;ikfydk lkeus vk jgh gsa gkykfd ;g lppkbz gs fd vnkyrs Hkh vc lnkpkj dh vkn'kz ugh jgha rks Hkh lexz :Ik ls vke vkneh vkt Hkh U;k;ikfydk ds izfr vklfkkoku gs Hkys gh ;g fdruh gh lqlr D;ks u gksa^^¼4½ U;k;ikfydk dk drzo; gs fd og turk dh ij'kkfu;ks ij /;ku ns ] mudk fujkdj.k djs A dkuwu dk 'kklu cuk;s j[kus ds fy, ;g t:jh gs] ysfdu lel;kvks dk gy fudkyrs le; mls /;ku es j[kuk pkfg, fd og ljdkj ds nwljs r=ks dk dke Lo; u djus yxsa U;k;ikfydk dks dkuwu ds eqrkfcd dk;z djus dk funs Z'k nsuk pkfg,a ;g U;kf;d lfø;rk ugh] cfyd mfpr U;kf;d izfd;k gsa^^¼5½ izlrqr ppkz&ifjppkkz ls Li"V gs fd Hkkjr ds yxhkx lhkh U;k;/kh'k,o fo'ofo ky;ks es jktuhfr fokku o dkuwu ds izksqsljks vkfn lhkh cqf)thfo;ks dk ;gh vfhker gs fd U;kf;d lfdz;rk,o U;kf;d leh{kk lfo/kku ds ewy <+kps dh lqj{kk ds fy, vko';d gsa lokszpp U;k;y; us 1973 es ds'okuun Hkkjrh eqdn~es Hkh ;gh fu.kz; fn;k Fkk fd lfo/kku ds ewy <+kps es dksbz ifjozru ugh gks ldrka blds vykok lu~ 2007 es lokszppk U;k;y; us li"v fd;k fd 9 oh vuqlwph es 'kkfey fd;k x;k dksbz Hkh dkuwu U;kf;d leh{kk ls ijs ugha ¼6½ gkykfd bles rfud Hkh lnsg ugh fd mppre U;k;y; ds vusd,sls QSlys jgs gs] tks jktusrkvks ds xys ugh mrjrs vksj,sls QSlyks us t:j xsj&fteesnkjkuk ljdkjks ds p{kq [kksyus dk dk;z fd;k gs] rkfd os tufgr ij n`f"vikr djrh jgsa dsoy,d lhfer le; ds fy, fuokzfpr gksus okyh ljdkj turk dh reke izhkqlrk dh Bsdsnkj dsoy Lo; gh ugh cu ldrha jkt; dks pykus ds fy, lfo/kku us ljdkj ds rhuks vxks dks cjkcj izk/khd`r fd;k gs vksj lfo/kku us viuh j[kokyh dh fteesnkjh dsoy U;k;ikfydk dks lksih gsa Hkkjrh; lfo/kku dh izlrkouk] vuq0 32,o 141 iwjh rjg ls lokszpp U;k;ky;,o reke U;k;ikfydk dks lfo/kku,o eksfyd vf/kdkjks dh lqj{kk dh fteesnkjh lksirs gsa ¼7½ ;g Bhd gs fd lln dks dkuwu cukus,o dk;zikfydk dks og dkuwu ykxw djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh lfo/kku us gh fn, gs] ijurq bl vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx euekus rjhds ls ugh fd;k tk ldrka lln o ljdkj ds blh euekusiu dks jksdus dk vf/kdkj lfo/kku us U;k;ikfydk dks lksik gsa ;fn vke vkneh dh fuxkg ls ns[kk tk, rks og U;k;ikfydk lfdz;rk ds i{k es gsa bldk izeq[k dkj.k tufgr ;kfpdkvks ds tfj;s mldh vusd lel;kvks dk lek/kku gksuk gsa ijurq ;g,d fomecuk gs fd gekjs vkslr jktusrk bu tu&lel;kvks dk /;ku u nsdj rkrdkfyd jktuhfrd fgrks dks lokszpp izkfkfedrk nsrs gs vksj lekt,o jk"vª ds nh?kzdkfyd fgrks dh vuns[kh djrs gsa lel;k ;g Hkh gs fd jktusrkvks dk,d oxz lkerh ekufldrk ls xzlr gsa og vius fy, vyx fu;e cukrk gs vksj turk ds fy, vyxa ;fn,slk ugh gksrk rks fo/kkf;dk,o U;k;ikfydk es dhkh Vdjko ugh gksrka nwljh cm+h lel;k oksv dh jktuhfr dh gsa gkykfd oksv dh jktuhfr yksdr= dk,d vfuok;z vx gs] ysfdu ;fn oksvcsd dk fuekz.k djus vfkok mls cuk, j[kus ds fy, U;k;lxr rksj&rjhdks dk ifjr;kx fd;k tk,xk rks fqj muls yksdrkf=d ewy;ks,o e;kznkvks dk guu~ gksuk r; gsa bu flfkfr;ks es U;k;ikfydk dk glr{ksi vuqfpr ugh dgk tk,xka njvly vkt t:jr U;kf;d iqufuzjh{k.k,o U;kf;d lfø;rk ij,rjkt trkus dh ugh cfyd fo/kkf;dk o dk;zikfydk dks Lo; dh lfø;rk fn[kkus dh gsa vkt U;kf;d lfø;rk dk nksj blfy, ns[kus dks fey jgk gs] D;ks fd fo/kkf;dk,o dk;zikfydk vius nkf;roks ds fuozgu ds ekeyk s es visf{kr lfø;rk dk ifjp; ugh ns jgh gsa csgrj gksxk fd U;k;ikfydk dh rjg dk;zikfydk o fo/kkf;dk Hkh vius drzo;ks ds ikyu ds lnhkz es ltxrk vksj rrijrk dk ifjp; ns ] u fd bl xsjt:jh ppkz es my>s fd dksu fdlds dk;z es glr{ksi dj jgk gs \ ns'k ds lexz fodkl ds fy, ;g t:jh gs fd mijksdr rhuks llfkk,,d nwljs dh iwjd vksj en~nxkj cus A blds lkfk&lkfk U;k;ikfydk Hkh 'kh?kz,o rrij U;k; dks lqfuf'pr djs rkfd ukxfjdks dk vf/kdre dy;k.k gksa ¼8½ blh es rhuks llfkkvks dk fgr fufgr gs vksj lkfk gh lekt,o jk"vª dk HkhA lnhkz % (1) V.N. Shukl, Constitution of Indi Estern Book Compny (2007) (Art. 131,132,141,226,246). ¼2½ oh-,u- [kjs] ^^{keknku ij U;kf;d leh{kk^^] vkmvyqd] 30 vdvwcj] 2006] i`0 10- (3) Februry 13, ¼4½ txnhi,l- Nksdj] ^^t:jh gs lrqfyr yksdrkf=d iz.kkyh^^] nsfud tkxj.k (fglkj)] 13 Qjojh] 2011] i`0 9- ¼5½ ts-,l- oekz] ^^lq'kklu ds fy, t:jh gs U;kf;d lfø;rk^^ loknnkrk ekyk nhf{kr ls ckrphr ij vk/kkfjr,o nsfud tkxj.k] 13 Qjojh] 2011] i`0 9 ij mn~/ k`r v'ka ¼6½ lt; xqirk] ^^finys njokts ij ikcnh^^] liknd] nsfud tkxj.k] ¼ubZ fnyyh½] 14 tuojh] 2007] likndh; i`"ba (7) D.D. Bsu, An Introduction to The Constitution of Indi, New Delhi, Prentice Hll, 1994,(Art. 32, 141). (8) Fli. S. Nrimn, Ensure Quick Justice, The Tribune, Jnury 9, 2011, P.5. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (6) August