Life and Education of Mahmud Ghaznavi

Transcription

1 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 P olitical Science An International, Registered & Refereed Monthly Journal : Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Life and Education of Mahmud Ghaznavi Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi was a king who attained varieties of worldly prosperity and the fame of his Justice and government, and the sound of his fortitude and country-subduing qualities, reached beyond the hall of planet Saturn. In prosperously carrying on war against the kings, he exalted the standards of the religion of the faithful, and in his laudable endeavours for extirpating heretics, he rooted out oppression and impiety. When he entered into battle his heroism was like a torrent, which rushes over even and uneven places without heed, and during the time that he sat upon the throne and was successful in his undertakings, the light of his justice, like the rays of the sun, shone upon every one. His wisdom during the nights of misfortune like a star, pointed out the way and his sword pierced the joints of his enemies like the hand of fate. DR. SHAFIUZZAMAN Mahmud became the Amir in 999 AD. Immediately after his accession he embarked on his amazing career of conquests. In the very first year of his rule he overpowered, the Samanids, and annexed the territory upto the Oxus. In 1001 C.E. he conquered Kohistan. In 1001 C.E. he had to fight against the Hindushahis. A sangunary battle took place near peshawar. In this battle the Hindushahis suffered defeat and Mahmud annexed the territory upto the Indus. Raja Jaipal having been defeated thrice forfeited the right to rule. He burnt himself to death. He was succeeded by his son Anand Pal. In 1002 C.E. Mahmud annexed seestan. In 1004 C.E. Mahmud crossed the Indus and defeated the Raja of Bhatia (modern Bhera). In 1005 C.E. he captured Ghur in the west and Multan in the east. In 1008 C.E. the Hindu Rajas made big effort to expel the Muslims from the soil of India. The Rajas of Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer sent contingents to aid Anandpal. A sanguinary battle took place in 1008 C.E. in the chach plain near modern-hazro. The Hindus fought desperately but the superior generalship of Mahmud won the day. The Hindu forces were annihilated and Mahmud annexed the territory between the Indus and the Jhelam. In 1018 C.E. Mahmud extended his conquests further west and Khawarzam shahs of Khiva became him vassal. In 1019 C.E. he confronted the Hindu Shahis again. The Hindu Shahis were defeated and Mahmud annexed their territories. Lahore was made the capital of the Ghazanavid Punjab. With the establishment of the Ghaznavid rule in the Punjab, north-west India became a Muslim state. With Lahore as the base, Mahmud conducted campaigns in India, and amassed considerable booty in such raids. In 1024 C.E. Mahmud led an expedition to Somnath. In 1026 C.E. on return from Somnath he annexed Sind. After the annexation of Sind a state emerged in northwest India which comprised the areas which now from Pakistan. In 1029 C.E. Mahmud defeated the Bawayhids and annexed Ray. Mahmud died in 1030 C.E. after an eventful reign of thirty one years. At the time of his death, the Ghazanavide Empire stretched from the Beas to the Oxus. He was one of the greatest rulers of the eleventh century. When Subuktagin came to power, Ghazni was a small principality. Between themselves Subuktagin and Mahmud raised the principality to the dimensions of an empire. (1) Rise of Ghazni : We have seen that, with the exception of the frontier provinces of Sind and Multan, India remained unaffected by the tide of Arab conquest. The establishment of Muslim rule in India was the work of the Turks, and the process was begun by the Turkish rulers. The principality of Ghazni was founded in 963 A.D. by an adveturer named Alptigin. He started his career as a slave of the Samanids, whose power at one time extended from the Jaxartes to Baghdad and from Khawarizm to the borders of India. Alptigin died within a few months of achieving the crowning success of his life, and after an interval of about 14 years, his slave and son-in-law, Sabuktigin, occupied his throne (977 A.D.). The new ruler was an enterprising military leader eager for conquests. His attention was naturally turned to the neighbouring principality of Jaipal, the Hindu Shahi (2) king, whose authority extended from Lamghan to the river Chenab. Rise of the Turks : In spite of their initial success the Arabs had not been able to extend their dominion beyond Sindh and Multan. In fact, their rule dwindled into insignificance by the middle of Assistant Professor & Head (Department of Political Science), Mohd. Masood Khan Degree College, Mangrawan, Azamgarh (Uttar Pradesh) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

2 the ninth century A.D. It was left to the Turks to complete the work begun by the Arabs. The Turks had, a short time before our period, embraced Islam and possessed all the zeal and narrow mindedness of the neophytes. They were intrepid, brave, full of boundless energy and push and thoroughly materialistic in their outlook. Islam had given them a thin veneer of religiosity. They were inordinately ambitious and their qualities and faults combined to make them eminently fit for founding a big military empire in the east. Accession of Mahmud : Sabuktigin died in 997 A.D. and was succeeded by his famous son, Mahmud, though not without a war of succession between him and his younger brother, Ismail who was nominated heir their dying father. Mahmud was born on Ist November 971 A.D., and was, at the time of his accession in 998 A.D., twenty-seven years of age. At that time his kingdom comprised Afghanistan and Khurasan. Mahmud secured the formal recognition of his sovereignty from the Caliph of Baghdad (al-qadir Billah). He was also given the title Yamin-ud-Daulah and Amin-ul-Millah. His dynasty is, therefore, known as the Yamini dynasty. His Character : Mahmud was an extremely ambitious young man. It is said that on the occasion of his investiture by the Khalifa he took a vow to undertake every year an expedition against the infidels of India. He tried to fulfill this vow. Mahmud was not gifted with kingly looks. He was a man of medium height and of strong build, but was rather ugly looking. He did not possess extraordinary personal prowess. Nevertheless, he was a great general and also an equally good soldier. He was an extremely intelligent and strewed man, endowed with the royal gift of judging human character. His out-standing virtues were cool courage, prudence and resourcefulness. He was, moreover, a man of restless activity and overpowering ambitions. He possessed a habitual air of command and was adept in statecraft. He considered no body as indispensable and used every one he came into contact with as an instrument for the attainment of his object. Professor Mohammad Habib says that his outlook on life was essentially secular and that he was not a man to follow the Muslim Ulema blindly. He was not, according to this learned author, a fanatic. Mahmud's life and his deeds, however, demonstrate the fact that he was, without doubt, devoted to his religion and that he believed that he was serving the cause of Islam in carrying unprovoked war into the territory of the Hindu idolators. His court historian, Utbi, looked upon Mahmud's expeditions to India as jihad, that is, holy war for the extirpation of idolatry and propagation of Islam. Sultan Mahmud, he writes in his Tarikh-i-Yanini at first designed in his heart to go to Sijistan, but subsequently preferred to engage previously in a holy war against Hind. Utbi adds that he called a council of his officers in order to secure a blessing on his design of exalting the standard of religion, widening the plain of right, of illuminating the words of truth and strengthening the power of justice. These words clearly show that Mahmud's contemporaries believed that one of the main objects of his aggressive policy against our country was to serve his religion. There were, of course, other reasons. Mahmud was an ambitious man and wanted to rule over as big an empire as a man could possibly create. He was fond of wealth, as all powerfull people are, and he had heard of the stories of India's fabulous riches. He was, moreover, a warrior thirsting for military glory. Besides, being a realist, he might possibly have considered the continued existence of a hostile Hindu power in his immediate neighbourhood as a menace to his independent existence, or at any rate, to his policy of expansion. For all these reasons Mahmud decided, almost immediately after his accession, to pursue a policy of aggressive warfare against Hindustan. (3) Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi was a king who attained varieties of worldly prosperity and the fame of his Justice and government, and the sound of his fortitude and countrysubduing qualities, reached beyond the hall of planet Saturn. In prosperously carrying on war against the kings, he exalted the standards of the religion of the faithful, and in his laudable endeavours for extirpating heretics, he rooted out oppression and impiety. When he entered into battle his heroism was like a torrent, which rushes over even and uneven places without heed, and during the time that he sat upon the throne and was successful in his undertakings, the light of his justice, like the rays of the sun, shone upon every one. His wisdom during the nights of misfortune like a star, pointed out the way and his sword pierced the joints of his enemies like the hand of fate. (4) Mahmud was born 10 Muharram 361 Hijri (1 November, 971 A.D.) and was therefore 27 years of age when he deposed his brother and ascended the throne in 998 A.D.. (5) His father Subuktigin a great General and was very loyal to the king Alaptagine. His mother was a daughter of one of the grandees of Zabulistan, and for this reason he was called 'Zabuli'. Some writers are of the opinion that Mahmud was not the real son of subuktigin, but if he was of this kind, he was not called 'Mahmud-uz-Abli' by the poet of his court. There is not much literature available about the basic education of this great general. He remembered the whole Quran by heart and he was very learned in the field of Hadis (Tradition) and fequah (Theology). His preceptor was Bu Ali Sina. (6) References : (1) Hasan, Prof. Masud-ul, (2010) : History of Islam, vol. I, Adam Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi. (2) The Hindu Shahi dynasty was founded in the third decade of the ninth century by Lalliya. Jaipal's reign roughly covered the period A.D. (3) Hon. Mountstuabt Elphinstone, History of India. The Hindu and Mahometan Periods, Kitab Mahal Private Ltd., Allahabad, (4) Elliot and Dowson, History of Ghazni, p.137. (5) W. Haig, Cambridge History of India, p.12. (6) Khan, A.B., Aik Tanquidi Jaiza, Mahmud Ghaznavi, p.16. UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

3 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 P olitical Science An International, Registered & Refereed Monthly Journal : Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor Right to Service Act in Punjab : Implementation and Implications Service delivery is one of the most important interfaces between a modern democratic state and its citizens. The aim of public service delivery is to deliver costeffective, high-quality services. Citizens are not fully informed and aware of their rights, and public services are not delivered in an equitable, efficient and transparent manner.the bureaucratic institutions are aimed at providing various services to the citizens. Punjab has also attempted various other successful initiatives to improve the delivery of public Services. Most of these experiences came as pilot projects and have particularly used information and communication technology in delivery of services. The Public Services Law in India owes its origin from the Citizens Charter of UK promulgated in Though, it was not a legal document in the strict sense of the law, being an agreement of contract entered into between the citizens and public servants, providing for competent and time bound delivery of services. (1) The 'Citizens Charter' was introduced in India in 1997, which was voluntary in character. That was based on logo Services First as in the UK. The Charter gradually spread through Central to State Ministries and to their local bodies and organizations. In 2002, a website was launched by the department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances towards consolidating the write up on the progresses and improvement resulted out of Citizens Charters. (2) It also recommended for holding officers accountable for results at the Central, State, District and Sub-District levels, Municipalities and Panchayts. They are duty bound towards supplies of goods or render services and redress any complaints from citizens in the prescribed manner. Further, it was required to remedy the grievances in a time frame not exceeding thirty days from the day of receipt of the complaint. Every Citizen is entitled to hassle-free public services and redressed of his grievances. Accordingly, the Right to Service Act represents the commitment of particular state towards the standard, quality and time frame of services delivery, grievances redressal mechanism, transparency and accountability. It makes the service providers aware of their duties to attend to the problems of concerned citizens within a reasonable time-frame. (3) What is Right to Public Services? : Right to Public Services legislation in India comprises NIRMAL SINGH* & DR. SUKHINDER SINGH** statutory law which guarantees time-bound delivery of various public services rendered to citizens and provides a mechanism for punishing the errant public servants if they are deficient in providing the stipulated services. Hence, Right to Service legislation ensures delivery of time bound services to the public. If the concerned officer fails to provide the service in time, he will pay a fine. Which can range from 500 to 5000 or may be disciplinary proceed. Thus, it is aimed to reduce corruption among the government officials and to increase transparency and public accountability. (4) How it Works? : (1) The common framework of the state legislations includes, granting of "Right to Public Services", which are to be provided to the public by the designated official within the stipulated time frame. (2) The public services which are granted as a right is generally notified through a Gazette notification. (3) Some of the commonly provided public services, including issuing caste, birth, marriage and domicile certificates, electric connections, voter's card, ration cards, copies of land records, etc., within the fixed time frame. (4) On failure to provide the service by the designated officer, the aggrieved person can approach the First Appellate Authority. The First Appellate Authority, after hearing, It can order the public servant to provide the service to the applicant. (5) An applicant may be compensated out of the penalty imposed on the officer. (6) Appellate authorities have been granted certain Civil Court powers while trying a suit under Code of Civil *Researcher, (Department of Political Science), Women's Studies Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) **Assistant Professor (Department of Political Science), Women's Studies Centre, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

4 Procedure, 1908, like production of documents and issuance of summons to the designated officers and appellants. (5) Punjab is the 9th State to pass the Punjab Right to Service Act on October 20, 2011, Punjab Government, with a view to provide delivery of services to the people of the state within time limits, notified Punjab Right to Service Ordinance on 14 July The Ordinance came into force 28 July, 2011 and 67 services were notified under its provision. Soon after, Punjab Right to Service Act 2011 (PRTS ACT, 2011) was passed by the State Assembly and came into effect on 20 October, As per section 12 of the PRTS Act 2011, there is a provision to constitute Punjab Right to Service Commission (PRTS) consisting of One Chief Commissioner and Fourth Commissioners who would look after the task of effective implementation of the Act. The PRTS Act 2011 was enacted with the sole objective of providing an effective framework for time bound delivery of service being provided by various government departments in order to promote transparency and accountably. (6) Punjab is the First State in the Nation to appearance Punjab Right to Service Commission for successful performance of PRTS Act and the Commission is showing its courage on a national scale by ensuring the greatest implementation of the Act. (7) Currently, famous functions experienced under this act currently are : Suwidha Center : A Single Window for many Services. Sanjh Kendra : A Singular Window for Police Services. Fard Kendra : A Single Window for Revenue Services. Single User-friendly Window Disposal Helpline for Applicants (SUWIDHA) : The Punjab State Government that in a row with the main concern of the State, particularly by launching sole projects like SUWIDHA for its citizens. S.U.W.I.D.H.A or Single Use Friendly Window Disposal and Helpline for Applications commenced its services. It's label line Convenience and Commitment is Suwidha talk in a straight line and deliver on time. (8) It is used to make easy the citizens by capturing the donation at a single point, significant a particular date according to the type of service then accepts the money at the counter itself and deliver the necessary service on the similar counter. It is a Single Window System to provide a valuable interface between the Government and Public. It also gives the facility for the citizens to make sure the status of their applications throughout the project website. Fard Kendras : This mission provides all types of revenue services from a Single Window to the general public. Fard Kendras have been set up to ensure fresh, clean and well-organized services to the people on one hand and save the citizens from unjustified harassment caused due to excessive delay by the previous process followed by the Revenue Officials. Similar as in extra Acts, the Punjab Act has laid out an exact time limit for the provision of services. The land proceedings of villages out of villages have been computerized in the National Land Modernization Agenda. 167 Fard Kendras have been locate for providing computerized copies of revenue documents and supplementary revenue services. (9) Saanjh Kendras : Police Department has also been computerized hence that citizens can register their FIRs online, verify the position of their passport confirmation online and much more. But still there is a require that citizens have to visit the Police Station to obtain their work complete and it is observed that there is a basic fear among ordinary citizens to enter the Police Station for civil work. Consequently, under E-Governance projects, Saanjh Kendras have been formed unconnectedly from the Police Stations to make available 25 civil services of Punjab Police to the citizens. 20 of these services are time surrounded in Right to Service Act, Punjab is the First State to start a citizen Friendly Saanjh Project. The fundamental attempt at the back the implementation of Saanjh Kendras was to decrease the communication with the general public and Khaki Police. There is a unique dress code for the employees at Saanjh Kendra other than Khaki Uniform. The persons of these Kendras are wearing clothes in civil and corporate civil dress. The well constructed and supplied buildings of these Kendras provide them a Unique Identity. This project is considered to provide services to citizens without delay at statewide IT platform. In recent times the Punjab Government has maintained more than 500 Saanjh Kendras are put into practiced in the state which comprised Kendras at 27 Police Districts, 114 Tehsils and 359 Police Stations. (10) Till July 2013, as several as 1.21 crore people had benefited services in various districts of the State according to the Act. Approximately 718 appeals were filed with the First Appellate Authority, of which 678 were inclined off and nine appeals were filed before the 2nd Appellate Authority of which seven have been arranged off. All 11 revision petitions entertained too have been disposed off. (11) Presently, there are 351 services which have notified into the Punjab Right to Service Act, 2011 and these services are provided by 41 diverse departments, as given below : Revenue, Health, Transport, Personal, Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer relationships, Housing, and Urban progress, Local government, Rural Water make available and hygiene, Social protection, Home, Interests of S.C.s and B.C.s, Agriculture/ Mandi Board, Animal farming, School, Education, Higher Education, Industries/ Punjab little Industries and sell to other countries Corporation limited Power/ Electricity Complaints and Pensions, Municipality and Country Planning (12). The Act covers services of the departments of local government, Transport, Accommodation and Urban Development, Revenue, Health, UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

5 Home, Social Security, Food and Civil Supplies and Rural Water Supply also and Police Department, these departments are time bound to provide the services. Like, the citizens would be capable to get hold copies of Birth and Death Certificates within 2 days. (i) Post Mortem details contained by 3 days. (ii) Certified copies of verification within 7 days. (iii) Demarcation of land in 21 days. (iv) Attestation of obvious change within 15 days. (v) Sanction of house plans in 30 days. (vi) Profession Certificate inside 15 days. (vii) NOC within 21 days. (viii) Transportation action within 15 days. (ix) No Due Certificate within 7 days. (x) Transfer of property in case of death within 45 days. (xi) Permission to mortgage within 7 days. (xii) Completion certificate contained by 15 days. (xiii) Authorize of Water Connection and Sewage Connection in 7 days. (xiv) Later, two more services were added on May, 2012, taking the number to 69. (13) Conclusion : Service delivery is one of the most important interfaces between a modern democratic state and its citizens. The aim of public service delivery is to deliver cost-effective, high-quality services. Citizens are not fully informed and aware of their rights, and public services are not delivered in an equitable, efficient and transparent manner.the bureaucratic institutions are aimed at providing various services to the citizens. Punjab has also attempted various other successful initiatives to improve the delivery of public Services. Most of these experiences came as pilot projects and have particularly used information and communication technology in delivery of services. Most prominent among these are- Suwidha (Single User-friendly Window Help Line for Applicants) Kendras/Centers. The PRTSA has provided the time limit for the delivery of notifying services and also has a provision of penalty between Rs. 500 to Rs to the erring officials for not adhering to the time limit provided in the Act. References : (1) Speech by Mr. John Major MP, Conservative Central Council Annual meeting on 23rd March, 1991, referred in the Twelfth Report of the House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee, Session titled From Citizens Charter to Public Service Guarantee Entitlements to Public Services, United. (2) Right to Public Services in India-The New Legal Scenario, Sindhu Thulaseedharan, Journal of Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, 2013, p.4. (3) Ibid (4) Transparency International India, the coalition against corruption, Right to Public Services: A Guide, S.K. Agarwal, New Delhi, 2014, p.33. Retrieved www. tranparency India-org/ resource/ books/ rets. Pdf on Jan-2015, P.33. (5) Ibid, p.8.9. (6) Http's: // en. Wikipendia.org./Wiki/Right to Public services legislation, p.1. (7) 7http/rtspunjab.gov.in/aboutus.aspx?dcvhsdcvhzc (8) Ramesh Kumar, Standardization key to Social Reforms, (2007), p. 77 (9) Sushil Kumar Singla and Himanshu Aggarwal Impact and Scope of E-Governance Initiatives in State of Punjab (INDIA), International Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 44, No.14, April Retrieved from research.ijcaonline.org/volume44/number14/pxc pdf on December 15, (10) Right to Service Act- The Indian Express, By Harpreet Bajba- Chandigarh, Nov. 2, 2012 (11) Ramesh Kumar (2007) : Standardization key to Social Reforms, p. 77 (12) http/ (pdf) (13) House Passes Three Bill,Times of India, Sep.7, UGC - APPROVED - JOURNAL UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

6 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 izlrkouk % Hkkjr,d vr;ar izkphu,oa 'kfdr'kkyh yksdrkaf=d ns'k gsa ns'k dk lafo/kku ykxw gksus ds i'pkr~ lafo/kku osrrkvksa us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh fn'kk fu/kkzfjr djrs gq, ukxfjdksa dks Lora=rk] lekurk] U;k;] br;kfn vf/kdkj iznku fd, gsaa 'kklu ds rhuksa vaxksa esa fo/kkf;dk dks dkuwu cukus] dk;zikfydk dks mu dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus rfkk U;k;ikfydk dks dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k djus dh 'kfdr iznku dh x;ha 'kfdr&fohkktu ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjhkwr fopkj uohu ugha gs] jktuhfr fokku ds tud vjlrw us 'kklu dks vlsecyh] eftlvsªv rfkk tqmhf'k;jh uked rhu Hkkxksa esa ck Vk Fkk] vjlrq us 'kklu dks os/kkfud] iz'kkldh;,oe~ U;kf;d :i rfkk buds vyx&vyx dk;z ekudj jkt'kfdr ds i`ffkddj.k dk ladsr fn;k FkkA jkseu ys[kd flljks vksj iksyhfc;l dh jpukvks a es a Hkh 'kfdr&i`ffkddj.k ds cht fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa lafonkoknh fopkjd tkwu ykwd us fo/kkf;dk vksj dk;zikfydk esa 'kfdr;ksa ds fohkktu dk tksjnkj lefkzu fd;k FkkA 'kfdr&fohkktu fl)kar dh lcls lqanj O;k[;k Qza sp ys[kd ekw.vsld;w us lu~ 1748] esa viuh iqlrd ^flizv vkwq nh ykwt* esa dh FkhA ekw.vsld;w ds 'kcnksa esa ^^;fn O;oLFkkfidk vksj dk;zikfydk dh 'kfdr;ksa dk,d&gh gkfkksa esa dsunzh;dj.k gks tk;s] rks dksbz Lora=rk ugha jg ldrh gs] D;ksafd bl ckr dk Hk; mriuu gks tkrk gs fd dgha jktk ;k lhusv vr;kpkjh dkuwu cuk;s vksj mudks vr;kpkjh <ax ls ykxw djsaa ;fn U;k;ikfydk dks O;oLFkkfidk rfkk dk;zikfydk ls vyx ugha fd;k x;k] rks dksbz Lora=rk ugha jg ldrh gs] vxj U;k;ikfydk P olitical Science An International, Registered & Refereed Monthly Journal : Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor YeejleerÙe jepeveerefle cew Meefòeâ-efJeYeepeve SJeb vùeeefùekeâ meef eâùelee Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, YeejleerÙe jepeveerefle cew Meefòeâ-efJeYeepeve SJeb vùeeefùekeâ meef eâùelee kesâ efjemues<ece hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ YeejleerÙe ueeskeâleb$e cew mebefjeoeeve kesâ leerve DeeOeej mlebye nq - JÙeJemLeeefhekeâe, keâeùe&heeefuekeâe SJeb vùeeùeheeefuekeâe~ Meemeve kesâ Fve leerveew DebieeW cew MeefòeâÙeeW keâe efjeyeepeve Fme Øekeâej efkeâùee ieùee nw efkeâ ØelÙeskeâ Debie Deheves-Deheves keâle&jùeew keâe efveje&nve keâjles ngs Skeâ-otmejs kesâ keâeùeex cew nmle#eshe vener keâjwies~ Deepe osme keâer efjeoeeùeer mebmlee cee$e DeJÙeJemLee keâe kesâvõ yevekeâj jn ief& nw lelee keâeùe&heeefuekeâe ves kegâú ceeceueew cew ceveceeves DeejCe keâer efmleefle keâes DeheveeÙee nw~ Ùes mebjewoeeefvekeâ mebmleesb Deheveer mjeele& efmeefæ nsleg pevelee kesâ efnle mes pegì[s cegöew hej ceewve nw~ Ssmeer efmleefle cew, peveleb$e keâer j#ee keâe mecemle oeefùelje vùeeùeheeefuekeâe kesâ kebâoeew hej Dee ieùee nw Deewj meeceeefpekeâ, DeeefLe&keâ, jepeveereflekeâ efnleew kesâ cegöew hej vùeeùeheeefuekeâe ves Deheveer meercee jskee mes Deeies peekeâj cenljehetce& efvece&ùe efos nq, uesefkeâve Fme efmeueefmeues cew vùeeùeheeefuekeâe keâer Deefle meef eâùelee hej mejeeue G"ves ueies nq~ kegbâpeer Meyo : Meefòeâ efjeyeepeve, vùeeefùekeâ meef eâùelee, ueeskeâleb$e, mebjewoeeefvekeâ mebmleesb, jepeveereflekeâ DeefmLejlee~ Øees.jeceMebkeâj* SJeb kegâ.ûeeboveer veeùekeâ** dks O;oLFkkfidk ds lkfk feyk fn;k x;k] rks U;k;k/kh'k dkuwu fuekzrk gks tk,xk ;fn U;k;ikfydk dks dk;zikfydk ds lkfk feyk fn;k x;k] rks ;g lahko gs] fd U;k;k/kh'k vfroknh vksj vr;kpkjiw.kz O;ogkj djsaa** ¼1½ orzeku le; esa] Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa O;oLFkkfidk cuke U;k;ikfydk dh loks ZPprk dk eqn~nk pfpzr gs] ns'k es a fo/kkf;dk] dk;zikfydk vksj U;k;ikfydk ds ijlij laca/kksa esa cgl Hkh ns[kus dks fey jgh gsa finys dqn o"kksza ls U;k;ikfydk ij Økafrdkjh ifjorzu vk;k gsa vkt og flqz U;k; nsus dk gh dk;z ugha djrh] cfyd,d lq/kkjd,oe~ fn'kk&funsz'kd dh Hkh Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gsa njvly] U;k;ikfydk dks,sls dk;z Hkh djus im+ jgs gsa] tks ewy :i ls lafo/kku }kjk fo/kkf;dk,oe~ dk;zikfydk ij vf/kjksfir fd, x, gsaa iz'u ;g mbrk gs fd vkf[kj D;ksa U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk rfkk dk;zikfydk ds dk;z{ks= esa n[ky ns jgh gs\ D;ksa U;k;ky; us fo/kkf;dk,oa dk;zikfydk dh 'kfdr;ksa dk vfrøe.k fd;k gs\ vkf[kj D;ksa U;k;ky; dks dkuwuh nk;jksa ls ckgj vkdj lfø;rk ds lkfk vusd vkns'k&funsz'k nsus im+ jgs gsa\ U;kf;d lfø;rk ls vk'k; % U;kf;d lfø;rk ls vfhkizk; gs] fd tc la?k,oa jkt; Lrj ij O;oLFkkfidk,oe~ dk;zikfydk turk,oa vius mrrjnkf;ro ds izfr tkx:d u gks vksj viuh LokFkZiw.kZ uhfr;ksa ij pyrs gq, dkuwuksa dk fuekz.k djus dh vis{kk turk ds lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd fgrksa dh mis{kk djus yxs rc,slh flfkfr esa] U;k;ikfydk dkuwuh O;k[;k ls vkxs c<+dj lkekftd] vkffkzd ifjflfkfr;ksa vksj lkekftd] vkffkzd U;k; *efveosmekeâ, Decyes[keâj mš[er mesvšj SJeb DeeÛeeÙe& (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), jeveer ogiee&jeleer efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) **MeesOeÚe$ee (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), jeveer ogiee&jeleer efjeõeefjeåeeueùe, peyeuehegj (ceoùeøeosme) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

7 a dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq,] tulk/kkj.k ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds fy;s fujarj iz;ru'khy jgdj ljdkj dks vko';drk im+us ij egroiw.kz vkns'k&funsz'k nsrh gs] rkfd 'kklu dh LosPNkpkfjrk ij jksd yxkbz tk ldsa bls gh ^U;kf;d lfø;rk* dgrs gsaa Hkkjr esa o"kz 1980 ds vklikl U;kf;d lfø;rk dk mn; gqvk vksj le; ds lkfk&lkfk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds ek/;e ls bl vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl gksrk pyk x;ka U;kf;d lfø;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks lozizfke mppre U;k;ky; us rfkk ckn esa /khjs&/khjs mpp U;k;ky;ksa] fo'ks"k U;k;ky;ksa rfkk ftyk U;k;ky;ksa us Hkh viuk fy;ka U;kf;d lfø;rk ds lefkzd U;k;k/kh'k ih-,u- Hkxorh us lu~ 1982 es a dgk Fkk fd& ^^mppre U;k;ky; us foxr nks o"kksza ls ns'k esa fo eku lkekftd] vkffkzd ifjflfkfr;ksa dks n`f"v esa j[krs gq, lelr O;oLFkk esa lfø; n`f"vdks.k viuk fy;k gsa** fo'ys"k.k % Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa 'kfdr&fohkktu,oa U;kf;d lfø;rk,d fomacukiw.kz fojks/kkhkklh flfkfr mriuu djrh gs] D;ksafd,d vksj 'kfdr;ksa dk fohkktu fd;k x;k gs] rks nwljh rjq U;k;ky; ds }kjk fo/kkf;dk,oa dk;zikfydk ds dk;ksza esa n[ky nsdj,oe~ mudh 'kfdr;ksa dk vfrøe.k dj Lo;a gh vkns'k&funsz'k fn, tk jgs gsaa vkt O;oLFkkfidk vksj dk;zikfydk esa vkijkf/kd i`"bhkwfe okys yksxksa dh c<+rh rknkn ds dkj.k vc turk dk fo'okl bu lalfkkvksa ij ls mb pqdk gs] lkfk&gh fo/kkf;dk,oa dk;zikfydk dh LosPNkpkfjrk] tufgr ds izfr mnklhurk rfkk vuq'kklughurk ds dkj.k gh U;kf;d lfø;rk c<+h gsa xksjryc gs fd 80 ds n'kd ds igys U;k;ikfydk bu vfkksza es a fuf"ø; FkhA og viuh lhekvks a es a jgdj yksdfgr&fo"k;ks esa Lo;a dksbz igy ugha djrh Fkh] dsoy mugha ekeyksa ij fopkj djrh Fkh] tks mlds le{k izlrqr fd, tkrs FksA ckn esa U;k;ikfydk us eglwl fd;k fd lkoztfud fgr ds dbz,sls ekeys gsa] ftuds f[kykq vkokt mbkus okyk dksbz ugha gs] blfy;s U;k;ikfydk us tufgr oknks a dks eku;rk nsdj lkekftd U;k; LFkkfir djus dh fn'kk esa ljkguh; dne mbk;ka viuh blh lfø;rk ds pyrs vdlj gh U;k;ikfydk dks jktusrkvksa dh vkykspukvksa dk f'kdkj gksuk im+rk gsa dqn o"kksza ls U;kf;d lfø;rk dk tks nksj pyk gs vksj lqizhe dksvz us dk;zikfydk ij ftl rjg ls vadq'k yxk;k mldh lahkkouk ^jk"vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfdr vk;ksx* ¼,uts,lh½ esa de gh FkhA blls U;k;ikfydk esa jktuhfrd glr{ksi dh lahkkouk Hkh c<+ xbz Fkh] tks LoLF; yksdra= ds fgr esa ugha dgk tk ldrk gsa ¼2½ 'kfdr&fohkktu,oe~ U;kf;d lfø;rk ds eqn~ns dks ysdj ljdkj rfkk U;k;ky; esa ges'kk gh Vdjko dh flfkfr ns[kus dks feyrh jgh gsa dhkh U;k;ikfydk us viuh 'kfdr;ksa ds nk;js ls ckgj vkdj vusd,sfrgkfld fu.kz; fn;s] rks dhkh laln us laos/kkfud la'kks/kuksa ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; ij yxke yxkus dk iz;kl fd;ka ^ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkt; okn* ij lokszpp U;k;ky; dk fu.kz; lafo/kku ds vk/kkjhkwr <k psa ds lanhkz esa Fkk] Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa bl fu.kz; dks U;kf;d lfø;rk dh 'kq:vkr dgk tk ldrk gs] ysfdu fo/kkf;dk dh vk [kksa esa rks ;g fu.kz; [kvd jgk Fkk vksj jklrs ds bl dk Vsa dks fudkyus ds fy, laln us 42ok la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e ¼1976½ ikfjr dj fn;k ;g vf/kfu;e vkikrdky dh fujadq'k ljdkj ds eflr"d dh mit Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; bl vf/kfu;e ds ek/;e ls ^laln dh lokszpprk* LFkkfir djuk FkkA lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dh laln dh 'kfdr dk vr;f/kd lqanj <ax ls fp=.k djrs gq;s lokszpp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'kksa us dgk Fkk fd& ^^la'kks/ku dks lafo/kku ds xys esa Qk lh dk QUnk ugha cuk;k tk ldrk] ftls fof/kiw.kz e`r;q dh lakk nh tk ldsa** ¼3½ vkerksj ij ;g /kkj.kk jgh gs fd tc U;k;ikfydk tu lokyksa dks ysdj l'kdr glr{ksi djus yxs rks ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd fo/kkf;dk rfkk dk;zikfydk detksj gks pqdh gs] rfkk vius drzo;ksa dk fuokzg c[kwch ugha dj jgh gsa uksv ds cnys oksv ekeyk] lhohlh dh fu;qfdr dks jn~n djus] yk[kksa Vu vukt ds HkaMkj x`gksa ds ckgj lm+us] jktuhfr esa c<+rs vijk/khdj.k] dkys/ku] yksdiky,oe~ yksdk;qdr dh fu;qfdr ij funsz'k] egkjk"vª esa lw[kk rfkk pquko vk;ksx dks funsz'k] vkbz- Vh-,DV dh /kkjk&66, dks jn~n djus] mrrjk[k.m esa jkor ljdkj ds cgqer dk ijh{k.k djkus ds loky ij vnkyr dk l'kdr glr{ksi bl detksjh dks mtkxj djus ds fy;s dkqh gsa 2th LisDVªe] vkn'kz lkslk;vh] jk"vªe.my [ksy] dks;yk?kksvkyk rfkk vkbz-ih-,y- ds NBosa laldj.k esa LikWV fqfdlax dk ekeyk br;kfn U;kf;d lfø;rk ds dkj.k gh mtkxj gq, gsaa blls usrkvksa] uksdj'kkgksa rfkk cm+s jlw[knkjksa dks lyk[kksa ds ihns tkuk im+k gs] tcfd bu eqn~nksa ij ljdkj dks igys gh dm+kbz ls igy djuh pkfg;s Fkh ijarq viuh dqlhz dks cpkus ds fy;s og yhik&iksrh djus esa yxh jgha vr% gky gh ds fnuksa esa] U;k;ky; us efgykvksa dks mudk vf/kdkj iznku djrs gq, eafnj&efltn esa muds izos'k ds vf/kdkj dks lqfuf'pr fd;k] lkfk&gh U;k;ky; us rhu rykd dks lekurk dk vf/kdkj okys vuqpnsn 14] 15 ds rgr vlaos/kkfud?kksf"kr dj fn;ka futrk dk vf/kdkj ds laca/k esa lokszpp U;k;ky; us eksfyd vf/kdkjksa dh ifjhkk"kk esa,d u;k vk;ke tksm+k gsa lokszpp U;k;ky; us dgk fd& ^^thou vksj O;fDrxr vktknh ekuo ds vflrro dk vfhkuu fgllk gs] tslk fd ds'kokuan Hkkjrh ekeys esa dgk x;k gs] ;s vf/kdkj euq"; dks vkfndky ls feys gq, gsa] ;s vf/kdkj izd`fr ds dkuwu dk fgllk gsa** rfkk futrk ds vf/kdkj dh ;g izfr"bk vktknh vksj Lora=rk ds lkfk tqm+h gqbz gs vksj dksbz Hkh lh; jkt; fcuk dkuwu dh btktr bl ij dqbkjk?kkr ugha dj ldrk gsa ¼4½ mppre,oe~ mpp U;k;ky;ksa esa ttksa dh fu;qfdr ds fy;s eksnh ljdkj us dkwysft;e iz.kkyh dh txg ftl ^jk"vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfdr vk;ksx* dk xbu fd;k FkkA lokszpp U;k;ky; us vdvwcj] 2015 dks ^jk"vªh; U;kf;d fu;qfdr vk;ksx* dkuwu ¼2014½ dks vlaos/kkfud crkrs gq, mls jn~n dj fn;ka bl U;kf;d fu;qfdr ds lanhkz esa laln dh lokszpprk dks njfdukj UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

8 djrs gq, U;k;ky; us dgk Fkk fd] ^^lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k psa esa laln fdlh rjg dk n[ky ugha ns ldrh gs vksj U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk lafo/kku ds cqfu;knh <k psa dk fgllk gsa** ¼5½ bl izdkj fo/kkf;dk,oe~ dk;zikfydk ds dk;ksza esa U;k;ikfydk ds n[ky dh ckr yecs vjls ls dh tkrh jgh gsa finys o"kz forr ea=h v:.k tsvyh th dh vksj ls U;k;ikfydk dks viuh y{e.k js[kk Lo;a r; djus vksj dk;zikfydk ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa n[ky u nsus dh ckr dgh FkhA ¼6½ bl ij ns'k ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k Vh-,l-Bkdqj us dsunz ljdkj ij iyvokj djrs gq;s dgk fd lqizhe dksvz dk fdlh Hkh lalfkk ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa n[ky nsus dk dksbz bjknk ugha gsa yksx tc ljdkjh e'khujh ls ek;wl gksdj dksvz vkrs gs] rc lqizhe dksvz dks viuk /kez fuhkkuk im+rk gs] mugksaus Li"V fd;k fd U;k;ikfydk dh dksbz [okfg'k ;k dksf'k'k ugha gs fd og ljdkj dk dke vius gkfkksa esa ys vfkok ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks Lo;a r; djsaa gekjh ;s etcwjh gs fd vxj dgha ij dksbz dke tks gksuk pkfg,] ;fn lafo/kku ds eqrkfcd ;k dkuwu ds vuqlkj ugha gks jgk gs] rks mldks djok;k tk;sa ge rks ;g pkgrs gsa fd ftl lalfkk dk tks QtZ gs] ml lalfkk dks lfø; fd;k tk;s vksj mlls dgk tk;s fd vki ;g dke djksa ;gh rks ns'k dk fllve gsa ¼7½ U;kf;d lfø;rk dh ;g izo`frr vksj flfkfr mppre Lrj ds jktuhfrkksa vksj lokszpp Lrj ij vklhu lelr vfhktuksa ds fy,,d psrkouh gsa U;k;ikfydk us U;kf;d lfø;rk ds vk/kkj ij Hkz"Vkpkj vksj vjktdrk dh gn ikj dj pqdh jktuhfr ij yxke yxkus vksj mls ifrr gksus ls cpkus dh ps"vk dh gs] vksj ;fn U;kf;d lfø;rk ds vk/kkj ij ns'k dk usfrd usr`ro U;k;ikfydk ds gkfkksa esa pyk x;k gs] rks ;g nks"k fo/kkf;dk vksj dk;zikfydk dk gs] U;k;ikfydk dk ughaa** vk/kqfud jkt;ksa esa U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk ij vr;f/kd cy fn;k x;k gsa O;fDr dh Lora=rk,oa lekurk ds vk/kkjhkwr vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, U;k;ikfydk vk/kqfud lekt dh vfuok;z vko';drk gsa vr% U;kf;d lfø;rk ds fo"k; esa tu&lk/kkj.k dk fopkj gs fd& ^^U;kf;d lfø;rk ds izdk'k dks vksj vkxs rd ys tkus dh furkur vko';drk gsa fu%lansg U;k;ikfydk us cgqr vf/kd fo'oluh;rk ds lkfk yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk,oe~ lkoztfud thou esa usfrd ewy;ksa ds izgjh dh Hkwfedk fuhkkbz gsa** ¼8½ lq>ko % izfke] fo/kkf;dk,oe~ dk;zikfydk dks turk ds lkekftd] vkffkzd] jktuhfrd fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dkuwuksa dk fuekz.k djuk,oa mugsa ykxw djuk pkfg,a nwljk] laln ds }kjk ukxfjdksa ds eksfyd vf/kdkjksa dk vfrøe.k ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg;sa rhljk] U;k;ky; ds }kjk yksdfgr,oa ns'kfgr esa lquk;s x;s QSlyksa ij laln }kjk mlesa la'kks/ku ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, rfkk u gh v/;kns'k yk;k tk;sa pksfkk] ljdkj dks fofhkuu tk p,tsafl;ksa ds fø;kdykiksa esa glr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg;s] rkfd fu"i{k :i ls tk p lahko gks ldsa ik pok],slh laos/kkfud ijeijkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls 'kklu ds rhuksa vax viuh&viuh lhekvksa ds vanj,d&nwljs ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa glr{ksi fd;s fcuk feytqy dj dk;z dj ldsaa NVokWa] 'kklu ds rhuksa vaxksa }kjk fu;a=.k,oe~ larqyu ds fl)kar dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,a fu"d"kz % 'kfdr&fohkktu cuke U;kf;d lfø;rk ij brus fopkj eafku ds i'pkr ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd vkt ftl rjg ls fo/kkf;dk vksj dk;zikfydk dk jos;k ns[kus dks fey jgk gs] turk ds fgr,oe~ vr;ar laosnu'khy eqn~nksa ij fo/kkf;dk rfkk dk;zikfydk dkuwu cukus,oe~ fø;kfuor djus dh vis{kk pqiih lk/ks gqbz gs] vksj blls ftl rjg ns'k esa jktuhfrd vo;olfkk QSy jgh gs rc U;k;ikfydk dk lfø; gksuk fcydqy mfpr gs] D;ksafd ;fn U;k;ikfydk Hkh ljdkj ds izfr lefizr gks tk,xh] rks tu lk/kkj.k viuh Qfj;kn ysdj Hkyk fdlds ikl tk,xka vr% vko';d ;gh gs fd lhkh laos/kkfud lalfkk, lafo/kku ds ewy L=ksr dks Lohdkj dj viuh tckonsgh le>sa vksj vius drrzo;ksa dk fuozgu bzekunkjh ls djsaa lanhkz % ¼1½ vxzoky] jkepunz ¼1972½ % vk/kqfud lafo/kkuksa dh :ijs[kk],l-punz,am daiuh] fnyyh] i`"b 218- ¼2½ jkt,dlizsl] 19 vdvwcj] 2015] tcyiqj laldj.k] i`"b 6- ¼3½ ckcsy] clarhyky] ¼1997½ % laln] lkaln vksj lokszpp U;k;ky;] jktlfkku fgunh xzufk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`"b 47- ¼4½ jkt,dlizsl] 25 vxlr] 2017] tcyiqj laldj.k] i`"b 1- ¼5½ jkt,dlizsl] 11 vdvwcj] 2017] tcyiqj laldj.k] i`"b 6- ¼6½ ubz nqfu;k] 21 ebz] 2016] tcyiqj laldj.k] i`"b 6- ¼7½ jkt,dlizsl] 8 twu] 2016] tcyiqj laldj.k] i`"b 7- ¼8½ ukjk;.k] bdcky ¼1974½ % Hkkjrh; ljdkj,oa jktuhfr] jktlfkku fgunh xzafk vdkneh] t;iqj] i`"b 189- UGC - APPROVED - JOURNAL UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

9 UGC Approved Journal Research Link Since March 2002 nfyr dh,sfrgkfld i`"bhkwfe % lekt esa tue vksj is ks ds vk/kkj ij ftu yksxksa dks lcls vf/kd vifo= ekuk x;k] fgunw Le`fr;ksa ds }kjk muds Li'kZ ij Hkh izfrca/k yxk fn;k x;ka ftl euqle`fr dks ekuo /kez'kkl= dh lakk nh tkrh gs] mlesa ;gk rd fu;e cuk fn;k x;k fd dqn tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks ns[k ysus ek= ls gh,d lo.kz O;fä vifo= gks tkrk gs vksj iqu% ifo= gksus ds fy, mls izk;f'pr djuk vko';d gsa e/;dky rd fgunw lekt bruk /kekzu/k vksj va/kfo'oklh cu x;k fd osfnd dez dks frykatfy nsdj Le`fr;ksa esa fn;s x, fo/kkuksa ds vuqlkj vifo= dgh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa dks lhkh rjg dh lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr djds] mudk vekuoh; 'kks"k.k fd;k tkus yxka fczfv'k 'kkludky esa vli`'; tkfr;kas dh flfkfr cgqr n;uh; jgha blds ckn Hkh vk;z lekt us vius lq/kkjoknh vkanksyu ds varxzr bu tkfr;ksa dks ^nfyr tkfr* ds uke ls lacksf/kr djds buds fy, vu; fgunw tkfr;ksa dh rjg leku lqfo/kk, vksj leku vf/kdkj nsus dh vkokt mbk;ha lu~ 1931 dh tux.kuk ds vk;qä ts-,p- gêu (J.H. Hutton) us bu tkfr;ksa dks ^ckgjh tkfr* (exterior caste) ds uke ls lacksf/kr fd;ka egkrek xk /kh og igys O;fä Fks] ftugkasus dêjrkoknh fgunwvksa ds fojks/k ds ckn Hkh vnwr dgs tkus okys yksxksa dks fgunw lekt dk vfhk k vax ekurs gq, mugsa ^gfjtu* dguk vkjahk fd;ka nfyr oxz dk vfhkizk;z % MkW- vecsmdj us ^nfyr oxz* 'kcn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd tks yksx xjhc] 'kksf"kr rfkk lkekftd vksj /kkfezd P olitical Science An International, Registered & Refereed Monthly Journal : Research Link - 168, Vol - XVII (1), March , Page No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impact Factor oefuele ceefnueedeew keâe memeefòeâkeâjce : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, oefuele ceefnueedeew kesâ memeefòeâkeâjce kesâ DeOÙeÙeve mes mecyebefoele nw~ oefuele ceefnueesb MeleeefyoÙeeW mes GlheerefÌ[le jner nw, efkeâvleg Ùen Yeer melùe nw efkeâ Gvekesâ Gæej kesâ efues ØeeÛeervekeâeue mes ner meceepe cew megoeej kesâ efues DeeJeepe G"leer jner nw~ ceoùekeâeue cew jepee jececeesnve jeùe, mjeeceer oùeevebo mejmjeleer, peefmšme Sce.peer.jevee[s, mjeeceer efjejeskeâevebo, pùeesefleyee hetâues, ieeboeerpeer, Decyes[keâj Deeefo meceepe-megoeejkeâew ves DeeJeepe G"eF& nw~ Jele&ceeve keâer yeele keâjw lees Deye yengle no lekeâ oefuele ceefnueedeew keâes mecyebefoele efveùeexiùeleedeew keâes meceehle efkeâùee pee Ûegkeâe nw~ osme kesâ efjeefyeve YeeieeW cew oefuele ceefnuee peeefleùeeb mebieef"le mecetnew kesâ he cew Gefole ngf& nw~ Deye memeefòeâkeâjce mes DeeefLe&keâ, jepeveereflekeâ, meeceeefpekeâ #es$eew cew DeefOekeâej kesâ Øeefle peeie keâ nesvee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~ Mewef#ekeâ meceevelee kesâ DeJemejeW mes DeeOegefvekeâ cetuùeew kesâ he cew meceevelee yevoeglee kesâ cetuùeew keâe efjemleej efkeâùee peevee oefuele ceefnueedeew keâer Ûeslevee, DeeOegefvekeâerkeâjCe SJeb meeceeefpekeâ efjekeâeme cew Skeâ mecelee cetuekeâ meceepe keâer mleehevee cew meneùekeâ nes mekeâleer nw~ ueeskeâleb$e keâer meheâuelee cew memeòeâ oefuele ceefnueedeew keâer Ûeslevee cenljehetce& nw~ [e@.ceeueleer eflejeejer vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr gsa] mugha dks ge nfyr dgrs gsaa bl dfku ls Li"V gksrk gs fd nfyr 'kcn ls gekjk vfhkizk; mu yksxksa ls gs] tks mpp tkfr;ksa }kjk lkekftd] vkffkzd vksj /kkfezd :i ls 'kksf"kr gksus ds dkj.k rjg&rjg ds vhkkoksa ds dkj.k xjhch ds fueure Lrj ij gsa rfkk lkekftd vieku ds lkfk gh mugsa fofhk k izdkj ds mrihm+u dk f'kdkj gksuk im+rk gsa oklro esa nfyr 'kcn ijeijkxr ^vnwr* 'kcn ds gh lekukurj gsa dqn O;fä ;g ekurs gsa fd ftu tkfr;ksa dks ge vuqlwfpr tkfr;k dgrs gsaa MkW- etwenkj us ijeijkxr vnwr tkfr;kas vksj nfyr oxz ds chp dksbz varj u ekurs gq, fy[kk gs fd ^vnwr tkfr;k * os gsa] tks cgqr lh lkekftd vksj jktuhfrd fu;kszx;rkvksa ls ihfm+r gsa] ftuesa ls vf/kdka'k fu;ksx;rkvksa dks /kkfezd ds }kjk fu/kkzfjr djds mugs mpp tkfr;ksa }kjk ykxw fd;k x;ka blds foijhr ;fn leqnk; ds fdlh Hkkx dks tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij vkffkzd] lkekftd vksj /kkfezd lqfo/kkvksa ls oafpr djds mls frjld`r vksj viekfur fd;k tkrk gs] rc yksxksa dks,sls oxz dks ge nfyr dgrs gasa iapk;rksa esa nfyr usr`ro % euqoknh o.kz O;oLFkk,oa tkfr O;oLFkk Lo;a vius gh pøo;wg esa Q lh ys[k eas crk;k fd euqoknh O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vusd fueu,oa vli`'; tkfr;k fufezr gqbza bugsa f'k{kk] laifùk] jktuhfr] lekurk tsls ewyhkwr vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kdj mpp tkfr;ksa ¼czká.k {kf=;½ dks vlhfer vf/kdkj fn, x,] ysfdu Lora= Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa blh vli`';rk,oa vlkeuk dks vf/kdkj ekudj vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbza e.my flqkfj'ksa ykxw gksus ds dkj.k vkj{k.k dk nk;jk vu; finm+k oxz rd meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (jepeveerefle MeeŒe efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneøeyeg JeuueYeeÛeeÙe& mveelekeâesòej ceneefjeåeeueùe, cenemecegvo (ÚòeermeieÌ{) UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

10 a a a O;kid gks x;ka 73osa,oa 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk vkj{k.k O;oLFkk fueure Lrj rd igq ph rfkk vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr,oa vu; finm+k oxz lfgr lhkh oxksza dh efgykvksa dks Hkh vkj{k.k dk ykhk feyka vkt Lo;a czká.k] {kf=; tsls mpp tkfr;k tks,d le; vkj{k.k ds l[r f[kykq Fkh] vc Lo;a vius fy, vkj{k.k dh ek x dj jgh gsaa igys iapk;rh jkt lalfkkvksa ij mpp tkfr ds lnl;ksa ;k tehankjksa dk,dkf/kdkj Fkk] ijurq izk;% vc,slk ugha gsa bu lalfkkvksa esa vkj{k.k O;oLFkk ds dkj.k vc buesa mpp@lo.kz tkfr;ksa ;k vkffkzd n`f"v ls lai k tkfr;ksa dk LokfeRo ugha jg x;k gsa vfirq lekt dk fueure oxz ¼nfyr@efgyk½ Hkh izfrfuf/kro izkir dj lfø; Hkwfedk fuhkk jgh gsa iapk;rh jkt es efgyk dk lcls cm+k izhkko jktuhfrd lajpuk ij im+k gsa ifj.kkelo:i xzkeh.k {ks= es a jktuhfrd psruk tkx`r gqbz gs rfkk LFkkuh; usrk /khjs&/khjs mpp Lrj ij vius jktuhfrd xbca/ku dj jgs gsaa [k.m vfkok iapk;r lfefr Lrj ij,sls xbca/ku dkqh 'kfä'kkyh cu x, gsaa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa nfyr efgykvks a dk,d vksj egroiw.kz i{k ;g gs fd xk oks a ds vkffkzd fodkl es a dsoy finm+s oxks Za vksj nfyr efgykvksa dh gh Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gs] tcfd lkearh ijeijkxr laldkjks a ds tdm+ s gksus ds dkj.k vkt Hkh mpp oxz dh efgyk,?kj ds ckgj fdlh izdkj dk dksbz Je ;k O;olk; djus ugha fudyrh gsa ;g flfkfr 'kgjks a dh flfkfr ls fhk k gs] tgk mpp rfkk ek/;e oxz dh efgyk, uksdjh ;k O;olk; esa iq:"kksa ds lkfk da/kk feykdj py jgh gsa] tcfd finm+s vksj nfyr oxz dh efgyk, de ;k vf'kf{kr gksus ds dkj.k jkstxkj dh izfr;ksfxrk ls ckgj gks tkrh gsaa xk oksa esa Je dk;z djus okyh efgyk, lkekftd rfkk vkffkzd :i ls finm+s oxz dh gksrh gsa] vr% mugsa LokHkkfod :i ls T;knk 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksuk im+rk gsa bu vkdm+kas esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vfkok vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh efgyk izfrfuf/k;kas dk vkadyu djus ij Kkr gqvk fd xzke iapk;rksa esa 3]31]133 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh vksj 2]23]959 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh gsa tuin iapk;r esa 23]758 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr dh rfkk 13]477 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh gsa ftyk iapk;rks esa 2]100 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tkfr vksj 1099 efgyk izfrfuf/k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh gsaa bu vkdm+ks a ls irk pyrk gs fd ns'k ds 19 jkt;ks a es a 7]24]104 efgyk, izfrfuf/k ds :i es a pquh x;h gsa nfyrksa dh lel;k, % Hkkjr esa nfyr tkfr;ksa dh lel;kvksa dks lcls igys ;gk ds jk"vªh; Lora= vkunksyu ds nksjku vuqhko fd;ka ¼1½ lkekftd fohksn dh lel;k] ¼2½ mpp tkfr;ksa }kjk 'kks"k.k] ¼3½ gfjtu egktuks a }kjk 'kks"k.k] ¼4½ vkurfjd vlkeurk dh lel;k] ¼5½ vurtkzrh; ruko dh lel;k] ¼6½ vf'k{kk] ¼7½ e iku,oa u'khys inkfkksza dh lel;k] ¼8½ jktuhfrd 'kks"k.k dh lel;k, A mik; % tc MkW- Hkhejko vecsmdj ds iz;ruksa ls ;g eglwl fd;k tkus yxk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh flfkfr esa lq/kkj fd, fcuk mugs a jk"vª dh eq[;/kkjk ls ugha tksm+k tk ldrk] blds QyLo:i egkrek xk /kh us vli`'; tkfr;ksa dks gfjtu vfkkzr~ bz'oj dh lurku dgdj muds lkekftd] vkffkzd 'kks"k.k dks nwj djus dk fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;ka ¼1½ fgunw lekt esa ijeijkxr fo/kku esa Økafrdkjh ifjorzu fd;k tk,a ¼2½ nfyr efgyk oxksza dks laxfbr o f'kf{kr fd;k tk,a ¼3½ fo/kku eamy o efgyk vkj{k.k ij cy fn;k tk,a ¼4½ efgyk nfyr oxksza ds fodkl ds fy, mugsa fo'ks"k lqfo/kk, nh tk,aa ¼5½ Nk=kvksa dks Nk=o`fÙk;ksa rfkk jgus ds fy, Nk=kokl dh O;oLFkk dh tk,a ¼6½ rduhfd f'k{kk ds fy, ns'k] fons'k esa v/;;u djus o izf'k{k.k izkir djus gsrq mi;qä lqfo/kk, vksj foùkh; lgk;rk iznku dh tk,a ¼7½ jktuhfrd] lkekftd iz'kkluhd {ks=ksa esa LFkkuA ¼8½ ncko eqdr thou thus dk vf/kdkja nfyr efgykvksa dh lkekftd fomecuk % Hkkjrh; lekt dh ;g fomecuk jgh gs fd tkfr ls tqm+h ospkfjd eku;rkvksa ds dkj.k fueu tkfr ds yksxksa dks lnso misf{kr] foi k] lozgkjk vksj nfyr 'kcn ds lacks/ku ls tksm+dj ns[kk tkrk jgka bl izdkj nfyr oxz dks ospkfjd rfkk lajpukred Lrj ij Hkkjrh; lekt dh vlaosnu'khy jhfr&fjoktks ds dkj.k,d frjldkj dh ftanxh thus dks etcwj gksuk im+ka jkstxkj ds lk/ku tks mls feys] mls flok frjldkj vksj ekuoh; ewy;ksa dh xfjek dks dqpyk rfkk nck;k x;ka bl lanhkz esa nfyr efgykvksa dks nksgjh ekj dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa,d rjq rks mls efgyk gksus ds dkj.k iq:'k iz/kku lekt dh fir`:irked ewy;ks a dk f'kdkj gksuk im+rk gsa lkfk gh vuqlwfpr tkfr esa 'kkfey fd;s tkus ds dkj.k 'kwnzksa ls tqm+h eku;rkvksa ds nnz dks Hkh lgus ij foo'k gksuk im+rk gsa bl 'kks/ki= esa nfyr efgykvksa ds ekuokf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr vf/kdkjksa dh flfkfr dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa fo'ks"kdj mu nfyr efgykvksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gs] tks esyk <ksus rfkk lqkbz ds dke ls tqm+h gsa bl izdkj ds lqkbz rfkk esyk <ksus ds dke ls tqm+s Jfedksa dks xfjek dh ckr djuk lgt :i ls csekuh gs vksj muds fy, ekuokf/kdkj ds ekuoh; ewy;ksa dk laj{k.k dj mls cpk;s j[kuk Hkh,d fefkd gsa vktknh ds ckn fd, x, le>ksrs ds dkj.k vk, cnykoksa ds ckotwn vkt dh nfyr O;fä vui<+] dqiksf"kr] Hkwfeghu] etnwj gs] tks thfodkiktzu ds fy, dbz rjg ds 'kks"k.kksa ds tky esa Qalk gsa og lsdm+kas lkyksa ls fodflr ra= dk f'kdkj gsa l'kfdrdj.k dh vksj vxzlj % lekt ;k ns'k dh izxfr rc rd lahko ugha gs] rc rd efgykvksa dh izxfr ugha gks ldrha MkW- vecsmdj us dgk gs] esa fdlh lekt dh m kfr dk vuqeku bl ckr ij ugha yxk ldrk fd ml lekt dh efgykvks a us fdruh izxfr dh gs] ukjh UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March

11 a a dh m kfr ds fcuk ifjokj lekt,oa jk"vª dh m kfr lahko ugha gsa gekjs ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh vkt Hkh xqykeh dk thou th jgh gsa lekt O;oLFkk esa mls iq:"k ds v/khu crkdj ml ij reke izfrca/k ykn fn, x, gsaa fuf'pr :i ls vkt efgykvks a dh flfkfr es a lq/kkj gqvk gsa,d oxz dh efgykvksa us?kj ls ckgj fudydj viuh vflerk vksj vflrro dh [kkst dh gsa ;g lr; gs fd nfyr efgyk, 'krkfcn;ks a ls mrihfm+r jgh gs] fdurq ;g Hkh lr; gs fd muls m)kj ds fy, izkphudky ls gh lekt esa lq/kkj ds fy, vkokt mbrh jgh gsa e/;dky esa jktkjke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljlorh] tflvl,e-thjkukms] Lokeh foosdkuan] T;ksfrck Qwys] xk /kh th] vecsmdj vkfn lekt lq/kkjdksa us vkokt mbkbz gsa vkt orzeku le; dh ;fn ckr djsa] rks vc cgqr gn rd nfyr efgykvksa dks lacaf/kr fu;ks ZX;rkvks a dks lekir fd;k tk pqdk gsa ns'k ds fofhk k Hkkxks a es nfyr efgyk tkfr;k laxfbr lewgksa ds :i es a mfnr gqbz gsa vc l'kfädj.k ls vkffkzd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd {ks=ks a es a vf/kdkj ds izfr tkx:d gksuk vfuok;z gsa 'ksf{kd lekurk ds voljks a ls vk/ kqfud ewy;ks a ds :i es a LoLrk] lekurk cu/kqrk ds ewy;ks a dk folrkj fd;k tkuk nfyr efgykvks a dh psruk] vk/kqfudhdj.k,oa lkekftd fodkl esa,d lerk ewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d gks ldrh gsa yksdra= dh lqyrk esa l'kä nfyr efgykvksa dh psruk egroiw.kz gsa Hkkjr tsls /kez leer,oa fodkl'khy jk"vª es tgk tkfr O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk dk i;kz; Hkh Fkh] ogha vc mldk nwljk Lo:i l'kfädj.k ds :i esa ns[kus dks fey jgk gs] ifjorzu lekt dk 'kk'or lr; gsa vr% budh Lo;a dh tkx:drk,oa lafo/kku esa cuk, x, fu;eksa dks dbksjrk ls ykxw fd, tkus ds dkj.k vc nfyr efgykvksa ds tks Hkko mnfor gksrs tk jgs gsa] mlesa vo'; deh vkrh tk jgh gsa f'k{kk vksj lekurk ds mís'; dks ysdj nfyr efgykvksa dks izhkko'khy :i esa l'kä gksrh tk jgh gsa Hkkjrh; tula[;k esa nfyr dk izfr'kr 16-6 gsa izr;sd 6 Hkkjrh; esa,d Hkkjrh; nfyr gsa muesa ls efgyk nfyr dk vk/ kk Hkkx gsa efgyk nfyr efgyk l'kfädj.k dks nfyr vkanksyu ns'k jkt; /kez 'kks"k.k ds nwljs rjhdksa vksj lald`fr ij [kqy dj fopkj djuk] ifjhkkf"kr djuk gksxk] ftlesa,d Lora= lekurk vksj HkkbZpkjs ij vk/kkfjr,d u;k nfyr efgyk l'kä lekt cukuk gksxka lunhkz % ¼1½ vxzoky] MkW-th-ds- % Hkkjr esa lekt] i`- 110] 11] 112] 113- ¼2½ MkW- iwj.k ey % iapk;rh jkt,oa nfyr usr`ro] i` ¼3½ 'kekz] MkW- vfecdk izlkn % NÙkhlx<+ esa ekuokf/kdkj] i`- 256] 257- ¼4½ MkW-,l- vf[kys'k % Hkkjrh; lekt % eqís,oa lel;k, ] i`- 681] 682- ¼5½ prqosznh] v:.k % Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj] i`- 68- ¼6½ izksqslj c`txksiky % fjlpz tujy vkwq lks'ky ykbzq lkbzal] i`- 227] 228- ¼7½ brokjh v[kckj] fnukad 22 fnlecj ¼8½ vxzoky] MkW- xksiky d`".k % Hkkjrh; lekt eqís,oa lel;k, A UGC - APPROVED - JOURNAL efjmeûe& efuebkeâ keâer meomùelee keâe Megukeâ Yegieleeve je ^erùeke=âle yeqkeâew Éeje meeroes š^ebmeheâj Ùee pecee efkeâùee pee mekeâlee nw~ yeqkeâ keâe efjejejce efvecveevegmeej nwyeqkeâ : mšsš yeqkeâ Dee@heâ FefC[Ùee yeçebûe : Deesu[ heueeefmeùee, Fvoewj, keâes[ - SBIN Keeles keâe veece : efjmeûe& efuebkeâ, Keelee vebyej Yegieleeve keâer cetue jmeero, MeesOe-he$e SJeb meer[er kesâ meele keâeùee&ueùeerve heles hej Yespevee DeefveJeeÙe& nw~ UGC Approved - Research Link - An International Journal-168 Vol-XVII (1) March