The Evaluation of Educational Programmes for Baiga Tribes in Chhattisgarh (During 10th five year plan)

Transcription

1 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 131, Vol - XIII (12), Februry , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor The Evlution of Eductionl Progrmmes for Big Tribes in Chhttisgrh (During 10th five yer pln) The Big Viks Abhikrn, which ws estblished on 2nd Mrch 2000 t Kwrdh, ws ment for the overll development of Big tribes. Since then mny Government Community Progrmmes hve been conducted in this region for the Bigs nd Eductionl Progrmme is one of them. Eduction is must for the progress nd development of ny community. With the new eduction policy of 1986, these eductionl ctivities hve speeded up to gret extent. There hve been gret chnges in this sector during lst one decde in the 10th five yer pln. Rs lkhs hve been expended through Eduction Deprtment on Bigs nd 16,335 students hve been beneficited by it. The Ashrm Eductionl system hs contributed to lrge extent. This is novel effort of the Government. In the Ashrms, they re given food, hostel, clothes, shoes, books, scholrships etc. If ny student is sick, he is tken to the helth centers nd is treted there. In this region, 14 Residentil schools hve been setup in vrious Big villges. It hs enhnced their interest towrds eduction. As result, the litercy rte of this tribe hs incresed s compred to tht of Due to eduction, new clss is emerging in this tribe. This clss of new genertion is wre, educted nd comprtively economiclly independent. At present, bout 30 to 40 Big mle nd femle youths re working in vrious deprtments s techers, clerks nd peons. In this sense, we cn sy tht this is one of the good progrmmes of the Government; still there is more scope for improvement so tht it cn be more fruitful for the Bigs nd they cn be included in the min strem of the ntion. Keywords : Eductionl Progrmmes, Expenditure on Eduction, Litercy, Adult Eduction, Awreness & Sensibility. Keywords : Eductionl Progrmmes, Expenditure on Eduction, Litercy, Adult Eduction, Awreness & Sensibility. DR. MAHESH SHRIVASTAVA* & DR.(SMT.) NEELU SHRIVASTAVA** Introduction : The stte of Chhttisgrh ws newly formed on 1 November According to census 2001 the totl popultion of stte is nd the totl tribl popultion is Out of the totl popultion of the stte, percent popultion consists of tribes. The number of these tribl groups is 31 (42 in undivided M.P.) out of these tribl groups, five tribes hve been declred s the primitive tribes by the government of Indi. As per the survey mde by Chhttisgrh Primitive Tribe Reserch nd Trining Centre in , the totl popultion in the stte of these five tribl groups is 1,46,423 which is bout 2.21 percent of the totl tribl popultion of the stte. Totl number of fmilies of primitive tribes in the stte is 34,203 nd mong them, the mximum number of fmilies comprises of Big Tribe.The extension of Big tribe in the stte is in the districts of Kwrdh, Bilspur, Kore nd Rjnndgon. According to Big Viks Abhikrn ( ), totl popultion nd sex rtio of Big tribe in the stte is - Tble No. 1 : Sex Rtio in Big Tribe Mle Percentge Femle Percentge Totl Percentge % % % Source : Big Viks Abhikrn, Distt. Kwrdh (C.G.), The tble 1 shows tht totl mle Bigs in the stte re nd femle Bigs re From the ngle of sex rtio we see tht the number of femles is 963 on 1000 mles. Thus, the rtio of mles is slightly higher thn the femles. According to census 2001, the litercy rte of totl tribl popultion of chhttisgrh is %, which is lesser thn the litercy rte of the totl popultion of the stte (64.72%). The litercy rte of the primitive tribes is even lesser (only 20.09%). *Hed (Deprtment of Economics), Govt. Dr.B. S. B. A. College, Dongrgon (Chhttisgrh) **Hed (Deprtment og English), Govt. Digvijy College, Rjnndgon (Chhttisgrh) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

2 Tble No. 2 : Comprtive Litercy in Big Tribes Chhttisgrh ST in Chhttisgrh Big Trib es 64.65% 52.02% Source : Census Report The litercy rte of totl tribl popultion of Chhttisgrh is %, which is lesser thn the litercy rte of the totl popultion of the stte (64.72%). The litercy rte of the Big tribes is even lesser (20.09%). In the so-clled literte popultion of Bigs (20.09%), 33.01% persons re literte up to primry level, 1.23% up to pre-primry level, 3.99% up to middle school level nd 0.94% re up to higher secondry level. Among them, only 0.03% Bigs re studying in the colleges. Hence the rtio of illitercy is still big problem & chllenge for society. Objective of the study : The following objectives hve been determined to exmine the effect of Government Progrmmes on the Eductionl sttus of Big Tribes (1) To see which type of Eductionl Progrmmes re being run by the Government. (2) To see wht re the socil conventions tht hinder their Eductionl development. (3) Other responsible fctors, which hve negtively effected their Eductionl condition directly or in directly. (4) To exmine which nd wht type of Govt. Policies hd run for the eductionl upliftment of Bigs; especilly during the period of Methodology : The methodology of the study hs been divided in to three prts : (1) Are of the study : The reserch work is bsed on primry nd secondry dt. Primry dt is collected from hundred smple big villges from Kwrdh district in Chhttisgrh. (2) Smpling Design : The type of smpling tken for the study is rndom. The totl number of respondents re 500 Big fmilies. (3) Dt Collection : The collection of dt is tken by two methods - (A) Primry dt : The primry source of dt collection in the reserch is the interview-schedule for the beneficiries of Government Helth Progrmmes. For the co llectio n o f p rimr y d t, the investigto r personlly contcted the relted fmilies nd lso observed selected 500 fmilies. (B) Secondry dt : The resercher hs used the secondry dt in his study. The secondry dt is collected from of the Big Tribes of this region, like Big Viks Abhikrn, District kwrdh, Scheduled Tribe Reserch Centre Ripur nd other Journls/ Government documents etc. Results nd Discussion : As per 2001 census, in the stte bout percent Big popultion reside in two blocks of district Kwrdh, which re Bodl nd Pndri. These Bigs live minly in the remote res of Mikl hill rnge under Bhormdev forest re. For the speedy nd ll-round development of these people, 'Big Viks Abhikrn' ws estblished which mkes developmentl policies for the Bigs nd ssures their implementtion too. The Big Viks Abhikrn ws estblished on 2nd Mrch 2000 t Kwrdh nd its Registrtion No. is Previously, this Abhikrn ws running in Rjnndgon nd Bilspur. The tribe resides in two blocks, Bodl nd Pndri.The totl popultion in these two Big blocks is 81410, wheres the totl popultion of the tribes is There re two types of Developmentl Progrmmes running by the Big Viks Abhikrn. First is Fmily welfre Progrmmes nd second is Community & Infrstructure Progrmmes. Eductionl Fcilities is one of the importnt prt of Fmily welfre Progrmmes which is being provided to Bigs of this re. Eductionl Progrmmes : Eduction is the first condition of development. Thus, the government is tking specil mesures to increse the litercy of this tribe. Big Viks Abhikrn distributes every yer cycles, school dress, school bg nd syllbus etc. to ttrct them towrds eduction. It includes mny residentil nd non residentil schools in mny Big villges. The residentil students re given rooms nd mels too. These fcilities re given free of cost. Moreover, the Scholrship given to them is lso more thn other tribls. Cycles re being provided to the girl students free of cost for encourging them. During 10th five yer pln, Rs lkhs hve been expended through eduction deprtment on Bigs nd 16,335 students hve been beneficited. Tble No. 3 : Expenditure on eduction (in Lkhs Rs.) S.No. Yer Cycle Dress School Bg Benefitted Totl Distri. Distri. Distri. Students Totl Source : Big Viks Abhikrn, Distt. Kwrdh (C.G.). The bove tble 3, shows tht the Govt. is doing efforts since mny yers to erdicte illitercy mong the Bigs. It includes mny residentil nd non residentil schools in mny Big villges. There is rrngement for free textbooks, uniforms, refreshment nd lunch for the students of this community. The residentil students re given rooms nd mels too. These fcilities re given free of cost. Moreover, the Scholrship given to them is lso more thn other tribls. Cycles re being provided to the girl students free of cost for encourging them. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

3 The Evlution of Eductionl Progrmmes : The positive results of these progrmmes (I) Due to these efforts, good results hve strted coming out. The litercy rte hs incresed. (II) The educted youth of this tribe re working in mny Govt. offices. (III) During the survey, their incresing wreness nd sensibility due to eduction, hs been observed. They hve now understood the importnce of eduction. (IV) Some Big students, fter completing their Schooling showed willingness for Higher eduction too. (V) Besides school eduction, they hve lso strted showing their interest in the extension of Angn-Bdi nd Adult Eduction. (VI) The Govt. hs provided the fcility to the Bigs tht fter completing their minimum qulifictions, they re given government jobs without interview. With these chievements, it cn be sid tht the Eductionl progrmmes re the most successful progrmmes of the Govt. But even then too, some drw bcks were felt. These drwbcks re : (I) The Government is continuously estblishing the Ashrms for the extension of eduction, but in some schoolhostels it ws found tht there is extreme derth of rooms nd beds etc. Two students re forced to sleep on one bed (II) The derth of techers in the Residentil s well s Non-Residentil schools ws found, due to which the eduction is bdly ffected. Similrly the irregulrity,crelessness etc. lso ffects the eduction system. (III) During the survey, it ws found tht only those Big villges, which re connected to the min rods, re provided schools, hostels, Angnbdi nd Adult Eduction etc. The Big villges, which re situted in the Hilly res, re still deprived of these fcilities. (IV) The govenrment should lso ppoint the computer instructors s it ws found tht the computers re lying in dust becuse no one is there to use them. Such ws the condition in Blk Ashrms of Tregon & Kukdoor. (V) Usully it is seen tht the government techers re llotted some other non-teching works like, census nd election etc. As result the teching in school gets disturbed becuse in most of the primry schools only one techer is ppointed. (VI) It would be better if the techers ppointed belong to the some community nd nerby res, so tht they will be emotionlly ttched to their work plce nd will be regulr. Suggestions nd Conclusion : Eduction is must for the progress nd development of ny community. With the new eduction policy of 1986, these eductionl ctivities hve speeded to gret extent. There hve been gret chnges in this sector during lst one decde. The Ashrm Eductionl system hs contributed to lrge extent. This is novel effort of the Government. In this re 14 Residentil schools hve been setup in vrious Big villges. It hs enhnced their interest towrds eduction. As result, the litercy rte of this tribe hs come up to28.26% t present ( ) from 20.09% in Due to eduction, new clss is emerging in this tribe. This clss of new genertion is wre, educted nd comprtively economiclly independent. At present, bout Big mle nd femle youths re working in vrious deprtments s techers, clerks nd peons. In the sense, this is one of the good progrmmes of the Government. The Government hs estblished one Eklvy Model School t Tregon, block Bodl. The estblishment of such model residentil schools should be mde for the quick extension of eduction. But inspite of much, tht hs been done, there is much more tht hs to be done. During the survey, the Ashrm School of distnce plces were not found up to the mrk. In the Ashrm Shl of Tregon nd Kukdoor, we found tht the computers hve been instlled for the students under Rjeev Gndhi Chiksh Mission but due to bsence of ny computer instructor, they re lying unused. Thus this progrmme will only be successful when the computer instructor is ppointed there. Moreover, in mny school of this re, only one techer is ppointed like in Bndhur, Keshmrd, Peeprkhunt. If this techer is deputed to some other non-teching work or meeting, the school remins closed. So t lest two techers should be ppointed in one school. Mny school buildings hve been left incomplete nd the students hve to djust in one room only. For ex- in Kndwni, Bdnchu, Bhelki, Amtol etc. the school buildings re incomplete nd they need to be completed soon. Thus, long with incresing the number of residentil schools, the bsic needs of these schools should lso be incresed. The efforts of the government re prise worthily, but they need to be more prcticl. Along with good plnning, its monitoring should lso done crefully only then its benefit will rech to the tribls nd these progrmmes be clled successful. References : (1) Shrivstv Mhesh, The Effect of Government Progrmmes on the Economic Sttus of Big Tribes in Chhttisgrh. Unpublished Project Report for U.G.C. New Delhi, (2) Pnd N.K., Policies progrmmes nd strtigies for Tribl Development 2 Klpz Publictions, New Delhi (3) Hsnin Ndeem, Tribl Indi Plk Prkshn New Delhi (4) Ptel M.L., Direction of Tribl Development Vnyjti,Vol.XL, No.2, April 1992,,p.33. (5) Ptnik S.C., Antomy of Rurl Poverty in Oriss nd Strtegy of Rurl Development Klpz Publictions, New Delhi, 2005., p.11. (6) Rulr Indi, Bbi House, Gopl Gnj, Ori, U.P. Aug-Spe (7) Report of Big Viks Abhikrn, Distt. Kwrdh (C.G.), (8) Census Report 2001, Govt. of Indi. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

4 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 131, Vol - XIII (12), Februry , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor Women Sttus nd Humn Rights It is very cler tht women re successful in every role. She cn be wife, mother, creer women nd she cn mke best of ll her roles. No doubt she hs been from personl s well s professionl fronts; she hs been ble to excel in whtever cpcity. We know women plying importnt role in our economy nd socil sector. Indin constitution sy tht women re legl citizens of the country nd hve equl rights with men but Indi is mle dominnt society becuse lke of cceptnce from mles. There re vrious types to crime nd violence ginst women which is linked to their disdvntgeous position in the society nd mounts to violtion of Humn dignity nd Humn Rights. This pper ims to study how the sttus of women hs been chnged nd developed with specil emphsis on powerful tool implemented on legl sfe gurd. DR. (SMT.) C. S. VERMA We know tht every womn ply n importnt role in our economic nd socil sector. It is very cler tht women re successful in every role. Indin constitution sys tht women re legl citizens of the country nd hve equl rights with men. But Indi is mle dominnt society becuse lck of cceptnce from femles. Aim of the Pper is to study the sttus, development, dvncement nd humn right of women. Rpe is the foremost most common crime ginst women in Indi. According to the Ntionl Crime records bureu (NCRB) 2013 Annul report rpe cse were reported cross Indi in 2012, out of were committed by reltives or neighbour & victim knows the lleged rpist in 98% of the cse. Ntionl Crime Bureu Records Stte tht 8233 dowry deth ws reported in 2012 from vrious sttes. One womn dies every hour due to dowry relted problems on n verge in Indi. (ref.11) Femle foeticide is n ever growing mence in Indin society nd there is mple of evidence. Globl survey of helth reserch brings bout one crore twenty lkh femle foeticide in Indi. Every dy 2000 girls re killed due to femle foeticide in Indi by survey reported of UNFPA. ref.13 Sexul hrssment is n improper nd unwelcome conduct tht might resonbly be expected to other person. Women fce discrimintion from childhood especilly in communities where there is preference of mle child. Hrssment in work plce is rpidly incresing in ll sector of the economy, lrgely due to growing numbers of negtive consequences. This hs led to the formultion of nti hrssment policies by severl NGO's.ref.12 Few crimes which re recognized s crime ginst women re dultery is very serious crime ginst women. Indin Penl Code section 497. Child Mrrige : It is very wful offence ginst child nd bd helth condition for girl child. In Indi Survey report sy's 43% mrrige in Indi is under 18 yers of girls. The reduction of this percentge is only one percent yerly. How society vlues nd understnds helth will determine in gret prt how the individuls in society experience helth.ref.16 The United Ntions Commission on the sttus of women in its 25th report hd recommended to the estblishment of Ntionl Commission or similr body with mndte to review estimte nd recommend mesures to ensure equlity between men nd women nd the full integrtion of women in ll spheres of ntionl life. The purpose of commission is to ensure equlity nd to stop the violence. Development Advncement of Women : Helth, Sex-Rtio, Litercy, Employment, Poverty etc. show mjor increse but is less s compred to men. Women helth is not just n ttribute of individuls but it's lso reflection of the vlues. Also womn's helth will help in determining, to gret extent, the individul helth experiences in society. Life expectncy : During the period of 1951 to 1971 the expecttion of life for women t birth ws lower thn men. However from 1981 onwrd the expectnce of life for women hs been higher. Morbidity mong Women : A scrutiny of youngest of Deprtment of Economics, Govt. G.S.G. P.G.College, Blod (Chhttisgrh) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

5 deth revels tht for youngest ge group i...e 0-5 yers the most frequent direct or underlying cuse is mlnutrition, beyond the ge of 5 yer mlnutrition continues to be n ssocited cuse, prticulrly in the form of nemi which ffects more thn 60 percent of Indin women. The ge group yers is most vulnerble for girls. According to 1981 census, lmost 40 percent of girls mrried. The percentge of mrried girls in urbn res ws bout 30.3.The Teenge girls were responsible for bout percent of ll the nnul births in the country. People of Indi re mde wre t the rurl level bout the negtives of erly mrriges of the girls which cn led to their deth. Dt on helth services shows the lower morbidity rte due to improvement in helth sectors for women but it is not completely stisfctory due to lck of wreness. Also the sme rte increses due to lck of protection. Women generlly seek medicl help only t dvnced stge of illness. Government t locl level hs strted providing free helth fcilities to the women. Educted mothers provide better helth cre for the house-hold. There is high correltion between femle litercy nd life expectncy t birth. The verge nutritionl intke of women is 1400 clories dily but necessry requirement is pproximtely 2400 clories (Ref % women in urbn re stndrd critters of life. 80 million unwnted pregnncies, 20 million unsfe bortions nd mternl deths. 92% women in Indi suffer from Gynecologicl Problems. (ref.15) 300 women die every dy due to childbirth nd progeny relted cuses. 3.8% helth centre hs no Doctor nd 24.2% helth hs femle doctors. Sex Rtio/1000 mle : In popultion, sex rtio generlly influences the form nd tempo of life in ny country. The blnce between the sexes is n importnt spect of popultion structure. In the sex rtio of ge group 0-6 is totl 914, urbn re 902 nd rurl re is 919, it is very cler the rtio of totl popultion is in urbn re is 10.78, rurl re is nd totl is 12.93%.ref.7 Eduction : Eduction for economic nd socil returns of women s well known cn reduce poverty, improve productivity ese popultion pressure nd offer its children better future. During the first decde of plnning ntionl committee on women's eduction ws set up which submitted its report in Bl Sevik Trining etc. were introduced in the third five yer pln. In order to remove the persisting cst disprities between eduction nd litercy levels of mles nd femles. Specil incentives for girls like free text books, mid-dy mels, uniforms nd scholrships were included in the eduction progrmme in the first pln. Tble 1 : Litercy Rte (Rtio of Vrition) Yer Totl Mle Femle Difference Devi. Devi. (dy/dx) (M/F) (dx%) (dy%) % Rtio of vrition = From Tble 1, It mens devition of unit of mle litercy rte is verge devition of in femle. The mjor difference between mle (80.19%) nd femle (64.60%) litercy rte nd rtio, nd difference of men is nd If need for equlity to men thn 0.665% increse in femle litercy rte should be there. Conclusion : (1) Humn rights, economic rights which serve to provide equlity of resources. Primry function of economic right is from the Government nd institutionl orgniztion to provide minimum stndrd of resources to citizen, (2) There should be elimintion nd prevention of ll forms of violence ginst women. (3) Sfety of women in trnsport modlity is lso importnt with the invention of new technologies. The government is plnning to introduce indictors nd helpline numbers in trins, buses for the sfety of women. This will help nd crete sfety environment. (4) Now dy's mximum crimes re committed by youths (18yer). There should be genuine justice system regrding the crimes committed by youth, s below 18 yer they re considered s immture. (5) The ge defining immturity should be chnge up to 16 yers nd bove, 16 yers should be considered s mture. Ever fter the invention nd development of new polices nd lws the crime ginst women is incresing dy by dy. Hence conclusion rrived is tht there is need to chnge the socil, mentl thoughts nd develop morlity mong people. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

6 Since Mrch 2002 E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 131, Vol - XIII (12), Februry , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor meeceevùe Jeie&, DevegmetefÛele peeefle SJeb pevepeeefle kesâ Úe$eeW keâer efûeùeew keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e, meeceevùe Jeie&, DevegmetefÛele peeefle SJeb pevepeeefle kesâ Úe$eeW keâer efûe ØeefleceeveeW kesâ DeOÙeÙeve hej DeeOeeefjle nw~ meele ner meeceevùe Jeie& kesâ yeûûeew kesâ meele Fvekeâer leguevee Yeer keâer ief& nw Deewj oesveew cew Deblej heeùee ieùee nw~ ceoùeøeosme keâer pevemebkùee keâe yeì[e efnmmee Fme Jeie& cew Deelee nw, FmeefueS Fvekeâe DeOÙeÙeve DeeJeMÙekeâ nw~ DeeefoJeemeer SJeb meeceevùe Úe$eeW keâer efûeùeew cew Deblej neslee nw, Fmeer heefjkeâuhevee hej MeesOe-he$e DeeOeeefjle nw~ Fve oesveew kesâ Úe$eeW kesâ Deemeheeme keâe JeeleeJejCe Deueie-Deueie neslee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve nsleg vùeeome& nsleg Yeesheeue kesâ YeoYeoe jesì[ efmlele Deeefoce peeefle keâuùeece efjeyeeie Éeje mebûeeefuele DevegmetefÛele peeefle, pevepeeefle Jeie& kesâ DeeÙeg mecetn (6 mes 22) kesâ Úe$eeW keâe FmeceW DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ FmeceW 30 Úe$e DevegmetefÛele peeefle Je pevepeeefle kesâ nq Deewj Mes<e meeceevùe Jeie& kesâ nq~ MeesOe heæefle kesâ he cew mee#eelkeâej efjeefoe keâes DeheveeÙee ieùee nw~ ØeMveeJeueer Éeje Yeer kegâú peevekeâejer Øeehle keâer ief& nw~ [e@.meefme efkeâjce veeùekeâ izlrkouk % fdlh Hkh jk"vª dh izxfr ds fy, t:jh gs fd ml ns'k ds Nk=ks ds O;fDrRo dk lokzxh.k fodkl gks,o ns'k ds fodkl gsrq dfvc) gksa Hkkjr dh dqy tutkrh; tul[;k dk,d pksfkkbz Hkkx e/;izns'k es jgrk gsa e/;izns'k ds 45 ftyks es 20 vkfnoklh ckgqy; ftys gsa o"kz 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj mrrjorrhz e/;izns'k jkt; es vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks dh dqy l[;k yk[k gs] tks jkt; dh dqy tul[;k izfr'kr gsa izns'k es 10 Nk=kokl,o vkje 'kkyk, lpkfyr gsa o"kz 2000&2001 es 8-15 yk[k fo kffkz;ks dks Nk=o`fRr nh xbza o"kz 2001&2002 ekg vxlr rd fofhkuu izdkj dh Nk=o`fRr ls vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 8-25 yk[k fo kfkhz ykhkkfuor gq,a o"kz 1991 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj e/;izns'k es vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks dh tul[;k 6-82 yk[k gs] tks jkt; dh dqy vkcknh dk rfkk liw.kz Hkkjr o"kz dqy vkfnoklh tul[;k dk izfr'kr gsa orzeku es 11 gtkj iwoz ek/;fed Nk=kokl 82 esfvªddksrrj Nk=kokl rfkk 14 vkje 'kkyk, lpkfyr gs] ftues Nk= Nk=kvks ds fy, fu%'kqyd vkoklh; lqfo/kk miyc/k gsa jkt; Nk=o`fRr ds vurxzr o"kz 2000&2001 es 6-38 yk[k fo kfkhz ykhkkfuor gq, rfkk o"kz 2001&2002 es yk[k fo kffkz;ks dks ykhkkfuor djus dk y{; j[kk x;k gsa o"kz 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj jkt; es vuqlwfpr tkfr,o vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh tul[;k Øe'k% yk[k,o yk[k Fkh tks dqy tul[;k dk Øe'k% 15-17,o izfr'kr FkkA f'k{kk tutkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr,o finm+ s oxz ds Nk=ks ds O;fDrRo dks fodflr dj mpp Lrj rd igqpk ldrh gsa bl gsrq ljdkj,o 'kklu }kjk bugs dbz rjg dh lqfo/kk, tsls&nk=o`frr] Nk=kokl es fu%'kqyd jgus dh O;oLFkk ls gvdj fodflr {ks=ks es jgus dh O;oLFkk vkfn nh xbz gsa blds lkfk gh bugs finm+ s xzkeh.k okrkoj.k ls gvdj fodflr {ks=ks es jgus dh O;oLFkk ds lkfk bugs vpnk lkekftd] vkffkzd] lkld`frd okrkoj.k Hkh iznku djus dh dksf'k'k e-iz- 'kklu }kjk dh tk jgh gsa bl gsrq fofhkuu 'ks{kf.kd,o cksf)d dk;zøe vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gsa fdlh Hkh tkfr ;k oxz fo'ks"k ds lokzxh.k fodkl gsrq t:jh gs fd mudh Lo; dh ;k tkfrxr {kerkvks es mudh :fp;ks dks Kkr fd;k tk, vksj mlh ds vuq:i muds O;fDrRo,o vkffkzd LokcyEcu dh ;kstuk dk izk:i rs;kj fd;k tk,a bl 'kks/k ys[k es lkeku;,o vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ds Nk=ks ds :fp izfrekuks dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa mn~ns'; % esjk ;g 'kks/k i= lkeku;,o vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ds Nk=ks dks :fp izfrekuks ds v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr gsa lkfk gh lkeku; oxz ds cppks ds lkfk budh rqyuk Hkh dh xbz gs vksj nksuks es vurj ns[kk x;k gsa e/;izns'k dh tul[;k dk cm+k fgllk bl oxz es vkrk gs] blfy, budk v/;;u vko';d gsa ifjdyiuk % vkfnoklh,o lkeku; Nk=ks ds :fp;ks es vrj gksrk gs bl ifjdyiuk ij ;g 'kks/kkys[k vk/kkfjr gsa bu nksuks ds Nk=ks ds vklikl dk okrkoj.k vyx vyx gksrk gsa vr% budh vknrs O;ogkj,o :fp vyx izdkj dh gksrh gsa meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efjeyeeie), mejespeveer veeùe[t keâvùee ceneefjeåeeueùe, Yeesheeue (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

7 U;kn'kZ % Hkksiky ds HknHknk jksm flfkr vkfnetkfr dy;k.k fohkkx }kjk lpkfyr vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr oxz ds vk;q lewg ¼6 ls 22½ ds Nk=ks dk bles v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa bles 30 Nk= vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ds gs vksj dqn Nk= lkeku; oxz ds gsa 'kks/k i)fr ds :i es lk{kkrdkj dh fof/k viuk;k x;k gsa iz'ukoyh }kjk Hkh dqn tkudkjh yh xbz gsa f)rh;d led Hkh fy, x, gsa xos"k.kk,o ifj.kke % bl Nk=kokl dh 'kq:vkr 1978 es 35 Nk=ks ls gqbz vc yxhkx 135 Nk= jg jgs gsa Nk=kokl es lqnwj xzkeh.k vpy ds vkfnoklh,o vuqlwfpr tkfr tu tkfr ds Nk=ks dks fo'ks"k izkfkfedrk nh tkrh gsa es us bl oxz ds 30 Nk=ks dk v/;;u fd;k os gks'kxkckn] ujflgiqj] jk;lsu] lhgksj] t'kiqj] flouh] gjnk] nsokl ] Hkksiky,o csrwy ds gsa bles lokzf/kd Nk= jk;lsu,o lhgksj ftys ds gsa lkeku; oxz ds Nk= Hkksiky] gks'kxkckn,o ujflgx<+ ftyks ds gs A vuqlwfpr tkfr tutkfr ds Nk=ks es f'k{kk ds izfr :fp dqn de gs] ftlls muds fodkl dh xfr Hkh /kheh gsa e/;izns'k ljdkj us xq.kkred f'k{kk ds fy, jkt; f'k{kk lykgdkj cksmz dh LFkkiuk dh gsa lhkh Lrjks es lhkh fo"k;ks es xq.kkred f'k{kk iznku djus rfkk blds lhkh ukxfjdks ds fy, lqyhk cukus ds rjhds ds ckjs es cksmz] jkt; ljdkj mugs ijke'kz nsxka rqyukred foospu % v/;;u vuqlkj ik, x, izfr'kr vrj ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ds Nk=ks dk :>ku rduhdh,o fokku ¼yxHkx 34%] 26%½ fo"k;ks dh rjq T;knk gsa bldk ewy dkj.k jkstxkjksueq[kh gksuk ik;k x;k gs,o nwljk dkj.k gs mdr Nk=ks es rduhf'k;u dh uslfxzd izfrhkk gksuka ;g,d vr;ur lkeku; ifjorzu dk ksrd ekuk tk ldrk gsa og blfy, fd dyk] okf.kt; es os vius vki dks lgt ugh ikrsa lkeku; oxz ds Nk=ks dk ckgqy; okf.kt; ds {ks=ks es 23-34% izfr'kr ik;k x;k gs] tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ds Nk=ks es ;g 'kwu; gsa bldk vfkz gs fd os Lo; ds O;olk; gsrq vkffkzd :i ls leiuu ugh gs vksj csdks dh uksdjh ds fy, os vius vki dks lgt ugh ikrs gs] 'kk;n blfy, D;ksfd os csgrj rduhf'k;u gks ldrs gs] ijurq csgrj x.kd ugha d`f"k vksj dyk es lkeku; oxz ds Nk=ks dk ckgqy; vkf'kd :i ls de gs ¼0-01 izfr'kr dgk tk ldrk gs] D;ks fd izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvks es 'kklu }kjk vkj{k.k uhfr ds dkj.k finms + yksxks dks fuf'pr gh csgrj volj feyk gs ysfdu lkeku; oxz es fxjkov blfy, vkbz gs] D;ksfd p;u izfø;k ikb~;øe es tfvy ifjorzu vk, gs] tks mugs grksrlkfgr dj jgs gsa lwpuk izks ksfxdh dk vkuk Hkh,d dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gsa d`f"k es vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ds Nk=ks dk de gksuk 'kk;n,d vpnk ifjorzu dgk tk ldrk gs] D;ksfd rduhdh f'k{kk ds ckn Hkh os viuk ijeijkxr d`f"k O;olk; dj ldrs gsa ysfdu 'kklu dh ubz uhfr;ks dk ykhk ysus es os ihns ugh jguk pkgrs gsa blfy;s os vius uslfxzd o ijeijkxr O;olk; ls nwj gv dj dqn ifjorzu ykus ds iz;kl es gsa lel;k, % ¼1½ lozs{k.k ds nksjku ;s izrhr gqvk gs fd mdr oxz ds Nk= vhkh Hkh lekt es vius vflrro dks ysdj Ågkiksg dh flfkfr es gsa viuh uslfxzd {kerkvks dk lgh izn'kzu,o mi;ksx ;s ugh dj ik jgs gsa ¼2½ vf/kdrj Nk=ks es ¼vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ds½ izfrli)kz dh deh ikbz xbz gsa mldk dkj.k 'kk;n ;g gs fd cpiu ls gh vhkko] xjhch es jgus ds dkj.k,o finms + okrkoj.k es ikyu iks"k.k gksus dh otg ls bues vk/kkjhkwr vkrefo'okl dh deh gsa dgus dk rkri;z ;g gs fd budk cm+k izfr'kr vkt Hkh Lo; dks,o viuh izfrhkk dh nwljks ds le{k izlrqr djus es fgpfdpkrk gsa ¼3½ xzkeh.k vpyks ds Nk=ks ds vfhkhkkod eq[;r% tqykgs] jxjst] etnwj] NksVs d`"kd ;k cgqr NksVs O;olk; tsls nqdku pykuk vkfn es lyxu gsa bu cppks es vpns lldkjks dh deh dbz ekeyks es ikbz xbza lkeku; Kku dh Hkh cgqr deh gsa tsls cgqr ls Nk=ks ls ckrphr djus ij Kkr gqvk fd mugs ;s ekywe ugh gs fd dksu ls ldk; dk mugs pquko djuk gs vksj ftl ldk; es vhkh i<+ jgs gs mldh D;k mi;ksfxrk Hkfo"; es gksxh\ mles D;k lhkkouk, gs \ vkfna ¼4½ bl oxz ds cgqr ls Nk=ks es dqbk ikbz xbz] ftlls fudkyus es mugs le; yx jgk gsa lq>ko % ¼1½ 'kklu,o llfkk dks pkfg, fd os bu Nk=ks dks lozizfke eksfyd lkekftd,o lkeku; Kku dh tkudkjh ns A dqn ekeyks es izf'k{k.k dh lqfo/kk Hkh nh tkuh pkfg,a ¼2½ bu Nk=ks ds vkrefo'okl es o`f) gsrq iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,a ¼3½ bl oxz ds Nk=ks dh ÅtkZ,o izfrhkk dk egro le> dj mldk lgh mi;ksx djus,o mudks Hkh le>kus dh vko';drk gsa ¼4½ bysdvªkwfudl] fjis;fjx] gkmzosvj] lkw Vosvj] VsyhQksu fjis;fjx] eksvj ckbzfmx] fo qr rduhf'k;u ds dk;z gsrq ;s vius vki dks T;knk lgt ekurs gsa ¼5½ Nk=ks dks rduhdh f'k{kk ds lkfk [ksydwn izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,a ¼6½ 'kklu }kjk iznrr lqfo/kk,,o uhfr;ks dh tkudkjh bugs nh tkuh pkfg,] rkfd mudk lgh ykhk ;s ys ldsa budh tkx:drk c<+kbz tkuh pkfg,a ¼7½ Nk=kokl es lhkh lqfo/kkvks ds lkfk lkfk vf/kdkfj;ks dk O;ogkj buds izfr vpnk gks bldk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gsa lnhkz % ¼1½ frokjh f'kodqekj,o 'kekz dey&e-iz- dh tutkfr;kw fgunh xzfk vdkneh Hkksiky] e-iz-] ¼2½ dqekj MkW-izfeyk] e-iz- dk HkkSxksfyd v/;;u&e-iz-xzfk vdkneh Hkksiky] i` ¼3½ JhokLro vks-,l-&e-iz- dk vkffkzd fodkl ¼4½ e-iz- 'kklu }kjk izdkf'kr lkfgr;& vuqlwfpr tkfr,o tutkfr ija ¼5½ e/;izns'k lnhkz & nsfud ubz nqfu;k izdk'kua Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

8 Since Mrch 2002 gekjs ns'k es izkphudky ls ipk;rh jkt iz.kkyh jgh gsa Lor=rk ds ckn igyh ipk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dk mn~?kkvu ns'k ds izfke iz/kkue=h Jh tokgjyky usg: us jktlfkku ds ukxksj ftys es 2 vdvwcj 1959 dks fd;k FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj us 24 vizsy 1993 dks lfo/kku ds 73os l'kks/ku fo/ks;d dks ykxq dj ipk;rh jkt llfkkvks dks los/kkfud ntkz iznku fd;ka e/;izns'k ns'k dk og izfke jkt; gs] ftles bl lfo/kku l'kks/ku fo/ks;d ds rgr jkt; fo/kku cuk;k rfkk ebz&twu 1994 es ipk;rh jkt ds vrxzr izfke pquko djok;s x;sa o"kz 2009&10 ds pquko ds vuqlkj e/;izns'k es 50 ftyk ipk;rs] 313 xzke ipk;rs rfkk xzke ipk;rs gsa e-iz- ns'k dk og igyk jkt; gs] tgk ipk;rh jkt es efgykvks dks 50 izfr'kr vkj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gsa Hkkjrh; yksdrkfu=d fodsunzhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk,o xzke fodkl ds xk /khoknh mns';ks dks ysdj 'kq: gqvk lqj vkffkzd n`f"v ls Hkh l'kdr cuk;k tk jgk gsa ipk;rks dks vkffkzd :i ls l'kdr cukus gsrq forr vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gs rfkk ipk;rks dks 'kklu ds }kjk fofhkuu rjg ds djks ds mnx`g.k,o [kpz ds vf/kdkj jkt;'kklu ds )kjk glrkurfjr fd, x, gsa fo"k; dk p;u % [k.mok ftys es ipk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es ipk;rks dh foÿkh; flfkfr dks 'kks/k fo"k; ds :i es p;fur fd;k x;k gsa xzke ipk;rks dks ;kstukvks ds lpkyu ds fy, tks foÿkh; vuqnku iznku fd;s tkrs gs] os i;kzir gs ;k ugh] ;fn ugh rks ipk;rs fdl izdkj ls vius Lo; ds lk/kuks ds )kjk vk; vftzr djrh gsa ipk;rks dh foÿkh; flfkfr dslh gs \ bu lc E conomics An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 131, Vol - XIII (12), Februry , Pge No ISSN RNI - MPHIN Impct Fctor ceoùeøeosme cew «eece hebûeeùeleew keâer efjeòeerùe efmleefle keâe DeOÙeÙeve (KeC[Jee efpeues kesâ meboye& cew) Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew KeC[Jee efpeues kesâ meboye& cew ceoùeøeosme cew «eece hebûeeùeleew keâer efjeòeerùe efmleefle keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ efjekesâvõerke=âle Meemeve JÙeJemLee cew «eece hebûeeùeleew keâes DeeefLe&keâ he mes DeelceefveYe&j yeveeves nsleg efjeòe DeeÙeesie keâer mleehevee keâer ief& nw lelee «eece hebûeeùeleew keâes mleeveerùe keâjejeshece SJeb jepemje meb«ence kesâ DeefOekeâej Øeoeve efkeâs ies nq~ Dele: efpeues cew hebûeeùeleew keâer efjeòeerùe efmleefle keâer peevekeâejer Øeehle keâjves nsleg efpeues keâer 7 efjekeâemekec[ew keâer ØelÙeskeâ efjekeâemekec[ keâer 3-3 «eece hebûeeùeleew DeLee&led 21 «eece hebûeeùeleew keâe ÛeÙeve osje efveoxmeve efjeefoe kesâ Éeje efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes %eele neslee nw efkeâ «eece hebûeeùeleew keâer meeceeefpekeâ efmleefle DeÛÚer nw lelee mecemle hebûeeùeleew Éeje meeceeefpekeâ efjekeâeme nsleg keâeùe& efkeâùee pee jne nw, hejbleg hebûeeùeleew keâer DeeefLe&keâ SJeb efjeòeerùe efmleefle DeÛÚer vener nw~ Dele: hebûeeùeleew keâer efjeòeerùe efmleefle megâì{ keâjves nsleg hebûeeùeleew keâes mjeùeb kesâ meeoeve efjekeâefmele keâjves newies~ [e@.mebieefce$ee Keelejkeâj rf;ks ds vk/kkj ij ftkklko'k 'kks/k dk;z ds fy, bl fo"k; dk p;u fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u dk mns'; % ¼1½ e-iz- es xzke ipk;rks dh foÿkh; flfkfr dk v/;;u djuka ¼2½ xzke ipk;rks dh vk; o O;; dh enks dk v/;;u djuka 'kks/k dh ifjdyiuk, % ¼1½ ipk;rh jkt O;oLFkk es ipk;rks dh forh; flfkfr vpnh gsa ¼2½ xzke ipk;rks dks LFkkuh; djkjksi.k ls i;kzir vk; izkir gksrh gsa 'kks/k izfof/k % 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq [k.mok ftys ds 7 fodkl[k.mks es ls izr;sd fodkl [k.m dh 3&3 xzke ipk;rks] dqy 21 xzke ipk;rks dk p;u nso funsz'ku fof/k }kjk fd;k x;k gsa bl izdkj 21 xzke ipk;rks ls lk{kkrdkj vuqlwph cukdj izkfkfed ledks ds ek/;e ls forrh; flfkfr ds vkdm+ s,df=r dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa v/;;u dk {ks= % [k.mok ftys dks iwohz fuekm+ dgk tkrk gsa ftys dk {ks=qy 8307 oxz fdyksehvj gs] ftys dh tul[;k rfkk lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr gsa ftys es vkckn xk oks dh l[;k 710 rfkk xzke ipk;rks dh l[;k 422 gsa xzke ipk;rks ds vk; ds L=ksr % ¼1½ djks ls vk; % xzke ipk;rks dks leifrr dj] Hkou vuqefr Qhl] izdk'k dj] cktkj Bsdk ls izkir vk;] tydj] [knkuks ls izkir jkf'k] esyks ls izkir jkf'k vkfn gsa ¼2½'kklu ls vuqnku % 'kkldh; ;kstukvks ds fø;kuo;u gsrq dsunz o jkt; 'kklu ls vuqnku] lfpo ekuns;] fo/kk;d o meneùekeâ ØeeOÙeehekeâ (DeLe&MeeŒe efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe ceneefjeåeeueùe, cetboer, efpeuee-kec[jee (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

9 lkln en ls vuqnku izkir gksrk gsa ¼3½ vu; vk; % csd es tek jkf'k;ks ij C;ktA xzke ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens % ¼1½ iz'kklfud vk; % ip&ljip ekuns;] ;k=khkrrk] LVs'kujh ij O;;] QksVksdkWih ij O;;] dkth gkål ij O;;] izdk'k O;oLFkk ij O;;] ty vkiwfrz ij O;;] ewyhkwr lsokvks ij O;;] esys dh lkq&lqkbz ij O;; vkfna ¼2½ ljdkjh O;; % lelr 'kkldh; ;kstukvks ij O;;] vkxuokm+h ij O;;A ¼3½ vuqnku jkf'k ij O;; % lkln o fo/kk;d en ls izkir jkf'k dk O;;A [k.mok ftys es loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks dh flfkfr % [k.mok ftys es loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks dh flfkfr dks rhu Hkkxks es fohkkftr dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gs % ¼1½ xzke ipk;rks dh lkekftd flfkfr % [k.mok ftys es xzkeh.k {ks=ks es ipk;rks }kjk f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj] tul[;k o`f) ij fu;=.k cppks o efgykvks dh flfkfr es lq/kkj] jkstxkj ds voljks es o`f)] :f<;ks,o v/kfo'oklks dks nwj djus dk dk;z vkfn lelr dk;z xzke ipk;rks dh etcwr lkekftd flfkfr dks Li"V dj jgs gsa los Zf{kr ¼21½ xzke ipk;rks es 07 xkoks es csd] 8 xk oks es izkfkfed LokLF; dszunz] 11 xk oks es Mkd?kj] 07 xk oks es iddh lm+d,o 14 xk oks es ipk;r Hkou cus gsa lkekftd cqjkb;ks es ngst izfkk 40-5 izfr'kr] inkzizfkk 79-9 izfr'kr] ckyfookg 92-1 izfr'kr rfkk NqvkNwr 71-3 izfr'kr rd lekir gks pqdh gsa vr% ipk;rks dh lkekftd flfkfr vpnh gsa ¼2½ xzke ipk;rks dh vkffkzd flfkfr % ftys es xzke ipk;rks dh iwoz,o orzeku dh flfkfr dh rqyuk dj mldh vkffkzd flfkfr dk vkdyu fd;k x;k gs % ¼v½ xzke ipk;rks ds vk; ds L=ksr % ftys es xzke ipk;rks ds vius dk;ksz dks fuozgu ds fy, vk; dh vko';drk gksrh gsa xzke ipk;rks dks fdu&fdu L=ksrks ls vk; izkir gksrh gs] Kkr gksrk gs fd 6 xzke ipk;rks dks LFkkuh; djkjksi.k o jktlo lxzg.k ls lelr 21 xzke ipk;rks ds 'kkldh; vuqnku ls] 2 xzke ipk;r dks turk ds lg;ksx ls rfkk dhkh dhkh fo/kk;d,o lkln en ls Hkh jkf'k izkir gksrh gsa Øekd loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks es vk; ds L=ksr mrrjnkrkvks vk; ds L=ksr gk dh l[;k gk dk izfr kr ¼1½ LFkkuh; djkjks.k o jktlo lxzg.k ls ¼2½ kkldh; vuqnku ls ¼3½ turk ds lg;ksx ls izkir jkf k L=ksr % O;fDrxr losz{k.k ds vk/kkj ija mi;qzdr rkfydk ls Kkr gksrk gs fd LFkkuh; djkjksi.k ls xzke ipk;rks dks dsoy gh jkf'k izkir gksrh gsa ¼c½ xzke ipk;rks ds O;; dh ens % xzke ipk;r dks tks vk; izkir gksrh gs] ml vk; dks ftu enks ij [kpz fd;k tkrk gs] os ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens dgykrh gs A los Zf{kr v/;;u {ks= es ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens fueukuqlkj gs & loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens fooj.k loszf{kr xzke ipk;rs vko`frr izfr'kr izdk k O;oLFkk ij O;; dkth gkål ij O;; lqkbz ij O;; ewyewr lsokvks ij O;; vds{k.k ij O;; lelr 'kkldh; ;kstukvks ij O;; gkv o esyks ij O;; L=ksr % O;fDxr ds losz{k.k ds vk/kkj ija mi;qdzr ipk;rks )kjk O;; dh enks ij 'kr&izfr'kr O;; fd;k tkrk gsa 16 ipk;rks }kjk gkv&esyks ij O;; ugh fd;k tkrk gs] D;ksfd ogk gkv&esyk ugh yxrk gsa ¼3½ xzke ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr % forrh; flfkfr dk vkdyu vk; o O;; dh enks ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gs] ipk;rks dh vk; dh ens rks vf/kd gs] ijrq djkjksi.k djus ij ipk;rks dks cgqr de jkf'k izkir gksrh gs] rfkk O;; dh ens vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k xzke ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr cgqr vpnh ugh gsa ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr] ipk;rks }kjk leiuu dk;z,o mudh vk; dh enks dk fooj.k fueukuqlkj gs % ¼v½ xzke ipk;r }kjk lpkfyr ;kstuk,,o fuekz.k dk;z % [k.mok ftys es xzke ipk;rks ds }kjk ;kstukvks,o fuekz.k dk;z dk fooj.k bl izdkj gs & gsmiei fuekz.k 20 ipk;rks }kjk] [kjtk fuekz.k 15 ipk;rks }kjk ukyh fuekz.k 12 ipk;rks }kjk] 'kkyk Hkou fuekz.k 08 ipk;rks }kjk] ipk;r Hkou fuekz.k 14 ipk;rks }kjk] eqxhzdj.k 09 ipk;rks }kjk] iddh lm+d fuekz.k 07 ipk;rks }kjk] vfrfjdr d{k dk fuekz.k 10 ipk;rks }kjk] Lojkt Hkou dk fuekz.k 15 ipk;rks }kjk] okpukyk; dk lpkyu lelr 21 ipk;rks ds }kjk fd;k tk jgk gsa ;s lhkh fuekz.k dk;z o ;kstuk, ftys es ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens gsa ¼c½ xzke ipk;rks dh djkjksi.k dh ens % xzke ipk;rks ds }kjk djkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gsa djkjksi.k ls cgqr de jkf'k izkir gksrh gsa xzke ipk;rks ds }kjk Hkwfe o Hkouks ij dj] izdk'k dj] O;kikj o vkthfodk ij dj] esys es O;kikfj;ks ij dj] cktkj es csps x;s i'kqvks dh jftlvªhdj.k ij Qhl] ipk;r Hkou dks fdjk;s ij nsus ij fdjk;k] futh 'kkspky; dh lkq&lqkbz ij dj vkfn gsa lhkh enks ij djkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gs] ijrq le; ij xzkeh.kks }kjk djks dk Hkqxrku ugh fd;k tkrk gs] blfy, ipk;rks dks cgqr de vk; izkir gksrh gsa Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry

10 ¼l½ ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr % ipk;r ds }kjk djkjksi.k djus ij Hkh mu enks ls i;kzir jkf'k izkir jkf'k izkir ugh gksrh gs] vr% ipk;rks dh O;; dh ens vf/kd gs rfkk vk; de gksus ds dkj.k ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr fueukuqlkj gs % loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr xzke ipk;r dh mrrjnkvks vko`frr forrh; flfkfr dk izfr kr vpnh ugh lkeku; vpnh L=ksr % O;fDxr ds losz{k.k ds vk/kkj ija mi;qzdr rkfydk ls Kkr gksrk gs fd ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr vpnh ugh gs rfkk ipk;rks dh flfkfr lkeku; gs rfkk 03 ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr vpnh gsa ¼4½ xzke ipk;rks ds dk;ksz es dfbukb;k % xzke ipk;rks ds vk; ds L=ksr de rfkk O;; dh ens vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k xzke ipk;rks dks fueu dfbukb;ks dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gs % leiuu cukdj vkffkzd :i ls l'kdr cuk;k tkuk pkfg,] rhkh ge xk /khth ds xzke Lojkt ds lius dks iwjk dj ldsxsa lnhkz % ¼1½ Ms-,l-ds-] ipk;rh jkt &, flfkhfera ¼2½ xk/kh,e-ds-] gfjtu] lkcjerh vkje] izdk'kua ¼3½ f}osnh jk/ks';ke] e-iz- es ipk;rhjkt vf/kfu;e] lqfo/kk ykw gkål HkksikyA ¼4½ 'kekz ds-ds-] Hkkjr es ipk;rh jkt] dkwyst cqd fmiks t;iqja loszf{kr xzke ipk;rks ds dk;ksz es ck/kk, Ø- xzke ipk;rks ds dk;ksz es ck/kk, losz-xzke ipk;rs xzke ipk;rks dh ck/kk, gk dk izfr'kr gk ugh 1 forrh; dfbukb;k dezpkfj;ks dk vlg;ksx izfrfuf/k;ks dk vlg;ksx tuhkkxhnkjh o xqvckth vf k{kk@vkkurk L=ksr % O;fDxr ds losz{k.k ds vk/kkj ija mi;qzdr rkfydk ls fu"d"kz gs fd ipk;rks dks izfr'kr forrh; dfbukb;ks ds lkfk gh izfr'kr tuhkkxhnkjh o xqvckth dh lel;k dk lkeuk djuk im+rk gsa lq>ko % ¼1½ xzkeokfl;ks es LFkkuh; fodkl ds fy, LFkkuh; :i ls /ku,df=r djus dh izo`frr mriuu dh tkuh pkfg,a ¼2½ xk oks es vius vkffkzd lk/ku djus pkfg,] tsls & xk oks es glrf'ki] dqvhj m ksx /k/ks rfkk is'ksoj m ksx /ku/kks dks ljf{kr dj mudks,df=r fd, tkosa ¼3½ d`f"k {ks= ds fodkl,o jkstxkj gsrq pdcunh] ty o e`nk lj{k.k] muur [kkn cht vkfn rduhd dks viukdj dj izkir djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,a ¼4½ LFkkuh; xqvckth o tuhkkxhnkjh dks vkilh le>rs nwj djuk pkfg,a ¼5½ LFkkuh; djks dh jkf'k gurk ds lkfk fd;k tkuk pkfg,a fu"d"kz % fu"d"kz ds :i es ge dg ldrs gs fd ipk;rks dh forrh; flfkfr cgqr vpnh ugh gsa vr% ipk;rks dks vksj vf/kd vf/kdkj Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (12) Februry