Origin & Evolution of The Early Medieval Period (647A.D.to 1526 A.D.) Urban Centres in Middle Ganga-Yamuna Doab

Transcription

1 Since Mrch 2002 G eogrphy An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 123, Vol - XIII (4), June , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Origin & Evolution of The Erly Medievl Period (647A.D.to 1526 A.D.) Urbn Centres in Middle Gng-Ymun Dob During the period when Gupt s period ws declining nd the time of Hrsh s deth, cme sudden chnge in the region. Muslim invsions becme very common throughout the Middle Gng Ymun Dob. In Middle Gng-Ymun Dob there re 25 urbn centres of The Erly Medievl Period (647A.D.to 1526 A.D.). They re Aligrh, Etwh, Eth, Atruli, Chhibrmu, Gnjdundwr, Jlesr, Sikndr Ro, Jswntngr, Jlli, Mrehr, Bidhun, Achhld, Etmdpur, Bhrgin, Tirwgnj, Tlgrm, Phphund, Bilrm, Purdilngr, Sidhpur, Lkhn, Mohnpur, Skit nd Shmshbd. DR. M.S. SISAUDIYA Introduction : The study of settlements is the most importnt theme of urbn geogrphy. The object of the present reserch pper dels with the Origin & Evolution of The Erly Medievl (647A.D.to 1526 A.D.) Period Urbn Centres In Middle Gng- Ymun Dob. Every urbn centre is ssocited geogrphiclly with the physio- culturl conditions nd out of them they originted in prticulr re. Study Are : The Middle Gng- Ymun Dob lies between 26º22' North to 28º12' North nd 77º28' Est to 80º 0' Est. It is bounded on the north -west by Bulndshhr district, on the north - est by the Gng river which forms nturl boundry line nd seprtes the division from Budun district nd some south - estern prts of Bulndshhr district. In the west nd north- west, it is bounded by the river Ymun which flows through Mthur nd Agr districts. In the south it is bounded by Jlun district nd south - est by Knpur Deht district.the Middle Gng-Ymun Dob consists of whole of Aligrh, Hthrs (Mhmy Ngr), Eth, Ksgnj, Frrukhbd, Knnuj, Etwh, Minpuri nd Firozbd districts, Etmdpur tehsil of Agr district & Sdbd nd Mt Tehsils of Mthur district. Some prts of Auriy district re lso in this region. Description : During the period when Gupt s period ws declining nd the time of Hrsh s deth, cme sudden chnge in the region. Muslim invsions becme very common throughout the Middle Gng Ymun Dob. In Middle Gng-Ymun Dob there re 25 urbn centres of The Erly Medievl Period (647A.D.to 1526 A.D.). They re Aligrh, Etwh, Eth, Atruli, Chhibrmu, Gnjdundwr, Jlesr, Sikndr Ro, Jswntngr, Jlli, Mrehr, Bidhun, Achhld, Etmdpur, Bhrgin, Tirwgnj, Tlgrm, Phphund, Bilrm, Purdilngr, Sidhpur, Lkhn, Mohnpur, Skit nd Shmshbd. The description of origin nd evolution of the erly medievl period urbn centres in Middle Gng Ymun Dob hs been given in the following lines- Aligrh : Aligrh is the urbn centre of the Erly Medievl Period. It ws founded during the lst dys of 12th century nd its derivtion goes to Dor Rjputs. The city of Aligrh developed in mny stges s pointed out by Hirt1. Since the beginning it hs been clled by mny nmes s Muhmmdgrh, Sbitgrh, Rmgrh nd then Aligrh. It ws very smll nd unsfe plce for life nd property. Seeing the crimes nd dngers to the life nd property, the govt. relized n urgent need of police sttion nd jils in Thus by the regultion Act XIV of 1807 tehsildrs were ppointed for police duties nd police out posts nd police sttions cme under construction. In 1809, permnent police sttions were constructed nd in 1816 the first civil jil ws built. The city developed in trding nd industries. In 1864, Syyid Ahmd Khn founded ' Aligrh Institute Scientific Society ' which ccording to Smith hd the mbitious design of bringing "to the knowledge of ntive public the more importnt results of the modern science nd historicl investigtion by mens of trnsporttion into the vernculr from works in English or other Europen lnguges." With the construction of rilwy line in 1864 n industril re developed between the old city nd Civil Lines. Aligrh developed in eduction nd mny schools nd colleges were estblished in the city. In 1875, Aligrh Muslim University ws founded t the site of old cntonment. According to1901 its popultion ws which incresed to in 2001 nd now it hs become (2011 census). Thus the increse in this decde is 30.68%. Etwh : Etwh ws estblished by Sumer Shh, Chuhn chieftin who migrted here in the erly dys of 11th century. He mde Etwh his cpitl nd built fort on the bnk of the Assistnt Professor (Deprtment of Geogrphy), Govt. (Autonomous) P.G. College Dti (Mdhy Prdesh) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June

2 Ymun. The story goes tht once Sumer Shh cme to tke bth in the Ymun. He sw got nd wolf drinking wter t the sme plce. Seeing this he went to the strologers who dvised him to build the fort t the plce. By the dvice of the strologers he ordered workmen to excvte the foundtions. While digging, the workmen cme upon brick mde of silver nd gold which they clled out 'Int y, Inty' (mens brick hs come). After the cry of workmen it ws clled 'Intw'. Willim Finch( ) clled Etwh 'Ity' nd sid,"ity" (Etwh ). The popultion of the urbn centre is (2011) while it ws in It ws in 2001 census. Eth : Eth ws derived from Sngrm Singh who delighted by the site of Eth nd decided to build town here. It is town which is lso the district hedqurter of Eth district. It is the district hedqurter since the English rule. The Pdv midn (open field ) is the field used for the rmy during rmy movements. The popultion of Eth ws in 1961 which becme in 1971 i.e % increse. According to 2001 census the popultion of Eth ws which becme in Thus the increse in this decde is 51.24%. Chhibrmu : The legendry founder of Chhibrmu ws Rj Sumer Shh Prtbner in Etwh,gret gret grndson of Prithvi Rj in the beginning of the 14th century. The story goes tht he sw she-got successfully springing upon wolf, he ws very much impressed by the omen s well s by the nturl fitness of the site, nd he founded villge here which he clled Chhirimu or little got town. Its Popultion ws in In 2001 its popultion ws which becme in Thus the increse in this decde is 21.32%. Atruli : Atruli ws founded by Uttr Kumr, n unknown Chieftin of the 12th century. The nme of the town is tken from Arti Muni who visited Atruli. It is lso known s the birthplce of music legend Ustd Alldin Khn, the founder of the Jipur Atruli Ghrn school of music. As of census of Indi 1991 its popultion ws which becme in Now ccording to 2011 census its popultion is Thus the growth of popultion in this decde is 15.24%. Sikndr Ro : Emperor Siknder Lodhi ( A.D.) lid the foundtion of Sikndr Ro nd it ws clled Siknderpur fter his nme. Lter on it ws chnged to Ro- K Siknder or Sikndr Ro becuse of its ruler Ro Khn of Afghn from which circumstnces the double nme is derived. Gnj Dundwr : Gnj Dundwr ws clled Dundwr Gnj previously. It derives its nme from Dundi Kyshth. The Dundi kyshth fmily ws settled expelling the Kont Rjput by Shb-ud-din Ghori in 1194 A.D. By the nme of Dundi cste, it ws clled Dundwr. The Gbj or Mrket ws built by Shujjit Khn, the brother-in lw of Frrukhbd Nwb. As per 1991 census its popultion ws which becme in 2011.Mles constitute 53% of the popultion nd femles 47%. Jlesr : Jlesr which mens, the god of wter ws founded in this period nd ws clled by its nme becuse it lys on high plce between low nd swmpy lnds. After some yers between 1403 A.D A.D. it ws surrounded by wll built by Rn Ktr of Mewr. As per 1991 census its popultion ws which becme in 2001 census. Now ccording to 2011 census its popultion is Thus the growth of popultion in this decde is 6.92%. Bidhun : Bidhun ws founded by Sumer Rjputs who migrted from the south nd settled in mny prts of this region. The popultion of Bidhun ws in 1991 which becme in 2001 census. Now s per 2011 census its popultion is Thus the growth of popultion in this decde is 30.11%. Etmdpur : It is smll town locted on ntionl highwy no.2 connecting Delhi to Kolkt. The town is believed to be nme fter Mirz Ghiys Beg the I tmd-ud-dulh, Mughl officil, fther of Nur Jhn nd grndfther of Mumtz Mhl. It hd popultion in 1991 census which becme in 2001census. Now ccording to 2011 census its popultion is Thus the decde growth is 12.74%. Jlli : Jlli is historic town. Formerly it ws known s Nilvti. Jlli ws founded by Jlluddin Khilji during the reign of Ghiys-ud-din Blbn. Jlli ws under the influence of both Mughls nd Britishers. Its history cn be trced bck to 16th century when Syed migrted from Hmdn in Irn nd settled down here. They re descendnts of Shh-e-Hmdn Syed Ali Hmdni, gret Islmic scholr nd Sufi sint. Mrehr : Mrehr is prominent town situted to the northwest of Eth district. The word Mrhr for the town Mrehr is sid to be derived from the nme of Mn Singh Chuhn, Rjput of 12th century. But some others scribe its origin to King Mni Rm in 1299 A.D. According to historicl records it ws founded in 1299A.D. with the permission of the King Mni Rm. It ws clled Mrehr from the words Mrke hr kr di mens utterly destroyed nd mde green gin. Phphund : Phphund is town nd Ngr Pnchyt in Auriy district. Phphund derives its nme from the Sengr Rjput nmed Phphun Deo. He ws very much ttrcted by its nturl sitution. Phphun Deo descended from Rj Bishukh Deo, who is sid to hve obtined possession of the whole trct of country, now occupied by Bidhun nd Auriy by mrrying the dughter of king Jichnd of Knnuj. The popultion of Phphund ws in 1991 census which becme in Now ccording to 2011 census its popultion is Thus the growth of popultion in this decde is 14.97%. References : (1) Abiodum, O.J., 1967 : Urbn Hierrchy in Developing Country, Economic Geogrphy, Vol. 43. (2) Dickinson, R.E., 1956 : City Region And Regionlism, London. (3) Dwivedi C.N.,1980 : Middle Gng -Ymun Dob : A Study In Their Origin, Evolution nd Functions. (4) Hrris, C.D., 1943 : A Functionl Clssifiction Of Cities In The United Sttes, Geog. Rev. Vol. 33. (5) Jyswl, S.N.P., 1964 : Service Centres Of Estern Prt Of Gng - Ymun Dob. Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June

3 Since Mrch 2002 G eogrphy An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 123, Vol - XIII (4), June , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No GòejØeosMe keâer yenjefûe lenmeerue kesâ Debleie&le efjekeâemekec[-efûeòeewje, heùeeiehegj, efjemesõejiebpe keâe GÛÛeeJeÛe SJeb DeheJeen leb$e keâe DeOÙeÙeve Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew GòejØeosMe keâer yenjefûe lenmeerue kesâ Debleie&le efjekeâemekec[ - efûeòeewje, heùeeiehegj, efjemesõejiebpe keâe GÛÛeeJeÛe SJeb DeheJeen leb$e keâe DeOÙeÙeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ DeOÙeÙeve mes mhe neslee nw efkeâ Fme #es$e kesâ pees peue mecheoe kesâ YeC[ej nq, Jes Deye Oeerjs-Oeerjs Øeotef<ele nes jns nq lelee #es$e kesâ ueesieew Éeje PeerueeW, Deeõ Yetefce kesâ #es$eew cew ueieeleej Deefle eâcece nes jne nw~ Ùen Deeõ Yetefce ner he=ljeer keâer efkeâ[veer keâe keâece keâjleer nw lelee Yetefceiele peue keâes efjûeepe& keâjleer nw~ 1991 cew yenjefûe kesâ efpeueeefoekeâejer ßeer Delegue yeief& Éeje yeiesue leeue keâes mebjef#ele keâjves keâe ØeÙeeme efkeâùee ieùee, hejbleg Fmekesâ yeeo ØeMeemeefvekeâ ueehejjeener SJeb Deece pevelee keâe peue YeC[ejeW kesâ Øeefle peeie keâlee keâe DeYeeJe lelee YetceeefheâÙee ueesieew keâe yeì{lee oyeeje Fve peue mebheoe kesâ YeC[ejeW kesâ efues DeefYeMeehe yevelee pee jne nw~ Deiej meceùe jnles Fve peue YeC[ejeW keâes yeûeeves keâe keâesf& "esme keâoce vener G"eÙee ieùee, lees Jen efove otj vener, peye efjeõe kesâ Oeveer peue YeC[ejeW cew mes Skeâ Fme #es$e hej Yeer peue keâer keâceer nesves ueiesieer~ mebpeùe ÛeewOejer izr;sd izns'k dk,d HkkSxksfyd Lo:i gksrk gs tks ogk ds HkkSfrd,o lkld`frd dkjdks dk lfej Lo:i gksrk gsa mùkj izns'k ds uol`ftr nsohikvu emy es flfkr cgjkbp tuin dh,d rglhy gs tks mlds nf{k.kh e/;orhz Hkkx es folr`r gsa HkkSxksfyd n`f"v ls bldk folrkj * ls * mùkjh v{kk'k rfkk * ls * iwohz ns'kkurj ds e/; gsa ;g lj;wikj xxk ds esnkuh Hkkx dk,d v'k gsa bldh mùkjh lhek tuin cgjkbp dh ukuikjk rglhy] if'peh lhek dsljxt,o eglh rglhy] nf{k.kh lhek tuin xks.mk rfkk iwohz lhek tuin JkoLrh }kjk fu/kkzfjr gksrh gsa iz'kklfud n`f"v ls ;g rglhy 3 fodkl [k.mks & fpùkksjk] fo'ks'ojxt,o i;kxiqj] 27 U;k; ipk;rks] 293 jktlo xzkeks rfkk,d uxj {ks= cgjkbp es fohkä gsa HkkSxksfyd {ks=qy 823 oxz fdeh- gs tks tuin cgjkbp dk rfkk mùkj izns'k dk 0-34 izfr'kr gsa ;g {ks= e/; xxk esnku dk,d vx gs] tks fgeky; dh mrifùk ds i'pkr~ fufezr vxz xrz (Fordeep) ds prqfkz thodyi es ufn;ks }kjk yk;s x;s o`gr ek=k es volkn ds fu{ksi.k ls Hkj tkus ds ifj.kkelo:i vflrro es vk;ka bldk fuekz.k xxk,o mldh lgk;d ufn;ks }kjk yk;s x;s vlxfbr llrjks okys IyhLVkslhu,o ifjuwru volknks ls gqvk gs ¼okfM;k½A bl {ks= es volkn dh eksvkbz 1500 ehvj ls 3000 ehvj vuqekfur dh x;h gs ¼ukjk;.k 1965½A ;gk ckxj,o [kknj nksuks rjg ds volknks dh miflfkfr gsa v/;;u {ks= dk mppkop yxhkx pksjl lery esnkuh Hkkx gsa ;gk mppkoph; fo"kerk mrié djus okys HkkSfrd Lo:iks dk lozfkk vhkko gs fqj dqn {ks=ks es flfkr voueu] iqjkuh lj;w o Vs<+h ufn;ks,o ukyks }kjk vijnu,o ekxz ifjorzu }kjk dbz LFkkuks ij >hy] rkykc NksVs&NksVs ty xrz cu x;s gs tks /kjkry dh,djlrk es LFkkuh; :i es fo"kerk mrié fd;s gsa bldh leqæ lrg ls vkslr Å pkbz 119 ehvj gsa nf{k.k es fo'ks'ojxt ds ikl ;g 116 ehvj rfkk mùkj es dyihikjk U;k; ipk;r ds ikl 123 ehvj Å pk gsa bl rjg bldh Å pkbz mùkj es vf/kd rfkk nf{k.k es de gs ¼ekufp= 2-2½A blfy, lrg dk <ky mùkj&if'pe ls nf{k.k iwoz fn'kk es gs vksj <ky dh ek=k 4 vkdh x;h gs ¼vlkjh 2009½A lrg dh Å pkbz] <ky,o ty izokg dh fn'kk ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u {ks= dks rjgj] mijgj rfkk Vs<+h fueu Hkwfe rhu mihkkxks es fohkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gsa v/;;u {ks= es dksbz egroiw.kz fo'kky unh izokfgr ugh gksrh gsa ;gk NksVh&NksVh ufn;k o ukys gh feydj blds viokg dk fuekz.k djrs gsa ;g leiw.kz {ks= iqjkuh lj;w rfkk Vs<+h ufn;ks ds viokg {ks= es vkrk gsa bles iqjkuh lj;w v/;;u {ks= ds mùkjh Hkkx es mùkj if'pe ls nf{k.k iwoz izokfgr gksrh gqbz cgjkbp uxj ds mùkj gh v/;;u {ks= ls ckgj fudydj dsljxt rglhy es izos'k djrh gs ¼fp= 2-2½A blds fdukjs izk;% ck<+ izhkkfor jgrs gs A Vs<+h nwljh unh gsa ;g Hkh blds mùkjh&iwohz Hkkx ls fudydj Vs<+s&es<+s ¼lfiZy½ ekxksz ls izokfgr gksrh gqbz cgjkbp ds lehi ls {ks= ds ckgj fudy dsljxt rglhy es ØeJeòeâe (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), ÛeewOejer ieùee Øemeeo ceneefjeåeeueùe, efmejehegj, yenjefûe (GòejØeosMe) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June

4 izos'k djrh gs] fdurq dqn nwj dsljxt es izokfgr gksus ds i'pkr~ ;g iqu% {ks= dh lhek ij izokfgr gksus yxrh gs vksj mlds i'pkr~ iqu% dsljxt rglhy es izos'k dj tkrh gsa Vsol,d vu; unh gs tks {ks= ds nf{k.kh e/; Hkkx ls fudydj nf{k.k iwjc dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gs rfkk dqn nwj izokfgr gksus ds i'pkr {ks= dh lhek cukrh gqbz JkoLrh tuin es izos'k djrh gs tgk ls bls dqokuks ds uke ls iqdkjk tkus yxrk gsa folqgh unh] eksvu ukyk] ujdksvok ukyk vkfn vu; cjlkrh ukys gs tks {ks=h; viokg ds fuekz.k es lgk;d gsa bu ukyks es o"kkz ds fnuks es izk;% ck<s + vkrh gsa 'ks"k fnuks es ;s izk;% lw[ks jgrs gsa leizfr bu ukyks ds ekxksz dh lqkbz gks x;h gs ftlls ck<+ dh rhozrk dqn fu;f=r gks x;h gsa mijksä ufn;ks,o ukyks ds vfrfjä v/;;u {ks= es dbz cm+h >hys,o rkykc o tyk'k; flfkr gsa budh l[;k mùkj es vf/kd gsa,slh >hyks o rkykcks es fpùkksjk >hy] vukjdyh >hy] cm+syk rky] clusjk rky] cm+dk rky c?ksy rky] dksm+jh rky vkfn izeq[k gs ¼ekufp= 1½A bl {ks= ds tks ty leink ds Hk.Mkj gs oks vc /khjs&/khjs iznwf"kr gks jgs gs rfkk {ks= ds yksxks }kjk >hyks] vknz Hkwfe ds {ks=ks es yxkrkj vfrøe.k gks jgk gsa ;g vknz Hkwfe gh i`foh dh fdmuh dk dke djrh gs rfkk Hkwfexr ty dks fjpktz djrh gsa 1991 es cgjkbp ds ftykf/kdkjh Jh vrqy cxbz }kjk c?ksy rky dks ljf{kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k ijurq blds ckn iz'kklfud ykijokgh,o vke turk dk ty Hk.Mkjks ds izfr tkx:drk dk ekufp= 1 vhkko rfkk HkwekfQ;k yksxks dk c<+rk ncko bu ty leink ds Hk.Mkjks ds fy, vfhk'kkik curk tk jgk gsa vxj le; jgrs bu ty Hk.Mkjks dks cpkus dk dksbz Bksl dne u mbk;k x;k rks og fnu nwj ugh tc fo'o ds /kuh ty Hk.Mkjks es ls,d bl {ks= ij Hkh ty dh deh gksus yxsxha blfy, ge lhkh dks lpsr gksdj bu ve`r rqy; ty Hk.Mkjks dks ljf{kr djds Hkfo"; es ty leink dk mi;ksx dj ldsa lnhkz % ¼1½ vlkjh QStku myykg] ¼2009½ % lefuor xzkeh.k fodkl es Ñf"k lqfo/kkvks dh Hkwfedk&rglhy cgjkbp] ;w-ih- dk,d çrhd v/;;u] ih-,p-mh- 'kks/k çcu/k] MkW jke euksgj yksfg;k vo/k fo'ofo ky] QStkcknA (2) Brnet, M.K., (1951) : Interntionl Disprities in Consumption Levels, Americn Economic Review, XX (3), 51. (3) Chndn, R.C., nd S.M. Siddu, (1980) : An Introduction to Popultion Geogrphy, Klyni Publishers, New Delhi, p. 11. (4) Dsgupt, (1971) : Socio-Economic Clssifiction of Distt. A Sttisticl Approch, Economic nd Politicl Weekly, Aug., 14. (5) Hgget, P. nd A.D. Cliff nd Allen Prey, (1979) : Loctionl Anlysis in Humn Geogrphy, Vol.1, Arnold, Heinemnce. (6) Hotelling, H., (1933) : Anlysis of Complex of Sttisticl Vribles into Principl Components, Journl of Eductionl Psychology, Vol. 24, pp (7) Kkkr, D.N. (1985) : Regionl Imblnces nd Rurl Development Progrmmes in U.P. A view Point, Indin Journl of Regionl Science, No. 1, p. 33. (8) Kodekodi, G. nd Singh, V.S., (1975) : Regionl Disprities nd Are with Specil Problems in U.P., Indin Journl of Regionl Science, Vol. VII (1), pp ¼9½ fejk] vpzuk] ¼2010½ % xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq lkekftd volfkkiukvks dk fu;kstu rglhy xks.mk ¼m-iz-½ dk,d izrhd v/;;u] vizdkf'kr 'kks/k izcu/k] MkW-jk-e- yksfg;k vo/k fo-fo- QStkcknA (10) Pl, M.N., (1975) : Regionl Disprities in the Levels of Development in Indi, Indin Journl of Regionl Science, Vol. 7, pp Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June

5 Since Mrch 2002 G eogrphy An Interntionl, Registered & Referred Monthly Journl : Reserch Link - 123, Vol - XIII (4), June , Pge No RNI No. MPHIN , ISSN No Yetefceiele peue keâe efiejlee mlej : Skeâ DeOÙeÙeve (cegjwvee efpeues kesâ efjemes<e meboye& cew) Øemlegle MeesOehe$e cew cegjwvee efpeues kesâ efjemes<e meboye& cew Yetefceiele peue kesâ efiejles mlej keâe efjejesûeve efkeâùee ieùee nw~ peueerùe meboye& cew Ùen lelùe meje&efjeefole nw efkeâ peue peerjeve keâe DeeOeej nw, DeLee&led peue ner peerjeve nw~ he=ljeer hej mecemle peerjeoeeefjùeew keâe mebûeeueve peue kesâ meele DeefJeefÛÚVe he mes pegì[e ngdee nw~ peue heùee&jejce keâe DeeJeMÙekeâ SJeb peerjeveoeùeer lelje nesves kesâ meele-meele meblegueve SJeb efjekeâeme keâe DeeOeejYetle keâejkeâ nw~ JevemheefleÙeeW mes ueskeâj ceeveje Deewj peerje-pebleg Deheves hees<ekeâ leljeew keâer Øeeefhle peue kesâ ceeoùece mes keâjles nq~ cegjwvee efpeues meefnle osme kesâ keâf& jepùeew cew peue kesâ Deefleoesnve mes peue mebkeâš keâer mecemùee hewoe nes ief& nw~ Ùen efûeblee keâe efje<eùe nw efkeâ Yetefceiele peue kesâ Œeesle Kelce nes jns nq, Fme efomee cew oskew lees ØeÙelve keâce efkeâs pee jns nq, efpevecew lespeer ueeves keâer efveleevle DeeJeMÙekeâlee nw~ [e@.veeruesme kegâceej mekejeej Tkyh; lunhkz es ;g rf; lozfofnr gs fd ty thou dk vk/kkj gs vfkkzr ty gh thou (Wter is Life) gsa i`foh ij lelr tho/kkfj;ks dk lpkyu ty ds lkfk vkfofpnuu :Ik ls tqm+k gqvk gs ty Ik;kZoj.k dk vko';d,o thounk;h rro gksus ds lkfk&lkfk lurqyu,o fodkl dk vk/kkjhkwr dkjd gsa oulifr;ks ls ysdj ekuo vksj tho&turq vius iks"kd rroks dh izkfir ty ds ek/;e ls djrs gs euq"; thou ds lelr fø;k&dyki ty ij vk/kkfjr gsa vfkkzr ty dk dksbz fodyi ugh gs ;g ges izd`fr ls izkir fu%'kqyd migkj gs v/;;u {ks= lfgr gekjs ns'k es Hkwty@Hkwfexr ty ds le`) HkMkj gs fqj Hkh eqjsuk ftyk lfgr ns'k ds dbz ftyks es ty ds vfrnksgu ls ty ldv dh lel;k isnk gks xbz gs D;ks fd izkfkfed rksj ij ty llk/ku dk eq[; L=ksr o"kkz dk ty gs vksj f}rh; rksj ij ty llk/ku ds :Ik es Hkwfexr ty dk LFkku gsa ysfdu Hkw&ty ds vr;f/kd nksgu ls lelr izkd`frd L=ksrks dq, ] rkykc] unh] >jus vkfn fujurj :Ik ls lw[k jgs gs vfkkzr budh Hkj.k {kerk de gks jgh gs vkt flfkfr ;g gs fd Hkwfexr ty oksfjx ds }kjk Hkh izkir ugh gks jgk gsa eqjsuk ftyk e0iz0 jkt; ds if'peksrj dksus es flfkr gsa viuh flfkfr ds dkj.k bl ftys dks e0iz0 dk ^^izos'k }kj^^ Hkh dgrs gsa ;g pecy lhkkx dk lcls cm+k ftyk gs,o ^ ls ^ mùkjh v{kk'k o ^ ls ^ iwohz ns'kkurj ds e/; flfkr gs ftys dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=qy oxz fd0eh0 gs,o lequnzry ls Å pkbz 150&300 ehvj rd gsa ftys es o"kz 2011 dh tux.kukuqlkj 19]65]137 tul[;k fuokl djrh gsa v/;;u {ks= eqjsuk ftys es c<rh tul[;k us ty ds vfrnksgu dks c<+kok fn;k gsa Qyr% vkt is;ty] flpkbz ty o vu; dk;ks Z gsrq ty ldv dh lel;k isnk gqbz gsa ty ds vfrnksgu ls xk oks ds is;ty dk eq[; L=ksr dq, ty foghu gks pqds gsa HkkSety es Hkkjh fxjkov vk pqdh gsa 20 o"kz iwoz ftu {ks=ks es dqvk is;ty o flpkbz ds eq[; lk/ku Fks] ogk orzeku es 300 QqV ls vf/kd xgjs uydwiks ij yksxks dks vkfjr gksuk i<+ jgk gsa o"kkz okfguh ufn;k dh ty {kerk, Hkh de gqbz gs A rkykcks dk d`f"k {ks=ks es foy; gqvk gsa Qyr% lrgh ty L=ksr Hkh de gq, gs o"kkz ty o ugj ty L=ksr dh miyc/krk es fujurj fxjkov vkbz gs D;ks fd ftys es is;ty dh 90 izfr'kr vkiwfrz Hkwty ij fvdh gs blh izdkj Qlyks dh flpkbz es Hkwty dh fgllsnkjh 40 izfr'kr rd gs] fdrq Hkwty ds vr;kf/kd nksgu ds dkj.k Hkwty dk Lrj fujrj fxjrk tk jgk gsa vr% bl xhkhjre~ lel;k ds lunhkz es fo'ks"k v/;;u fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gsa bl 'kks/k v/;;u ds fueufyf[kr izeq[k,o egroiw.kz m}s'; fu/kkzfjr fd;s x;s gs] tks fueu gs % ¼1½ lel;kxzflr xzke@uxjh; {ks=ks dk xgu lw{e 'kks/k v/;;ua ¼2½ lel;k ds fu;=.k ds mik; [kkstus dk iz;kl djuka ¼3½ v/;;u {ks= dks bl lel;k ls fdl izdkj eqdr fd;k tk, \ ¼4½ fodkl,slk gks tks vkqr u cu tk,] fodkl,slk gks tks vkqr ls cpk;sa 'kks/k {ks= es tylrj?kvus ds fueu dkj.k mhkj dj lkeus vk;s gs % ¼1½ vfu;f=r <x ls o"kkz gksuka ¼2½ o`{kks dh dvkbz o rkykoks dk u"vhdj.k ds dkj.ka ¼3½ chgm+ks dh leryhdj.k ds dkj.k ty Lrj es deh vk;h gsa ¼4½ pecy ugj dk ikuh Øec) rjhds ls u NksM+ukA ¼5½ rkykcks dk ldqfpr rfkk mfkyk gksus ls rfkk rkykcks dk d`f"k {ks= es foy; gksus lsa ¼6½ /kjrh es ikuh dk fjlko cgqr de gks jgk gsa bldk dkj.k jklk;fud [kkn ds vf/kd blrseky ls fevvh dbksj gks xbz gsa ¼7½ gj lky DeefleefLe efjeéeve (Yetieesue efjeyeeie), MeemekeâerÙe cenejepee ceneefjeåeeueùe, Úlejhegj (ceoùeøeosme) Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June

6 djhc,d gtkj V~;wcosyks dk [kuua ¼8½ uohu rkykcks dk fuekz.k ugh gksuka kgj es vlj ftys es vlj gsmii V~;wcosy Ckn vizsy rd cn gks ldrs gs uksv % V~;wcosyks es fdlkuks ds V~;wcosyks dh l[;k Hkh 'kkfey gsa ¼L=ksr % nsfud HkkLdj] eqjsuk lldj.k ekpz 2012½ mijksdr lelr dkj.kks ls v/;;u {ks= eqjsuk ftys es ty llk/ku vou;u dh tfvy n'kk, fufezr gqbz gsa 20&25 o"kz iwoz v/;;u {ks= es dqvk is;ty o flpkbz ds eq[; lk/ku FksA vkt v/;;u {ks= ds yxhkx 95 izfr'kr dq, ty foghu gsa izfro"kz o"kkz ty es fujrj fxjkov ;k deh gksus ls yxhkx 05&08 QhV HkkSe ty dk Lrj fxjuk Hkfo"; ds fy, vksj Hkh fpurktud flfkfr dk ldrsd gsa dgk ij fdruk gs tylrj 1 eqjsuk ekpz 2011 % 38 ehvj ekpz 2012 % 40-5 ehvj 2 igkm+x<+ ekpz 2011 % 35 ehvj ekpz 2012 % 36 ehvj 3 dsykjl ekpz 2011 % ehvj ekpz 2012 % 28 ehvj 4 lcyx<+ ekpz 2011 % 39 ehvj ekpz 2012 % 40 ehvj 5 veckg EkkpZ 2011 % 38-5 ehvj ekpz 2012 % 42-5 ehvj 6 iksjlk ekpz 2011 % 39 ehvj ekpz 2012 % 41-5 ehvj L=ksr % nsfud HkkLdj] eqjsuk lldj.k] ekpz vr% v/;;u {ks= es Hkwfexr ty Lrj fxjus ds dkj.k im+us okys izhkko fueu mhkj dj lkeus vk jgs gs % ¼1½ xzh"e dky es ty L=ksrks ds lw[k tkus ls ekuo Ik'kq&i{kh ds le{k ikuh dk ldv mriuu gks x;k gsa vfkkzr~ ty ds fy, ekuo vksj Ik'kq&i{kh dks nj&nj HkVduk im+ jgk gsa ¼2½ ty ds vhkko es d``f"k dk;z dfbu gks x;k gsa ¼3½ nsfud fø;kvks ugkus] dim+k /kksus vksj lkq&lqkbz ds fy, ikuh dh deh dh lel;k isnk gks jgh gsa Hkwfexr ty Lrj dks cuk;s j[kus gsrq fueukfdr lq>ko izlrqr gs % d`f"k dk;z es vr;f/kd ek=k es jklk;fud [kkn ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k] fevv~h dbksj] uxjks es Hkouks rfkk lm+dks ds fuekz.k ls o"kkz ds ty dk ekxz vo:) gks tkrk gsa vksj og Hkwfe ds uhps ugh igq p ikrk gsa bl izdkj Hkwty dk IkquHkZj.k ugh gks ikrka blds ifj.kkelo:ik dqvks rfkk uydwiks es ty dh deh gks tkrh gs vksj os lw[k tkrs gsa bl lel;k dks fdlh gn rd Nr ij izkir o"kkz ty dk mi;ksx djds de fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl izdkj o"kkz ds ty dk mi;ksx vko';drkuqlkj fdlh Hkh LFkku rfkk fdlh Hkh le; ij fd;k tk ldrk gsa bl izdkj o"kkz ty dk lp;u ck<+@lw[kk dh lel;k ls jkgr fnykrk gsa eqjsuk ftyk ds ftu lhkh?kjks es gsmii,o leflzoy gs jsu okvj gkoszflvx fllve ykxw djus ds vkns'k ftyk iz'kklu }kjk fn;s tkus pkfg, vfkok?kjks es leflzoy yxkus dh eku;rk iz'kklu rhkh ns] tc jsu okvj gkos ZfLVx fllve dh 'krz iwjh gksrh gksa,sls gh fu;e leiw.kz e0iz0 ds fy, fd;s tkus pkfg,a Hkwfexr ty ¼xzkm.M okvj fjpkftzx½ % jsu okvj gkoszflvx,o ty lj{k.k dh fof/k;ks }kjk ty dks Hkwfe es,df=r dj ty dk iqu% mijksdr fof/k;ks }kjk ty dk Hkwfe es lxg.k djuk xzkm.m okvj fjpkftzx dgykrk gsa o"kkz ty lxzg.k ¼jsu okvj gkoszflvx½ dh vko';drk D;ks imrh gs \ % ¼1½ Hkwty Hk.Mkj.k es o`f) vksj tylrj es fxjkov ij fu;=.k djus ds fy,a ¼2½ Hkwfexr ty ds xq.kks dks lq/kkjus ds fy,a ¼3½ vkxkeh o"kkzs ds fy, ty lxzg.k djuka ¼4½ 'kgjks,o vks/kksfxd O;FkZ@okfgr ey&ty vkfn dk iqu% pø.k djuka ikuh cpkus ds mik; % ¼1½ d`"kdks dks vuqikfrd flpkbz gqrq izf'kf{kr fd;k tk,a ¼2½ [ksr ds <yku okys dksus es dqmh] dqb;k ;k lks[rk x<<k cukdj ikuh jksdk tk ldrk gsa ¼3½ dqvks es ckfj'k dk ikuh lgstk tk,a ¼4½ Ukfn;ks] ukyks ij FkksMh&FkksMh nwjh ij LVkWi Mse cuk,a ¼5½ Xkzkeh.k,o 'kgjh {ks=ks es uohu rkykcks dk fuekz.k djk;k tk, rfkk orzeku es izr;sd xzke ds rkyko ldqfpr rfkk mfkys gks jgs gs vr% mudk lj{k.k dj mugs xgjs djus dh dk;z ;kstuk cukbz tk,a ¼6½ Ikkuh dh ctk,] dms dh jk[k ls crzu lkq djs ] rks pedus ds lkfk gkbzthfud Hkh gksxsa ¼7½ o`{kkjksi.k,o ouks dh j{kk djkuka ¼8½ chgm+ {ks=ks dk leryhdj.ka ¼9½ chgm+ks es ikfjf/kd ¼leksPp ck /k½ dk fuekz.ka ¼10½ Ukgj dk ikuh Øec) rjhds ls fu;fer :Ik ls NksM+k tk,a ¼11½ Ikkuh dh,d Hkh c wn cckzn u djsa ¼12½ tu tkx`fr o Lo; lsoh llfkkvks dk lg;ksx Hkh fy;k tkuk vko';d gsa 'kks/k {ks= ds fo'ys"k.k ls ;g fu"d"kz fudkyk x;k gs fd ;gk o"kkz u gksus ds dkj.k pecy ugj es ikuh u vkus ds dkj.k] chgm+ks ds leryhdj.k ds dkj.k] o`{kks dh dvkbz ds dkj.k o rkykcks dk u"vhdj.k ds dkj.k tylrj es deh vk;h gs] ftlds dkj.k ;gk ds turqtxr foyqir gks jgs gsa ;fn 'kks/k {ks= es Nr dk ikuh Nr ij] [ksr dk ikuh [ksr ij jksdk tk, rfkk rkykcks dk fuekz.k fd;k tk, o`{k yxk, tk,] ouks dh j{kk] <kyw Hkwfe ij ck /k cuk, tk,] rks ;gk ds ty Lrj dk dkqh ek=k es mbk;k tk ldrk gsa lunhkz % ¼1½ flg] lfounz ¼2000½] i;kzoj.k Hkwxksy] iz;kx iqlrd Hkou] bykgkckna ¼2½ volfkh] ujsunz eksgu ¼2005½] llk/ku vksj Ik;kZoj.k] vkn'kz fizuv'kz,o ifcyds'ku] HkksikyA ¼3½ volfkh,o frokjh] Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u] e0iz0 fgunh xzufk vdkneh] HkksikyA ¼4½ pez.orh Hkwxksy] 'kks/k if=dk] 2012] veckg ih0th0 dkwyst veckg] eqjsuk e0iz0a ¼5½ e0iz0 ikb~; iqlrd fuxe@cksmz dh iqlrdsa Reserch Link - An Interntionl Journl Vol - XIII (4) June