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1 Z Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 24 vad 2 fnlecj 2016 i`- 123& ;qfdr vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, usuks vkdkjh; fqyeksa dk la'ys"k.k,oa vfhky{k.k,l,y vxzoky] ih ds 'kqdyk*] gfjr 'kekz] lh ih flag,oa nhif'k[kk f=kikbh,l-,l-vkbz- iz;ksx'kkyk HkkSfrdh fohkkx],-ih-,l- fo'ofo ky;] jhok ¼e-iz-½ *vkbz-vh-,l- vfhk;kaf=kdh egkfo ky;] xzsvj uks,mk ¼m-iz-½ lkjka'k % izlrqr dk;z esa usuks vkdkjh; CuInS 2 (CIS) dh iryh fqyeksa dks lkwy tsy Lisz ik;jksfyfll rduhd }kjk rs;kj fd;k x;k gsa bu fqyeksa ds la'ys"k.k gsrq rs;kj foy;u esa Mkb,FksukWy,ehu dks] 1& izksisukwy esa rs;kj bf.m;e,lhvsv ds fofy;u esa flfkjdùkkz ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k tcfd eksuks,fksukwy,ehu vksj,ffkyhu XykbdkWy dks 2& izksisukwy esa rs;kj dkwij,lhvsv ds foy;u esa flfkjdùkkz ds :i esa iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gsa CIS v/kzpkyd fqyeksa dh vf/kdre fodkl o`f) dh lhek dh tkudkjh fufezr iryh fqyeksa ds lajpukred,oa izdk'kh; xq.kksa ds v/;;u ls dh xbza fofhkuu rkiksa ij fufezr iryh CIS fqyeksa dk v/;;u,dl fdj.k foorzu (XRD), LdSfuax bysdvªkwu lw{en'khz (SEM) vksj ijkcsxuh n`'; lw{en'khz (Uv-Vis Spectroscopy) ds }kjk fd;k x;k gsa,dl fdj.k foorzu ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gs fd CuInS 2 ds cuus ds lkfk&lkfk Cu 9 v'kqf) ds :i esa fo eku gsa følvyh; vkdkj dk fu/kkzj.k,dl fdj.k foorzu ds vkadm+ksa dh x.kuk ls 45 ls 55 usuks ehvj fd;k x;ka LdSfuax bysdvªkwu lw{en'khz ls izkir fp=kksa esa Hkh dqn lks usuksehvj vkdkj ds,d leku d.k fn[kkbz nsrs gsaa blds vykok] iq"i vkdkjh; lajpuk vksj,df=kr d.kksa ds lewg SEM izfrfcec esa n`'; gq;sa ijkcsaxuh n`'; lw{en'khz (UV-Vis) ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gs fd rki ds c<+us ls ÅtkZ Lrj esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gsa Synthesis and characterization of nano CuInS 2 thin Films for device applications S L Agrawal, P K Shukla*, Harit Sharma, C P Singh & Deepshikha Tripathi SSI Laboratory, Department of Physics, A P S University, Rewa (M.P.) * I.T.S Engineering College, Greater Noida (U.P.) Abstract Present paper deals with synthesis and characterization of CuInS 2 thin films prepared through sol gel spray pyrolysis technique. During synthesis di-ethanolamine has been used as stabilizer for Indium acetate solution in 1-propanol while mono ethanolamine and ethylene glycol have been used in combination as stabilizing agent for Copper acetate solution in 2-propanol. The structural and optical properties of as deposited films have been explored in order to determine the optimum conditions for growth of CIS ternary compound semiconductor films. The physical and optical properties of the thin films synthesized at different substrate temperatures have been studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. XRD analysis revealed formation of CuInS 2 phase along with that of Cu 9 as impurity. The crystallite size calculated from XRD data ranges from 45 to 63nm. SEM analysis have shown that film consist of homogeneous grains with sizes of about few hundred nanometers. Besides, formations of flower like structure and larger agglomerates have also been witnessed in the SEM examination. The energy band gap calculated from optical absorption spectra shows a blue shift on increasing the substrate temperature. izlrkouk ÅtkZ ladv ds yxkrkj c<+us ds dkj.k mpp dk;z {kerk,oa de ewy; ds lksyj lsy ij 'kks/k egroiw.kz gksrk tk jgk gsa bl lunhkz esas QksVkoksYVsbd ;qfdr;ksa (Photo Voltaic Devices) esa iryh fqye rduhd dk iz;ksx mlds vf}rh; xq.kksa tsls de inkfkz dh vko';drk vksj vf/kd n{krk ds izn'kzu vkfn ds dkj.k vf/kd O;kid gks x;k gs 1 A iryh fqye lksyj lsyksa ds fy, fofhkuu psydksik;jkbv v/kzpkyd inkfkks a ds chp CIS,d vf/kd fo'oluh;

2 a 124 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 24 vad ¼2½ fnlecj 2016 vo'kks"kd inkfkz gs D;ksafd bldk vo'kks"k.k xq.kkad yxhkx 10 5 cm -1 vksj ÅtkZ vurjky 1.5eV ds vklikl gs] tks fd i`foh dh lrg ij igqapus okyh mppkre lksyj fofdj.kksa dh ÅtkZ ds lerqy; gs 2 A blds vfrfjdr CIS,d de ewy; vksj i;kzoj.k mi;ksxh inkfkz gs vksj ;g QksVksoksYVsbd ;qfdr;ks a ea s yecs le; rd flfkjrk iznku djrk gsa ; fi CIS dh iryh fqye cukus ds dbz HkkSfrd vksj jklk;fud rjhds gsa tsls fd ok"ihdj.k 3 ] ekwyhdqyj che fu{ksi.k 4 ] LiVfjax 5 ] vk;u IykfVax 6 ],oa jklk;fud vfhkfø;k,a 7 A ; fi fofhkuuk iz;ksfxd izs{k.kksa ls ;g fu"d"kz fudyrk gs fd dksbz Hkh rduhd iz;ksx eas yk;h tk;s] larks"kizn lajpuk dfbukbz ls feyrh gsa ;g igys ls Kkr gs fd CIS vk/kkfjr lksyj lsyksa ds QksVksoksYVkbd xq.k] mudh lajpukred la?kvu vksj lajpuk ij fuhkzj djrk gsa bu lel;kvksa dks nwj djus ds fy;s orzeku esa fofy;u vk/kkfjr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gsa CIS v/kzpkyd cukus ds fy, foy;u vk/kkfjr lkwy&tsy Lisz ik;jksfyfll ;qfdr cgqr gh llrh gs vksj vpnh lajpukred la?kvu (Stochiometry) iznku djrh gsa mijksdr tkudkjh dks /;ku es a j[k izlrqr dk;z es a CIS v/kzpkyd dh iryh fqyeksa dks iwozorhz inkfkksza ds /kkrq,lhvsvks ds fofy;u }kjk Liz s&ik;jksfyfll,oa lyqjkbts'ku fof/k dk mi;ksx dj rs;kj fd;k gsa la'ysf"kr fqyeksa dh QksVks oksyvkbd ;qfdr;ksa esa mi;ksx dh O;ogkfjdrk dks le>us ds fy;s vk/kkjhkwr izdk'kh;,oa lajpukred xq.kksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gsa lkexzh,oa fof/k lkexzh % CIS fqyeksa ds la'ys"k.k ds fy, In (CH 3 COO) 3 vksj Cu (CH 3 COO) 2 H 2 O dks iwozorhz inkfkz (Precursor materials) vksj 1& izksisukwy,oa 2& izksisukwy ds foyk;d ds :i es a iz;ksx fd;k x;k gsa eksuks,fksukwy,ehu] Mkb,FksukWy,ehu,oa,fFkyhu XykbdkWy dks flfkjdkjd rroksa ds :i esa blrseku fd;k x;k gsa lhkh inkfkz okf.kft;d :i ls miyc/k gsa,oa bugsa fcuk vfrfjdr 'kqf)dj.k ds iz;ksx esa yk;k x;k gsa CuInS 2 iryh fqyeksa dk fuekz.k iwozorhz foy;u izkir djus ds fy,,dkad ty;ksftr dkwij,lhvsv [Cu (CH 3 COO) 2 H 2 O] dks 2& izksisukwy esa 85 C rd,d?k.vs ds fy, foyksfmr fd;k x;k,oa foy;u dh eksyj lekgrrk 0-5 eksy@fyvj fu;r j[kh x;ha dqn ek=kk esa eksuks,fksukwy&,ehu vksj,ffkyhu Xykbdksy dks LFkk;hdkjd ds :i esa feyk;k x;ka blh izdkj 1&izksisukWy esa 0-5 eksy@fyvj lkunzrk dk bf.m;e,lhvsv [In(CH 3 COO) 3 dk foy;u rs;kj fd;ka rri'pkr~] vk/ks?k.vs rd lkeku; rki (RT) ij foy;u dks foyksfmr djus ds mijkur MkbZ,fFkyks,ehu feyk;k x;ka vurr% dkwij,oa bf.m;e ds iwozorhz foy;uksa dks vkil esa feykus ds ckn nks?k.vs ds fy, dejs ds rki ij foyksfmr fd;k x;ka bl izdkj izkir foy;u dks Xykl IysV ij fofhkuu rkiekuksa (250 C, 300 C, 350 C,,oa 390 C) ij,d Qqgkj ;a=k }kjk Lizs djds iryh fqye dk fuekz.k fd;ka bl izdkj izkir iryh fqyeksa dks,d rki fu;af=kr HkV~Bh esa fuokzfrr Xykl ufydk esa j[kdj lyqj ikmmj }kjk lyqjkbzts'ku djrs gsaa lyqjkbzts'ku izfø;k nks pj.kksa esa iw.kz gksrh gsa izfke pj.k esa lyqj dh leiw.kz lar`irrk c<+kus ds fy, rkieku dks 250 C ij cuk;s j[kk x;ka nwljs pj.k esas CIS ds cuus,oa følvkyhdj.k izfø;k esas lgk;rk ds fy, rkieku dks 550 C ij fuf'pr fd;k x;k 8 A izr;sd izfø;k dks vk/ks?k.vs rd cuk;s j[kk x;ka mijksdr izfø;k }kjk fofhkuuk rkiekuks a 250 C, 300 C, 350 C,,oa 390 C ij izkir CIS dh iryh fqyeks a dks Øe'k% CIS-1, CIS-2, CIS-3,oa CIS- 4 ls fpfugr fd;k x;ka fqyeksa dk vfhky{k.ku % izkir fqyeksa ds lajpukred xq.kksa dk v/;;u [Shimadzu make X-ray Diffractometer, Model- XRD 6100],Dl fdj.k foorzu }kjk 20 ls 60 czsx dks.k ¼2½ rd fd;k x;ka iryh fqyeksa ds ekbøkslvªdpj dk v/;;u,d LdSfuax bysdvªkwu lw{en'khz [Carl Ziess Make SEM, Model- EVO18] }kjk fd;k x;ka fofhkuuk uewuksa ds izdk'kh; ÅtkZ vurjky dk vk dyu djus ds fy, mlds izdk'kh; vo'kks"k.k o.kzøe (Spectra) dks lkeku; rki ij,d ijkcsxuh n`'; o.kzøen'khz (Systronic make UV-Visible Spcotrophotometer, Model 2203) }kjk 200nm ls 1100 nm rjaxns/;z lhek es a fd;k x;k gsa ifj.kke,oa foospuk,dl fdj.k foorzu dk v/;;u % fp=k 1 esa fofhké vk/kkj rkiksa ij izkir CIS iryh fqyeksa dk,dl fdj.k foorzu n'kkz;k x;k gsa lhkh uewuksa ( CIS-1 ls CIS-4 ) esa izeq[k XRD foorzu Jàx 20=28.65, 33.1, 47,oa 55-4 ij fn[kkbz nsrs gsa tks Øe'k% (215), (200), (220) vksj (215) hkl lery (hkl plane) ls lacaf/kr gs aa lhkh izkir izeq[k ifjorzu J` ax CuInS 2 dh psydksik;jkbv lajpuk ds vkjsf[kr foorzu fp=k (JCPDS Card No )

vxzoky,oa vu; % ;qfdr vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, usuks vkdkjh; fqyeksa dk la'ys"k.k,oa vfhky{k.k 125 ¼v½ fp=k 1 fofhké vk/kkj rkiksa ij usuks vkdkjh; CIS fqyeksa dk,dl fdj.

3 vxzoky,oa vu; % ;qfdr vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, usuks vkdkjh; fqyeksa dk la'ys"k.k,oa vfhky{k.k 125 ¼v½ fp=k 1 fofhké vk/kkj rkiksa ij usuks vkdkjh; CIS fqyeksa dk,dl fdj.k foorzu fp=kea iwjh rjg le:i gsa 9 A blds vykok CIS-3,oa CIS-4 uewuksa esa Cu 2 In 2 O 5,oa Cu 9 dh vfrfjdr J`axs xks.k volfkk esa fo eku gs (JCPDS Card No ,oa )A ;g laehkor% bu rkiekuksa ij CuInS 2 ds vkwdlhdj.k ds dkj.k gs] ftlls CuInS 2 dh XRD J`xksa dh rhozrk;sa Li"Vr% gks x;h gsaa bu lhkh ifj.kkekas ls Kkr gqvk gs fd CuInS 2 iryh fqyeksa ds cuus ds fy, vf/kdre vk/kkj rkieku 300 C gksuk pkfg,a izkir CIS fqyeksa esa CuInS 2 usuksd.kksa ds ek/; følvyh; vkdkj dh x.kuk Scherr's fu;e dh lgk;rk ls dh xbz gsa d = 0.9λ βcosθ ¼1½ tgk λ,dl fdj.k iqut dk rjaxns/;z] β loks ZPp J` ax dk v/kz ÅapkbZ ij dks.kh; folrkj d d.k dk følvyh; vkdkj,oa θ J` ax dk czsx dks.k gsa fofhkuuk uewuksa ds fy;s følvyh; vkdkjksa dk vkadfyr eku lkj.kh 1 eas lkj.khc) gsa vkdfyr eku ;g n'kkzrs gs] fd CIS fqye usuks vkdkjh; følvyksa ls ;qdr gsa,oa bu d.kksa dk vkdkj 45nm ls 55 nm ds e/; gsa ¼c½ ¼l½ izdk'kh; vo'kks"k.k,oa cs.m vurjky % ijkcsaxuh&n`'; LiSDVªe esa fofhkuu rjaxns/;ksza (λ) ds ijkxuukad (t) ds ekiu ds i'pkr~ ch;j&yseovz (Bear-Lambert) lecu/k dk iz;ksx dj vo'ks"k.k xq.kkad ( ) dh x.kuk dh xbz 11 A... (2) ;g vo'kks"k.k xq.kkad ( ),oa vkifrr QksVkWu ÅtkZ dks fueu VkWd (Tauc) lecu/k 12 }kjk ijlij lec) gsa fp=k 2 fofhké vk/kkj rkiksa ij ¼v½ 300 C ¼c½ 350 C,oa ¼l½ 390 C ls fufezr usuks vkdkjh; CIS fqyeksa dk UV - Vis izfrfcec

126 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 24 vad ¼2½ fnlecj 2016... (3) tgk A fu;rkad] Eg cs.m vurjky rfkk m,d lwpdkad gs tks fd ÅtkZ&cS.M varjky ds e/; laøe.

4 126 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 24 vad ¼2½ fnlecj (3) tgk A fu;rkad] Eg cs.m vurjky rfkk m,d lwpdkad gs tks fd ÅtkZ&cS.M varjky ds e/; laøe.k ds izdkj dks n'kkzrk gsa ;g KkrO; gs fd m dk eku v/kzpkyd ds izr;{k cs.m vurjky ds fy, 1@2 tcfd 2,oa 3@2 dk eku gksus ij ;g v/kzpkyd ds vizr;{k cs.m vurjky dks n'kkzrk gs 13 A ;g Hkyh&Hkk fr Kkr gs fd CIS,d izr;{k cs.m vurjky inkfkz gs tgk cs.m fczyqvka (Brilliomin Zone) {ks=k ds e/; esas flfkr gs 14 A bl izdkj izr;{k cs.m vurjky dks ekurs gq, fofhkuuk CIS fqyeksa ds fy, cuke hθ dk xzkq fpf=kr fd;k x;k gs ¼fp=k 2½A ftlls oø ls X- v{k ls lh/kh js[kk ds cfgzos'ku }kjk cs.m vurjky Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gs ¼vFkkZr~ tc (α hθ) 2 =0 ] fp=k 2 n'kkzrk gs fd vk/kkj rkieku c<+us ls cs.m varjky esa vfr lw{e ifjorzu gks jgk gsa ;g lozfkk KkrO; gs fd fqyeksa dh ikwyhfølvfyfuvh] izdk'kh; vo'kks"k.k O;ogkj,oa blfy, cs.m vurjky ij Hkh izhkko Mkyrh gsa,dl fdj.k foorzu v/;;u ls vk/kkj rkieku c<+us ds lkfk d.kksa ds vkdkj esa o`f) fn[kkbz nsrh gs blfy, cs.m vurjky dks følvy vkdkj es a o`f),oa fqyeks a dh følvyh; lajpuk esa lq/kkj,oa CIS dh la?kvukred lajpuk ds utnhd gksus ls lacaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gs 15 A følvy lajpuk ds fodkj,oa Cu2In2O5 dk mpp vk/kkj rkieku ij cuus ds dkj.k vfr lw{e ifjorzu gks ldrk gsa izkir ÅtkZ vurjky dk eku ( ev) igys ls izdkf'kr vkdm+ksa ds vuq:i ik;k x;k gs 14 A LdSfuax bysdvªkwu lw{en'khz }kjk v/;;u fp=k 3 ea s fofhkuu vk/kkj rkiekuks a ij Lis z ik;jksfyfll rduhd }kjk Xykl vk/kkj ij izkir fd;s x;s CuInS 2 usuksd.kksa dk SEM izfrfcec iznf'kzr gsa vk/kkj rkieku 250 C ij izkir fqye ds laiw.kz lrg ij CIS usuksd.kksa dh iq"i :ih lajpuk fn[kkbz im+rh gsa mpp vko/kzu izfrfcec ij leiw.kz lrg ij d.k vo;oflfkr vkdkj,oa vkd`fr eas QSys gq, fn[kkbz im+rs gas ¼fp=k 3½A vk/kkj rkieku 350 C djus ij usuksqwyksa dk vkdkj NksVk gksus yxrk gs fp=k 3 fofhké vk/kkj rkiekuksa ij ¼v½ fueu vko/kzu ¼2µ½ ¼c½ mpp vko/kzu ¼200nm½ ls fufezr usuks vkdkjh; CIS fqyeksa dk SEM izfrfcec

5 a vxzoky,oa vu; % ;qfdr vuqiz;ksxksa ds fy, usuks vkdkjh; fqyeksa dk la'ys"k.k,oa vfhky{k.k 127 vksj d.k vkil es sa tqm+us yxrs gs a ¼fp=k 3½A vksj usuksqwyks a dk?kuro fu"d"kz usuks CuInS 2 iryh fqyeksa dk la'ys"k.k 1& izksisukwy,oa 2& izksisukwy foyk;dksa dk iz;ksx dj rs;kj fd;s x;s,flvsv fofy;uksa ds fu{ksi.k }kjk lqyrkiwozd fd;k x;k gsa CIS fqyeksa dks fofhkuuk vk/kkj rkiekuksa ij Xykl vk/kkj ij] Lisz ik;jksfyfll rduhd }kjk rs;kj fd;k x;ka vk/kkj rkiekuksa ds izhkko dk ;kstukc) v/;;u ;g crkrk gs fd mpp vk/kkj rkieku cm+ s d.kks ds cuus esa lgk;d gsa Lisz ik;jksfyfll fof/k }kjk izkir,dy volfkk CuInS 2 fqye cuus ds fy, 300 C vk/kkj rkieku lcls mi;qdr gsa CIS iryh fqyeksa dk,dl fdj.k foorzu] 45 nm ls 55 nm vkdkj ds usuksd.kksa ds cuus dh iqf"v djrk gs,oa mfpr vfhkfou;kl ¼112½ fn'kk ds lkfk psydksik;jkbv lajpuk dks Li"V djrk gsa ijkcasxuh&n`'; LisDVªe] vk/kkj rkieku c<+kus ij izdk'kh; cs.m vurjky ds s vfr lw{e ifjorzu dks n'kkzrk gsa uewuk CIS-2 ds fy, izkir cs.m vurjky eku 1-60 ev ¼,dy følvy CIS ds ÅtkZ ekuksa ds lkfk½ vpnk rkyesy iznf'kzr djrk gsa LdSfuax bysdvªkwu ekbøksldksih }kjk CIS usuksiq"iksa dh lajpuk ds fuekz.k dk irk pyrk gs tks mpp vk/kkj rkieku ij,df=kr gksdj cm+s d.kksa dk :i ys ysrs gsaa lanhkz 1- dksuksokyo vkbz] ffku lkwfym fqyel] 413 ¼2004½ 451& ekvhzust,,e] QukZaMst,,e],jh,t,y th,oa dkuks ;w] evsfj;yl esa dsfedy fqftdl] 95 ¼2006½ okyvj Vh] esuj vkj] dkscys p] 'kkwd,p MCY;w] izkslhfmax 12oha bz-lh-],elvjmse] Dyqoj,dsMfed ifcyf'kaax] MksjMªspj] ¼1994½ esv~tuj,p] gkwu Vh,p] czhej ts,p,oa dkwujsm ts],iykbm fqftdl ysvl] 69 ¼1996½ okbz ;kekeksvks] ;kekxqph Vh] Msfutq okbz] rukdk Vh] ;ksf'kmk,] ffku lkwfym fqyel] 372 ¼1996½ 281& dks.mks ds] ukdkewjk,l] lkuksa,p] fgjklkook,p],oa lkvks ds] lksyj,uthz evsfjy;l,.m lksyj lsyl 49 ¼1997½ tqvk?kh,e lh] uljyykg Vh oh] eklhysd,l] cjusms ts lh,oa csyxkdse] ffku lkwfym fqyel] 382 ¼2001½ dk.kysjks vkj] xqbzysu lh] lksyj,uthz evsfj;yl,.m lksyj lsyl] 86 ¼2005½ ;kwo vkj okbz] tkså tsm ts] gkwy tsm,y] osax,dl] tkså MCY;w,p,oa,l,Dl cw],iykbm evsfj;yl,.m b.vjqslsl] 5 ¼2013½ uk;uz ts ts] lsfijk ih tss] [kkeyh ch] ikm.m~l Vh] os.mªwltdk vkj oku] yspj Vh vkj] fofy;el,e] osax lh- lh- lh,oa ukjvu,e th] usuks ysvlz] 6 ¼2006½ LVk x,q lh],ukfyfvdy dseslvªh] 24 ¼1952½ QSax,Dl] cs.mks okbz] xksre ;w ds] tkgh Vh] tsax,p],dl tw] fy;ks,e] xksycxz Mh] føfvdy fjo;wt bu lkwfym LVsV,.M evsfj;yl] lkbalst] 34¼2009½ xqgk ih,oa nkl Mh],- ch- esvh,v-,y-] lksyj,uthz evsfj;yl,.m lksyj lsyl] 80 ¼2003½ gs.mjlu Mh vks] eq vkj] ;wmk,] xkwjmkwu,e,p cw bz,e] rath,l] g~;q,ax,e] ts- dh],y-lh- QsYMeSu] gksfyaxlofkz ts,] cqgjks MCY;w bz] gsfjl ts Mh],-,Q- gsi] ih- jsqhyj] evsfj;yl,.m fmtkbu] 22 ¼2001½ vksuukxkok,p,oa fe;kf'krk ds,e] tuzy vkwq,iykbm fqftdl] 23 ¼1985½ 965-

CH 2. Ion-transport studies on Ba-nano ferrite dispersed PVA : (NH 4 Polymer Electrolyte

CH 2. Ion-transport studies on Ba-nano ferrite dispersed PVA : (NH 4 Polymer Electrolyte 46 Hkkjrh; oskkfud,oa vks ksfxd vuqla/kku if=kdk o"kz 22 vad 1 twu 2014 i`- 46-52 csfj;e usuks QsjkbV forfjr PVA : (NH 4 cgqyd os qr vi?kv~; esa vk;u ifjogu dk v/;;u,l,y vxzoky] ih ds 'kqdyk*] nhif'k[kk