CONTENTS. iii. Foreword Preface Chapter 1- Design Parameters for Transmission Lines

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1 CONTENTS Foreword Preface Chapter 1- Design Parameters for Transmission Lines 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Mechanical Design Wind Speed Maximum Temperature of Current Carrying Conductor Span Tower Steel Sections Stresses in Bolts Ground Clearance Quality of Zinc Weight of Zinc Coating Minimum Zinc Coating Sag Template iii Electncal Design Electrical Clearances Air Clearances Minimum Ground Clearance Minimum Clearance above Rivers/Lakes Air Clearance and Swing Angles Clearance between Conductor & Groundwire "At Tower" Clearances at Power Line Crossings Power Lines Crossing each other Power Lines Crossing Communication Lines Power Line Crossing Railway Tracks Power Lines running along or across the Roads Clearances to Ground and Buildings as per IE Rules 1956 (latest edition) Insulators / Insulation Right of Way Requirement PTCC

2 x Conductor Earth Wire Annexure A Typical sag template drawing-dog ACSR conductor Typical sag template drawing-panther ACSR conductor Typical sag template drawing-zebra ACSR conductor Typical sag template drawing-moose ACSR conductor Chapter 2- Inspection and Maintenance Formats of Transmission Lines Introduction Inspection from Ground Inspection after Climbing the Tower Schedule of Inspection and Maintenance Activities Fault Inspection of Line 2.6 Inspection / Check Report for Major Maintenance Work Fomlat-I - Ground Patrolling Report FOn11at-II - Tower Climbing Patrolling Report for Critical Lines/ Critical Stretches (Non Outage) 23 FOn11at-Ill - Live Line Puncture Insulator Detection 24 Fonnat-IV - Maintenance Schedules of Transmission Lines 25 Fonnat-V - Line Declared Faulty Inspection Report 27 FOn11at-VI - Inspection Report for Major Maintenance/ Breakdown Works 28 Fomlat-VIl - IR Value and other Details ofinsulators Under Shutdown 29 Fonnat-VIII - Measurement of Contact Resistance of Joints (After Replacement of Conductor/ Joints) Chapter 3 - Probable Causes of Failure of the Transmission Line Components 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Probable Causes of Damage of Insulators and Hardware Fittings 3.3 Probable Causes of Failure of Conductor and Conductor Accessories 3.4 Adverse Affects of Vibration 3.5 Probable Causes for Damage of Earthwire and its Accessories 3.6 Probahle Causes for Failure of Towers 3.7 Probable Causes for Rusting 3.8 Probable Cause of Failure of Tower Foundation

3 Xl 3.9 Causes of Erosion at the Base of Foundation / Tmver Legs Probable Causes of Damage of Earthing Electrode and Earthing Strip, etc. 38 Annexure 1 Effect of Vibrations on Perfomlance of Components of Transmission Line 39 Chapter 4 - Condition Monitoring of EHV Transmission Lines Introduction Philosophy of Condition Monitoring Advantages Condition Monitoring of Transmission Line Corrosion Measurement of steel (stub / anchor bolts) in foundation Resistance Measurements Method Tower Footing Resistance Measurement Conductor Corrosion Detection Conact Resistance Measurement of Conductor Joints Checking of Clearances of Conductor Condition Monitoring of Insulator Coronography of Transmission Line Line Signature Analyzer (LSA) Unit Thermovision Scanning of the Lllle Monitoring of Spacers/Spacer Dampers/Hardware Fittings Advanced Condition MOl1ltoring Teclmiques Chapter 5 - Maintenance Procedures of EHV Transmission Lines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methodology Locating the Fault Patrolling and Scheduling General Safety Precautions Purpose Scope Definitions Dangers General Precautions to be taken before Climbing or Working on Transmission Towers or working on Conductors

4 xii Attending to Tower Collapse Attending 10 Stuh R~pair PI\)('cdnre T,~,;)i:, required for Rectification of Stubs ;"/!:nerial required for R"'c:tJtlcatioll of Chimney 'lower Material Generallv re4uired for Rectification of Stubs STlTB:.: ~els Additional Detail,: Insulator R cplacemc Bundle Conductor (Twin / Quad) Transmission Line Bundle Conductor crwm) TransmiSSIOn Line Replacement of Suspension Insulator (1- String) Replacement of Tension Insulator - Procedure 1 (Fig. 9) 5, KY Tension Insulator Disc Replacement KV & 132 KV Tension Insulator Disc Replacement Catching Off / HoIoll1g Twin/Quad Conductors at Suspension Tower Raising and Lowering Twin/Quad Conductor and Insulators 81 to the Ground Repairing oft\vin Conductor at Ground of400 KV Line. - Tension Tower ] Procedure for repall'lng of Conductor at Ground of 400 KV Line. - Suspension TowCT Jointing Procedure Repair of Twin/Quad Conductor ill situ with Mid Span Compression Joint Repair of TwiniQuad Conductor ill situ with Repair Sleeve Temporary repair of Twin/Quad Conductor in situ with Mid Span / Dead End Compression Joints Repair of Failed Jumpers Repair of Failed Earth Wire Replacement of Nuts and Bolts Replacement IRepair of Spacer ISpacer Dampers Anti-Corrosive Measures Preventive Maintenance of Tower Foundation Earthing Maintenance of Transmission Lines

5 l(lll 5.22 Tree Cutting/fnJ1ll11ing 108 Chapter 6 - Hot Line Main!enance 6.1 Introduction 6.2 History ~Jl1d Ik,dopment of Hot Line Maintenance Tools 6.3 Trainin.c! 6.4 Methods oj' riot Line Maintenance 6.5 Hot Line ()perations 6.6 Safety Safety Rules Safe Electncal Clearance Effect of Leakage Current flow in Body Ropes and Hot Line Knots Types of Ropes Care of Ropes Knots Safe Practices for Live Line Barehand Mallltenance Hot Stick Method Design Considerations Advantages of Epoxy Glass Stick Type of Epoxy Tools and its Loading Capacities Metallic Tools Care of Tools Maintenance of Tools Replacing Femlies on Epoxiglass Poles Protecting Tools during Transportation Inspection of Tools Repainng Broken Metal Members Using LImitations Caution Live Line Barehand Maintenance Principle of Live Line Barehand Work History of Live Line Barehand Work

6 XIV Equipment Bondmg procedure Important Tools Procedure Preliminary Works to be taken up before Starting the Hot Line Work Terminology used in the Procedure for Hot Line Maintenance Hot Line Tools Procedure for Hot Line Maintenance Work upto 220 KV) - Hot Stick Method Suspension Insulator String Tensiop Insulator String Precautions Procedure for the Hot Line Maintenance work in 220 KV Double Circuit Suspension Tower (Middle Phase) using Trolley pole by Hot Stick Method Procedure for Hot Line Maintenance work (66KV/132KV) Procedure for Hot Line Maintenance Work - Bare Hand Technique KV Single Circuit Suspension Tower (Middle Phase) KV Single Circuit Tension Tower (Middle Phase) Using the Method of Controlling of Ladder from Ground KV Single circuit Suspension Tower (Outer phase) using Trolley Pole method Procedure For Hot Line Maintenance Work in 400 KV Single Circuit Suspension Tower (Middle Phase) using Trolley Pole Method Tightening of nut bolts/ Replacement of spares/ jumper Replacement of Spacers/Tightening of Nut BoltslReplacing Jumper in Substation - Line up to 400 KV 165 Annexure A - Typical List of Hotline Tools Required for Maintenance of Line Upto 220 KV by Hotstick Method 167 Annexure B - Typical List of Hotline Tools Required for Maintenance of 400 KV line 169 Chapter 7 - Insulator Washing/Cleaning 7.1 Introduction 172

7 xv Type of Contaminants Pollution Management/Methods of Cleaning Pollution Management Methods of Insulator Pollution Cleaning Washing with Medium Pressure Water Washing with low Pressure Water Compressed Air - Dry Cleaning Hot Wiping (Hot Cleaning) Cleaning under De-Energized Conditions Hand Cleaning Cleaning of Polymer Insulators Safety Procedures Technical Considerations for Energized Cleaning with Water Resistivity Measurement and Monitoring Water Pressure Nozzle Orifice Safety Frequency and Results of Cleaning Frequency Results General Guidelines Training Equipment Public Limitations Practical Experience in Hot Line Washing in India Insulator Washing Methods by other Utility (A) Live Line Washing (B) Cold Line Washing 7.8 Other Pollution Cleaning Methods Cleaning of Coated (Greased) Insulator

8 XVI Silicone Protective Coatings Silicone RTV Coatings 201 Chapter 8 - Emergency Restoration of Damaged Transmission Lines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advantages of ERS 8.3 Components ofers 8.4 Deployment of ERS System Route Alignment Computerized Calculations Erecting Structure Gin Pole Method By Light Duty Crane Winch Line Method Helicopter Method Anchoring System Cross Plate Anchor Screw/Marsh Anchor Dead Weight Anchor Stringing and clipping of conductor General Precautions Safety Aspects Training 208 About the Authors 209

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