Engineering Considerations. Glenn Stapleton - Senior Electrical Design Engineer Lines
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1 Engineering Considerations Glenn Stapleton - Senior Electrical Design Engineer Lines
2 Overview Transmission line terminology and concepts Types of clearances Electrical safety considerations in co-use Underground high voltage cables Structural engineering considerations
3 Background Why do we have high voltage transmission lines? Population centres/loads a long distance from generation Losses (thermal) due to current through wire resistance Reduce losses with higher voltages over longer distance Expressed in kv 110 kv, 132 kv, 275 kv, 330 kv up to future 500 kv
4 Terminology Earthwire Insulators Conductor Foundation and Electrical Earthing Suspension Tower Tension Tower
5 Clearances Voiding statutory requirements Changing natural ground level Storage on high objects on easements Storage of metallic objects on easements Tree planting Vertical and horizontal clearances Conductor movement with wind Maintenance access to conductors in span and access to structure to set up equipment Exclusion zones are set by law
6 General Arrangement Conductor Span (average metres) Tower A Tower B Conductor Sag Ground Clearance
7 Sag as a Function of Temperature Conductor Span Tower Sag at Temp 1 Sag at Max Temp Ground Clearance Statutory
8 Easement Width and Blowout Emt Bdy Towers (Plan View) Still Conductor Emt Bdy Cond Blowout Wind Direction Safety Clearance
9 Conductor Blowout
10 Electrical Safety Considerations in Co-use Transmission line operation Considerations during normal transmission line operation Earthing and safety during system disturbances Insulator flashover (Pollution) Lightning strikes Earth potential rise at earthed structures
11 Earthing Considerations in Co-use Earth Potential Rise Touch Voltage Risk Mitigate risks via correct earthing Voltage with respect to remote earth
12 Electric and Magnetic Induction Effects Magnetic and Electric Induction Issues Co-use of corridors with other metallic infrastructure (phone, water, gas or rail) Long parallel exposure between transmission line and metallic objects / service due to magnetic field coupling Electric field coupling to unearthed metallic objects on easements Easily mitigated but requires co-operative review with Transmission company and service designer, operator and maintenance staff
13 Common activities for engineering review Fences and gates Induction / Transferred Potential New services to developments Installed parallel to easements OH and UG service crossings Close to substation boundaries Phone and LV Power Major and minor pipelines Unapproved swimming pools on easement Pipeline or long parallel metallic services
14 Underground transmission cables Out of sight out of mind Still require engineering considerations for co use situations Clearances are still mechanical and electrical Still have issues regarding alteration to ground profile Can still cause magnetic induction issues with long parallel exposure to other metallic service Restrictions of what can be done on easement (e.g. tree planting)
15 Structural and Mechanical Effects Importance of transmission line foundations Excavation, ground level changes can impact on structural design capacity Transmission structure foundations can be significant depth and raked which restricts what can be done in a zone surrounding the structure
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