The future of combustion engines

Transcription

1 The future of combustion engines A historical reflection on internal combustion engines up to state of the art today (With a Swedish touch) Martin Tunér

2 Explore Apply Explain 2

3 What do we mean with state of the art?

4 World s largest combustion engine? Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C 2300 ton, hp

5 World s smallest engine? 11.2 W Most liquid hydrocarbon fuels hold over 300 times more energy per unit weight than a NiCad battery and 100 times more than a Li-ion battery. A micro-engine would have the potential to release the energy from the fuels and possibly replace batteries in portable devices. It would not only last much longer than a battery of the same weight (about 20 times at 10% efficiency), but also requires little time to change its fuel capsule. Read more at:

6 World s most common engine? Toyota 2ZR-FE, 1.8 liter, gasoline, 136 hp Husqvarna manufactures around 6.5 million engines yearly

7 Most sensual engine? Ducati sings in Italian!

8 State of art depends on the application Functionality Affordability Scalability And more recently: Sustainability

9 Isaac de Rivaz Built a car 5x2 m 3m / stroke 1 stroke / 5s (car stops inbetween) 12% uphill! Atmospheric/ballistic motor Manually controlled combustion Town-gas as fuel Considered net of gas generators every km Electric ignition Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

10 1885 Benz Patent-Motorwagen: The patented automobile Steering No body single cyl, l Ottoengine (93) 0.9 hp 16 km/h 265 kg 1 gear Belt drive Solid rubber tyres Clutch, differential twin chain drive Hand brake working on belt Start it up! Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

11 Most common car year 1900 the electric car

12 Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

13 So, how come gasoline became dominant? Combustion engine cars cost 1/3 of electric cars Ethanol is considered, but Oil is available in large amounts and makes gasoline available and relatively cheap Gasoline has very high volumetric energy content and is easy to distribute - easy to carry 700 km" in the car Charging takes minutes transfer rate is ~20MW! The number of cars, roads and gas stations is increasing rapidly hand in hand Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

14 Heavy engines

15 First trucks in Sweden 1902 (first sold 1903) Tidaholm 1.5 ton payload, 10 hp, 15km/h. It is shortly after returned since there are no roads. Scania and Vabis sell first trucks Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

16 Jonas Hesselman 1901 Technical genius Jonas Hesselman increases diesel engine output 100% by new piston shape - Boss expects all major problems should be solved as cheaply Jonas Hesselman Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

17 The Hesselman engine 1927 Gasoline is expensive and so is developing a new diesel type engine of reasonable size and power suitable for trucks Hesselman adapts the gasoline type engine with a special injection-system. World s first DISI! Multifuel capability: diesel, gasoline, alcohol and more Used by Volvo until 1947 Should be run red hot Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

18 Why are Volvo and Scania global players? Sweden is after all a small country Fierce competition Scania-Vabis and Volvo: Both use Hesselman and gasoline engines but shift to even more efficient in-house diesel engines: Scania first diesel engine in production Volvo DI (V 1949, S 1952) 20% less consumption, longer life Turbocharging in production engines (S 1953, V 1954) Scania V8 low rpm philosophy (1969) strongest in Europe 350hp, Volvo counters: 385hp (1973) Intercooler (V 1979, S 1982) 4 valve (V hp) Turbo compound (S 1990) give 46% total efficiency Today top models >700hp and >3000Nm Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

19 Coming back to lighter engines

20 Turbo in gasoline engines Increased power output Heat recovery Refinement bling factor Per Gillbrand Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

21 Cleaner engines Emissions regulations demand better engine technology! Catalytic converter Unleaded fuel (hardened valve seats) Electronic fuel injection Lambda sensor Four valve pent-roof (Directly from race engines) Low fuel consumption low emissions high specific power Engines became better not worse!!! Ford Cosworth DFV (1967) Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

22 Flex-Fuel Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

23 State of the art today The internal combustion engine was always a compromise between performance and cost that could be evolved when needed over 100 years Per Gillbrand use to say that you have to time the development steps - Too early = too expensive = bankrupt - Too late = lost market shares = bankrupt Proved by that Volvo and Scania still exist!

24 Volvo Cars

25 DOE AMR 6/16 Roadmap approaches to 55% BTE are outlined. Volvo Cummins Daimler (2015) Navistar

26 DCEE Concept layout CAC (V = 30 L) Inlet valve B Exhaust valve B Outlet valve Inlet port from cross-over Inlet valve A Exhaust valve A HP cylinder Crossover channel Not to scale! LP cylinder SAE INTERNATIONAL

27 Methanol PPC meet EURO VI w/o EATS (steady state) Shamun et al. 28

28 Values can vary with operating conditions 29

29 State of art in the future?

30 The energy source has dominant influence on GHG Several fuels and powertrain combinations relevant! Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable?

31 7 TW 44 TW 7 TW 72 TW 14 TW TW

32 Continued domination of fossil energy in transportation by year 2040 less than 3% electric energy? biodiesel e85

33 H 2 34

34 ? H 2 Functional? Affordable? Scalable? Sustainable? 35

35 LIQUIDS: DISTRIBUTION & STORAGE EASIER

36 CANDIDATE FUELS? Simple molecules are preferred Production is more efficient Conversion (end-use) can be controlled more easily (h, emissions) Abundantly available building blocks: C, H, O, N, Thus, most simple fuels: Hydrogen, H 2 (at p atm, liquid at 20K) Methane, CH 4 (at p atm, liquid at 91K) Ammonia, NH 3 (at T atm, liquid at 8.6 bar) Methanol, CH 3 OH (liquid) Dimethylether (DME), CH 3 OCH 3 (liquid at 5.3 bar) LIQUID 37

37 AN INTEGRATED SYSTEM Renewable Power Methane, now supported by Audi as E-gas; however, vehicle fuel tanks still expensive because CH 4 is not a liquid Electricity Grid H 2 CH 4 Waste Heat Remember! Liquid storage Gas storage Heat Transportation accounts for 25% of global GHG CH 3 OH n(-ch 2 -) Transport 75% -Chemicals -Domestic use -Heat and Power Massive storage of renewable energy makes investment in it viable CO 2 H 2 O And this can be brought into play quickly using GEM blends in existing E85/gasoline flex-fuel vehicles 38

38 Huge demand for green chemicals! Source: Hexaresearch 39

39 Electric drive Refined, effective, no tailpipe Battery is expensive and dirty Charging infrastructure? Case for range extender engines Combining the best of two worlds Electric roads

40 Forecast energy-mixes with powertrain development 160 WTW CO 2 Trends for various powertrains 140 CO2 eq g/km ICE => HEV Fossil Fuels EV World Average Electricity ICE => HEV World Average Fuels Data: Bloomberg, Mazda, JEC-2014, Ricardo, Corning, EIA

41 Discussion History tells us that functionality, scalability, affordability but also timing are key factors for success Sustainability is the new additional challenge Engine efficiencies of 60% are getting closer Electric drive makes combustion engines better Future scenarios Long term future seems to depend on solar power and hydrogen it will take long time to build such infrastructure Biofuels seems to be especially valuable in the transition period Case for low cost alcohol engines low cost cars for emerging markets upper end hybrid cars Case for advanced alcohol engines trucks, marine vessels, gen-sets Lot of unknowns Clean battery production? Resource efficiency improvements, and recycling schemes? Energy intensity of recycling rare earth materials etc.? How low emissions are low enough? How will demand drive price for biomass and electricity Energy security?

42 Conclusion We need to combine resources and technologies that offer best sustainability, scalability, affordability and functionality Electric drive + engines on sustainable fuels