Electrical Energy for Individual Mobility

Transcription

1 Electrical Energy for Individual Mobility Christoph Leitinger Institute of Electrical Power Systems and Energy Economics 1 Main Questions Why do we think of electrical energy as fuel? Will it be an option for future? What are the challenges on the way? Where does the electrical energy come from? 2 1

2 Present Situation: Which effects occur due to the big traffic volume? environmental problems (local air pollution, harmful substances: HC, NO x, PM, CO, SO 2 ) climate change problems (CO 2, ) import dependence high energy consumption congestions, lack of parkings, covered area CO2-emissions of different sectors Households 23% Industry 3% Traffic 25% Power and heat plants 22% Source: BMLFUW 3 Energy in Transport Energie in TWh Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs im Verkehrssektor Szenario "as usual" Zeit Energy consumption in transport: total: 5,36 Mrd. liters of fuel all passenger cars: 3,11 Mrd. liters transport on rail 2% transport by ship % transport on road 24% Energy Consumption in Transport public transport 5% air traffic 11% 193 PJ or 54 TWh end use energy for private individual mobility Source: BMLFUW private cars and motorcycles 58% 4 2

3 Distribution Inside Individual Mobility Anteil von allen Fahrten in Prozent Fahrdistanzen pro Weg -5 km 5-1 km 1-15 km 15-2 km 2-3 km 3-5 km > 5 km Fahrstreckenintervall Driving Performance of an average passenger car: 1/3 on ways shorter than 2 km Quelle: Weiss 1/3 on ways between 2 und 5 km 1/3 on ways above 5 km Fahrleistung in km Driving Distances: half of all ways shorter than 5 km 8 % of all ways shorter than 15 km Quelle: Engel Kumulierte Fahrleistung mehr Wegstreckenlänge 5 Technological Energy Chains Raw materials / primary generation Crude oil Natural gas Biomass Conventional power gen (coal, nuclear) Renewable energies (wind, pv, water) Drive System Fuels Primary Energy Fuels fossil liquid (petrol, diesel, ) fossil gaseous (natural gas, ) various bio fuels hydrogen stored electrical energy FC Drive system Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Drive Electric Drive 6 3

4 Compare of Efficiencies Fuel Energy Acceleration, Ascent Internal Combustion Engine Sankey Charts Electrical Energy Electrical Drive System ~ % ~ 65 7 % No-load losses, Braking energy, Operating point Loading losses, Battery losses Acceleration, Ascent Source: Wiel, Bergelt 7 History of Battery Electric Vehicles i MiEV Switch: Li-Ion Battery, 16 kwh 16 km range consumption 1 kwh/1 km Smart-EV, Mitsubishi, Citroen, Renault, Subaru, - Conversion Design - Purpose Design early years - - middle years - - current years 8 4

5 Challenges for Electric Vehicles Battery - Mobile energy storage, battery - Infrastructure for loading new developments using Li-Ion and nanotechnologies Important parameters: power density energy density life cycle costs safety Ragone Chart 9 Important Parameters of Batteries life time of battery (aim: 25. km, 15 years) costs (aim: 3 45 EUR/kWh) 1 5

6 Compare of Total Costs conventional car, investment and fuel costs electric vehicle, investment (car+battery) and energy costs 1 km / a Convent. fuel: 1,2 EUR / liter Electrical energy:,15 EUR / kwh Present situation Costs [EUR] Comparison of cumulative costs - today conventional fuels (1,2 EUR/Liter) electric drive (,15 EUR/kWh, 12 EUR battery costs) years 11 Compare of Total Costs 1 km / a Convent. fuel: 2, EUR / Liter Electrical energy:,2 EUR / kwh Future scenario Costs [EUR] Comparison of cumulative costs - future scenario conventional fuels (1,2 EUR/Liter) conventional fuels (1,6 EUR/Liter) conventional fuels (2, EUR/Liter) electric drive (,2 EUR/kWh, 7 EUR battery costs) years Aim: Break-even within lifetime of vehicle! 12 6

7 Transition - Battery electric cars for certain application (commuters, city cars, ) - Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles covering distances up to 3, 6, 9 km by electric drive parallel / serial concepts of hybrids driving performance in km Toyota, Ford, GM, Cumulated Driving Performance mehr distances [km] Electrical Energy Supply Advantage: Several resources are possible Conventional (natural gas, coal, etc.) CO2-Emissions lower even with conventional power Sustainable way: renewable energies like wind, solar, hydro fluctuating supply of wind, solar energy use of batteries as (mobile) energy storages CNG Combustion Engine Gas Power Station + electric car Comparison of CO2-Emissions 71, g CO2/km win-win-situation Source: Verbund APG 14 7

8 Summery Why do we think of electrical energy as fuel? energy efficient solution Will it be an option for future? yes, technical and economical What are the challenges on the way? mobile energy storage, behavior modification Where does the electrical energy come from? initially from conventional power plants, on sustainable way from renewables 15 Nothing is as strong as an idea, whose time has come! 16 8

9 Contact DI Christoph Leitinger +43 () Vienna University of Technology TU Wien Institute of El. Power Systems and Energy Economics Gusshausstraße 25 / E373-1, 14 Wien, Austria