Fuels and Lubricants Committee Japan Automobile Manufactures Association

Transcription

1 World Trends of Biodiesel Standards 世界的生物柴油规格讨论的动向 China Roundtable 2008 Beijing, China February 13, 2008 Katsuro FURUI Fuels and Lubricants Committee Japan Automobile Manufactures Association JAMA 1

2 Bio Diesel in the World Rape seed ester Sunflower ester Waste cooking oil ester Soy bean ester E-diesel Waste cooking oil ester Crude Palm Oil Jatropha Curcas ester Refined Palm Oil Crude Coconut Oil Crude Palm Oil Palm ester Coconut ester - Various type of bio diesel is introducing and developing in many countries. - Some countries are also planning to introduce bio diesel. - There is no global specification for bio diesels. JAMA 2

3 Characteristics of FAME Difference in raw material & impacts of refining process Easy to oxidize Remaining glycerides by insufficient refining Quality after blending Easy to produce sludge Easy to form wax Remaining methanol, water, metals etc Residue of agricultural chemicals - Bio diesel is mixture of several types of FAMEs - Characteristics of FAME depend on raw materials and refining process - Both FAME and base diesel fuel affects quality of finished blends FAME:Fatty Acid Methyl Ester JAMA 3

4 Issues in Fuel Distribution System Spec. Storage Tank Storage Tank Terminal Refinery Blend FAME Production FAME FAME Gas Oil Pipeline Lorry Vessel Train FQMS Storage OxidizationO Moisture Blending Contamination Transport Moisture Poor mixing In line blend Distribution Transport Lorry, Vessel Gas Bxx Bxx Oil In tank blend Terminal Storage Tank Many Chance of Quality Change in distribution Transport / Fueling Contamination (metal, rust, other fuels) Moisture Filling Station Fueling Underground Storage Tank FQMS Storage in vehicle fuel tank JAMA 4

5 FAME Blended Diesel Fuel in Japan Safety Environment Performance Conformity tests were also conducted for vehicles that has already been used in the market. Evaluation was conducted with the fuels based on EN14214 and blended FAME up to B5 Conformity Tests Materials Compatibility (Key Issue) Metal Corrosion, (Oxidation Stability) Degradation of Rubbers and Plastics Fuel System Durability Wear in Injector Effect on Emission Exhaust Emission Effect on Performance Drivability, Startability (Sludge Formation) JAMA 5

6 Materials for FAME Soybean oil / USA Waste cooking oil / Japan Plants Oil Rapeseed Soybean Palm Safflower Olive etc Rapeseed oil / Europe Animals Oil Fat Lard Sardine etc Others Garbage Seasoning etc FAME Regulations USA : ASTM D6751 for Soybean oil ME Europe : EN14214 took Rapeseed oil ME into considerarion Japan : Assuming various materials, FAME conformity test fuel was designed to be evaluated against EN After the tests, a neet FAME standard was established as JIS K2390. JAMA 6

7 Summary of Conformity Tests Test Items Results Material Compatibility Metals Cold Performance Long Storage Test Fuel Line Parts Test Fail Summary Corrosion in Tern Sheet (lead-tin alloy) Rubber & Plastics Pass No effects of Ester as far as less than 5v% Fuel Filter Test Fuel Tank Test Fail Fuel Pipe Test Pass Fuel Hose Test Pass - Poor Startability Pass Slight Degradation Pass Same as diesel fuel with B5 Corrosion and melting plating in lead-tin alloy coated and electrolytic zinc-coated steel sheets Same as diesel fuel with B5 Same as diesel fuel with B5 Wears in injector are founded in some cases. FIE Durability Test - However, it was not confirmed that wear caused by FAME. Engine Durability Test LD, ID&DI HD, DI Vehicle Durability Test (LDV, IDI) Emission Test Pass Fail Pass Pass Observation of no trouble with B5 Flow loss and Wear in Injectors with B5 Observation of no trouble with B5 Little Impact with up to 10v% Note) Test FAME consists of PME:RME:SME=60:38:2 and is blended in commercial diesel fuel by 5%. JAMA 7

8 Effects of Improved Oxidation Stability on Fuel Tank Corrosion Test Fuel: Commercial diesel fuel blended with the FAME meeting EN14214 by 5vol% Oxy. Stab of B100 : 6 Hrs Test Fuel: Same FAME as above with 400ppm of anti-oxidant (20ppm as B5) Oxy. Stab of B100 : 10 Hrs JAMA Source:METI FAME conformity Test 8

9 Hr by Rancima at Oxida ation St tability, Oxidation Stability and Fuel Tank Test FAME (Failed) Corrosion Test FAME (Pass) 10Hrs) Improved oxidation stability (10Hrs No Corrosion Oxidation stability limit of EN14214 (6Hrs) heavy corrosion in fuel tank test Dosage of Anti-Oxidant Agent, ppm (as B100) JAMA Source:METI FAME conformity Test 9

10 Fuel Tank Materials in Asia About 80% is metal tank in Asia 100% 50% Europe North America Asia Fuel Tank Material Metal Plastic 0% Source: Data from Website of Plastics Fuel Systems Manufactures Association and in-house information of a material company. JAMA 10

11 Specification of FAME in Japan Items Ester content Density Kinematic Viscosity Flash Point Sulfur 10% Carbon Residue Cetane Index Sulfated Ash Water Total contamination Copper Corrosion Acid value Oxidation Stability Iodine Number Linolenic acid methyl ester Methanol Mono glyceride Di glyceride Tri glyceride Free glycerine Total glycerine Metals (Na + K) Metals (Ca + Mg) Phospourus Pour point CFPP mass% g/ml mm2/s Deg.C ppm mass% mass% ppm ppm mgkoh/g gi/100g mass% mass% mass% mass% mass% mass% mass% ppm ppm ppm Deg.C Deg.C JIS K2390 Specification Limit Test method 96.5 min EN JIS K JIS K min JIS K max JIS K , 1-2, -6 or max JIS K min JIS K max JIS K max JIS K max 1 max 0.5 max EN JIS K 2513 JIS K 2501, JIS K max JIS K max 0.20 max 0.80 max 0.20 max EN max EN max 0.25 max 5max 5 max pren max EN EN JIS K 2536, EN14110 EN EN 14105, EN14106 EN EN 14108, EN Meet diesel fuel specification Agreement between producers and distributors. ( Must meet diesel fuel specification after blending FAME ) 10 Hrs minimum of Oxidation Stability is necessary for preventing corrosion in fuel line of vehicle. JAMA 11

12 Specification of Diesel Fuel in Japan Items Sulfur Cetane Index T90 FAME content Methanol Triglyceride TAN Individual Organic Acid Oxi. Stability (Acid) Level 10 ppm max 45 min 360 deg.c max 5 mass% max 0.01 mass% max 0.01 mass% max 0.13 mgkoh/g max 30 ppm max 012mgKOH/gmax 0.12 max FAM ME relat ted Prop erties Monitor for refining level of FAME. If FAME meets JIS K2390/EN14214, B5 will meet these requirements. Triglyceride is also a monitor for blending crude oil and/or cooking oil. This level of oxidation stability is essential to prevent metal corrosion. Even though FAME has 6 Hrs of oxidation stability, B5 will not be able to meet this requirement. JAMA 12

13 . Spec Diesel Fuel FAM ME Spe ec. Europe Fuel Regulation Difference between Europe and Japan Sulfur Density : FAME 5v% max *) *) FAME must meet EN14214 refer EN14214 Ester 96.5 v% min TAN : : Japan Sulfur Cetane Index T90 FAME 5w% max Oxi. Stability Griceride : JIS K2390 Ester 96.5 v% min TAN : Voluntary Spec. : Five properties related to FAME JAMA 13

14 International Approach for Harmonization of Biofuel Specification EU CEN EU/US/Brazil Bio Fuel Standardization for Trading ACEA Revision of EN14214 WWFC AAM EMA USA ERIA JAMA JPN ASTM AAF/TC3 Brazil ISO JAMA 14

15 International Approach for Harmonization of Biofuel Specification (1) Tripartite Task Force (B Brazil, EU, US) White Paper on Internationally Compatible Biofuel Standards (2) ISO / TC28 / SC7 Liquid Biofuels International Organization for Standardization To harmonize the specifications and test methods of biofuels in case of the increase of trade between markets world wide. (3) ERIA Energy Project Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia Working Group for the Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel in East Asia. Members; Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and Japan JAMA 15

16 WWFC: Worldwide Fuel Charter WWFC -The objective The objective of the global fuels harmonization effort is to develop common, world-widewide recommendations for quality fuels, taking into consideration customer requirements and vehicle emission technologies. The 4th edition WWFC is available in following sites JAMA 16

17 WWFC Committee Countries represented: Brazil (ANFAVEA) Malaysia (MAA) Canada (AIAMC, CVMA) Mexico (AMIA) China (CAAM) Philippines (CAMPI) Europe (ACEA) South Africa (NAAMSA) India (SIAM) Thailand (TAIA) Indonesia (IAF) Japan (JAMA) US (Alliance, EMA) Korea (KAMA) Vietnam (VAMA) Red:Committee menbers Gray:Associate menbers Supporting: International (OICA) JAMA 17

18 WWFC ; Biofuel Guidelines E100 & B100 guidelines for E10 & B5 will be published soon. JAMA 18

19 Requirement from Automakers for Biodiesel FAME has poor oxidation stability, and might cause troubles in the fuel system when fuel quality cannot be secured. Adequate Specifications, Use of Anti-Oxidant, Good house keeping and Fuel quality monitoring system for FAME blended Biodiesel are necessary. It will be more preferable to utilize BTL (Biomass To Liquid or Hydrogenated Biodiesel as compared to the use of FAME from the technical view points. Biomass to Liquid id Hydrogenated Biodiesel FAME JAMA 19

20 Next Generation Bio Diesel in the World NExBTL BHD Green Diesel PTT Biodiesel H-BIO JAMA 20

21 Hydro-treating of Vegetable Oil Vegetable Oil CH 3 CO-O-CHO 2 CH 3 CO-O-CH Hydro-treating - 2 CH 3 CO-O-CH 2 +H2 +CH3OH FAME Hydrogenated Double bond 3 HC CH 3 3 HC CO-O-CHO CH 3 + H 2 O 2 + CO 2, CH 4 + CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 CH 2 OH 2 + CH OH CH 2 OH (glycerin) Source : Nippon Oil / TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006 JAMA 21

22 Character of Next Generation Bio Diesel - Hydrogenated biodiesel - Pure hydrocarbon fuel same handling as diesel fuel No limit of blend ratio as far as meeting diesel fuel specification Good properties as diesel fuel High cetane Zero aromatics Zero sulfur Better oxidation stability than FAME Lower CO2 production than fossil diesel fuel and same level as FAME Cost? JAMA 22

23 Conclusion The specifications of EN14214 are almost enough for B100 except the following; Oxidation stability requirement in EN14214, that is 6 hrs minimum with Rancimat method, is not enough for preventing metal corrosion. If the regulation of B5 specification can be set, it would be desirable to adopt Japanese B5 specification. If not, specifications for B100 should include oxidation stability specification which is not less than 10 hrs. Quality control in distribution ib ti system must tbe taken care by distributors. BTL and/or Hydrogenated d biodiesel are desirable as discussing more than 5% of FAME. JAMA 23

24 JAMA s position on Biofuels JAMA positively corresponds to introduction of biofuels from view point of energy security and CO2 reduction. Issues to be solved; - Quality control at pump to prevent problem - Competition with food, land development and water pollution - Cost, etc. JAMA 24

25 承蒙垂听 不胜感谢! JAMA 25

26 Appendix JAMA 26

27 Estimated Trouble Related To Distribution Storage Oxidization Moisture Transport / Fueling Contamination Sludge Deposit D at Injector Acid (metal, rust, other fuels, etc.) Moisture Additives for pipeline Blending Contamination (metal, rust, other fuels, etc.) Moisture Poor mixing Forming Salt Corrosion Distribution system Deposit in Injector and Inj. Pump Abrasive wear in Injector and Inj. Pump Metal Corrosion Vehicle Fuel Line Organic material Compatibility Fuel Filter Plugging JAMA 27

28 Outline of The Categories in WWFC Category 5? Fuels needed to achieve future emission levels and emission control Category 4: EUROⅣ-Ⅴ Fuels for markets with further advanced requirements for emission control, to enable sophisticated NOx and PM after-treatment technologies Category 3: EUROⅢ Fuels for markets with advanced requirements for emission control Category 2: EUROⅡ-Ⅲ Fuels for markets with stringent requirements for emission control Category 1: EUROⅠ Fuels for markets with minimal requirements for emission control JAMA 28

29 B100 Specs and Test Methods Property Value Units Test Methods Ester content 96.5 min % m/m ISO: EN mod; EN Other: ABNT NBR Linolenic acid methyl ester 12.0 max % m/m ISO: EN mod Polyunsaturated acid methyl ester ( 4 double bonds) 1 max % m/m ISO: pren Oxidation stability Induction period 10 min hr ISO: EN or pren as alternative Insolubles 2.5 max mg/100 ml Iodine number 130 max* *May unnecessarily preclude certain feedstocks. g I 2 /100 g ISO: EN ASTM: D2274 ISO: EN (for use on B100 only, not blends) Total acid number 0.5 max mg KOH/g ISO: EN 6618, EN ASTM: D664, D974 JIS: K 2501 Other: ABNT NBR Methanol 0.20 max % m/m ISO: EN JIS: K 2536 Other: ABNT NBR Glycerides Mono-glyceride 0.80 max % m/m ISO: EN Other: ABNT NBR Di-glyceride 0.20 max % m/m ISO: EN Other: ABNT NBR Tri-glyceride 0.20 max % m/m ISO: EN Other: ABNT NBR Glycerin (glycerol) Free glycerin 002max 0.02 %m/m ISO: EN 14105/14106 ASTM: D6584 Other: ABNT NBR Total glycerin 0.24 max % m/m ISO: EN ASTM: D6584 JAMA Other: ABNT NBR

30 B100 Specs and Test Methods (cont d) Property Value Units Test Methods ISO: EN 3675 Density C ASTM: D4052 JIS: K 2249 Other: EN 12185, ABNT NBR 7148/14065 ISO: EN 3104 Kinematic viscosity mm 2 C ASTM: D445 JIS: K2283 Other: ABNT NBR Flash point 100 min C ISO: 2719 ASTM: D93 ISO: 5165 Cetane number 51 min ASTM: D613 JIS: K2280 Water 500 max mg/kg (ppm) ISO: EN Water and Sediment 0.05 max % v/v ASTM: D2709 Total contamination 24 max mg/kg ISO: EN ASTM: D2276, D5452, D6217 ISO: EN 6245 Ash content max % m/m ASTM: D482 JIS: K2272 ISO: EN 3987 Sulfated ash max % m/m ASTM: D874 Other: ABNT NBR 984 Carbon residue: Ramsbottom, on 100% distillation residue 0.05 max % m/m ASTM: D4530 Corrosion: Ferrous light rusting, max Rating ASTM: D665, Procedure A ISO: EN 20846/20884 Sulfur 10 max ppm ASTM: D5453/D2622 JIS: K3541-1, -2, -6 or -7 Phosphorus 4 max ppm ISO: EN ASTM: D4951, D3231 Alkali metals (Na+K) 5 max ppm ISO: EN 14108/14109, EN Alkaline metals (Ca+Mg) 5 max ppm ISO: EN Trace metals no addition ASTM D7111 JAMA Injector coking 2% max permitted power loss CEC F

31 Comparison between WWFC B100 Guideline and ERIA Benchmark Specs Property ERIA WWFC Viscosity (mm 2 /s) Flashpoint (deg.c) 100 min 100 min Carbon residue 0.05 max 0.05 max (100%) or (10%) (mass%) 0.3 max Notes Feedstock neutral Methanol presence Impact on CCD (WWFC only specify 100%) Sulfated ash 0.02 max max Impact on inj. deposits Ash (mass%) (not specify) max Not harmonized Water & Sediment (not specify) 0.05 max Risk of filter plugging g (vol%) Not harmonized Oxidation stability 10 min 10 min Risk of tank corrosion (hrs) (JAMA s request) JAMA 31

32 Comparison between WWFC B100 Guideline and ERIA Benchmark Specs (cont d) Property ERIA WWFC Iodine number Report 130 max Notes Risk of sludge formation Not harmonized Poly-unsatulated FAME (mass%) N.D. 1 max Risk of sludge formation Not harmonized Mono-glyceride 0.8 max 0.8 max Risk of filter plugging (mass%) Need more discussion Phosphorous 10 max 4 max Impact on catalyst (ppm) Not harmonized Metals (Na + K) 5 max 5max Impact on inj. deposits Metals (Ca + Mg) 5 max 5 max Impact on catalyst JAMA 32

33 Nippon Oil/TOYOTA Bio Hydrotreated Diesel Oxidation Stability of Hydrotreated Palm Oil Poor tion Sta ability Oxida Good mg KOH/g TAN Before Aging After Aging Aging condition: 115deg.C 16hrs O 2 blow PME Source : Nippon Oil/TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006 Hydrotreated Palm Oil JAMA 33

34 Nippon Oil/TOYOTA Bio Hydrotreated Diesel Properties of Hydrotreated Palm Oil Density g/cm 3 Hydrotreated JIS No.2 Palm Oil PME Diesel Fuel Flash Point deg.c Vis. (30deg.C) mm 2 /s Distrillation T10, deg.c Properties Cetane Number T90, deg.c Oxygen mass% < < Iodine Number Source : Nippon Oil/TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006 JAMA 34

35 NESTE OIL / NExBTL Properties of NExBTL JAMA Source : NESTE OIL/SYNBIOS Stockholm, May 19,

36 B100 Specification in Asia (1) JAMA 36

37 B100 Specification in Asia (2) JAMA 37