Current Situations and Prospects of Oil/Fat Resources for Biodiesel Production

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1 November 22, 2006 (11:00-11:15) The 2nd Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Development (SEE2006) Bangkok, Thailand Current Situations and Prospects of Oil/Fat Resources for Biodiesel Production H. Imahara 1, E. Minami 1, M. Hattori 2, H. Murakami 2, N. Matsui 2 and S. Saka 1 1) Kyoto University, Japan 2) Toyota Tsusho Corp., Japan

2 Kyoto Protocol (The Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) in Kyoto, Dec. 1997) 1) Year period : 2008 ~ ) Level : At least 5% reduction in industrialized countries for GHGs emissions, relative to emissions in (Japan : 6%, USA : 7%, Canada : 6%, EU : 8%) Fossil Diesel: 40 BL(2003) in Japan B10 BDF:4BL CO2 Reduction 0.70% B5 BDF:2BL 0.35%

3 Edible Oils/Fats Supplied in Japan Corn oil Soybean oil Rapeseed oil Sesami oil Rice bran oil Olive oil Castor oil Palm oil Palm kernel oil Coconut oil Beef tallow Lard Fish oil Import Domestic ,000 (x1,000 ton)

4 Collected Waste Oils/Fats from Food Service Industry From household/restaurant sectors (FA<5%) Dark oils (FA>60%)

5 Characteristics of Various Waste Oils/Fats available in Japan Sample Dark oil A Water content (%) Acid value (mg(koh)/g) Iodine value (g(i 2 )/100g) Waste oil from food Service industry Waste oil B C A B C from food manufact industry Used cooking oil from household A B C

6 Applicable Range of Different Methods in Water and Free Fatty Acid Contents in Various Oils/Fats 100 Lipase-catalyzed Ion-ex-catalyzed SC MeOH Fatty acids (wt%) 10 Dark oil Waste oil Acid-catalyzed Used frying oil Waste palm oil Virgin oil Alkali-catalyzed Water (wt%)

7 Various Waste Oils/Fats available in Japan Edible oils/fats refinery Oils/fats products manufacturer Food manufacturing industry Food service industry Household Dark oil from de-acidification process Outdated margarine/shortening from the market Waste oils/fats through food processing Waste oils/fats from restaurants, first food stores etc. Used cooking oils/fats from individuals

8 Rendering Process in Oils/Fats Refinery Oil Crop Expelling & Extraction Defatted sludge Water Degumming Lecithin Phosphoric acid Caustic soda Deacidification Neutralization & washing Dark oil Clay e.g., Decoloration Fatty acid: 77wt% Water: 1 ~ 5wt% Deodorization Na: 500ppm Sulfur: 200ppm Refined edible oil

9 (1,800 (Domestically produced)) Waste Oils/Fats Produced in Refinery Process (x1,000 ton) Dark oil 34~ 030 Collected 300 (Processing) 1, Oils/fats products manufacturer Waste oil 34~ Edible oils/fats refinery Imported 2,530 1,260 (Direct use) Food manufacturing industry Food service industry Households 1 % of Fossil Diesel 40BL (2003) Waste oil 34~ 080 Waste oil 34~ 200 Used cooking oil 120 ~ 240 Waste oils 450 ~ Uncollected 150 ~ 270 B5: 2BL BDF required 0.3BL BDF

10 Available Oil/Fat Resources from East-Asian Countries Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) Edible Castor bean (Ricinus ommunis) Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans) Inedible Sea mango tree (Cerbera manghas)

11 Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil from Oil Palm (Plantation in Malaysia) (Fresh Fruit Bunch) May 11, 2005, taken from Singapore Airport

12 Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Mesocarp Fresh Fruit Bunch Kernel Shell Plant Fruit Oil content in fresh fruit bunch 20 wt% Harvested area: 8.5 M ha Production: Palm Oil (Oil cont. 33%)* 30 M t/y Palm Kernel Oil (Oil cont. 3.8%)* 3 M t/y Indigenous to Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand *K.Kosaka (1985) Proc. Symp. on Pastures in the Tropics and Subtropics, Tropical Agricultural Research Series, 18, 109.

13 Castor Bean (Ricinus communis) Plant Seeds Oil content in seed 53wt% Inedible due to toxic protein Harvested area: 1.3 M ha Production: 1.2 M t/y

14 Curcas Oil (Physic nut oil) from Jatropha curcas Fruits and seeds (Oil cont. 52.9%)* 15' 14' 13' Plantation in India (Courtesy of Hitz) *N.Foidl, G.Foidl, M.Sanchez, M.Mittelbach and S.Hackel (1996) Bioresource Technology, 58, ' 23' 22' 21' 19 19' 17' 6' 5' 12' 4' 20' 18' 16' 1' 2' 3' 8' O 7' 18 9' O 10' H HO 13 O 14 11' 15 O H H 7 O HO 5 6 OH 20 Chemical Structure 12-Deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol-4 - [12,14 -butadienyl]-6 -[16,18,20 -nonatrienyl]-bicyclo [3.1.0]hexane-(13-O)-2 -[carb-oxylate]-(16-o)-3 -[8 - butenoic-10 ]ate (DHPB)

15 Sandbox Tree (Hura crepitans) Plant Seeds Oil content in seed 55wt% Inedible due to toxalbumin No plantation but easy to grow Indigenous to Java, Indonesia

16 Sea Mango Tree (Cerbera manghas) Plant Fruits Oil content in seed 54wt% Inedible due to glycoside cerberin No plantation but easy to grow Indigenous to Java, Indonesia

17 Fatty Acid Composition and Fuel Properties as BDF Oil/fat feedstock Fatty acid methyl esters (wt%) Iodine value C 16:0 C 18:0 C 18:1 C 18:2 C 18:3 C 18:1-OH* g(i 2 )/100 g Cloud Viscosity Point** (40 o C)** o C mm 2 /s Palm Castor > 5 Physic nut Sandbox Sea mango * Ricinoleic acid ** Calculated value

18 Concluding Remarks Uncollected waste oil is only a resource for BDF production in Japan, substituting only for <1% of fossil diesel. Our supercritical MeOH method can convert any kinds of waste oils, even dark oil, into BDF. To satisfy the required amount of feedstock, various inedible seed oils from wood species are useful, but Castor oil (ricinoleic acid) is better to be used as a lubricant. Toxic substances have to be studied on their effect upon engine performance with biodiesel.

19 Acknowledgements Thank you for your kind attention! Kyoto Univ 21 COE Program Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)(2) NEDO for High Efficiency Bioenergy Conv Projects

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