Q U E E N S L A N D T r a n s p o r t F a c t s

Transcription

1 I n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e C e n t r e f o r T r a n s p o r t, E n e r g y a n d T h e E n v i r o n m e n t Q U E E N S L A N D T r a n s p o r t F a c t s

2 QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT FACTS 2008 Prepared By ABN MAY 2008

3 2008 The Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd (Incorporating The Centre For Transport, Energy And The Environment) This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be produced without prior permission. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be directed to: Managing Director Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd Suite A5, Level 2 Monash Corporate Centre 750 Blackburn Road Clayton Vic 3168 Postal Address: PO Box 673, MULGRAVE VIC 3170 Phone: Fax: Monday To Friday 9.00 am 5.00 pm john@apelbaumconsulting.com.au admin@apelbaumconsulting.com.au Web: The report is prepared and disseminated by the Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the analyses, the uncertain nature of some transport data is such that the Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd (ACG) is unable to make any warranties in relation to the information contained herein. The ACG disclaims liability for any loss or damage that may arise as a consequence of any person relying on the information contained in this document. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was commissioned by the Australian Transport Energy Data and Analysis Centre whose stakeholders include the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, Department of Climate Change, Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, the Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure, Road and Traffic Authority (NSW), Queensland Transport, the Australasian Railway Association Inc, the Department of Planning and Community Development, the Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development (Victoria), the Department of Infrastructure (Victoria), the Department of Sustainability and the Environment, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries and the NSW Ministry of Transport. The Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd acknowledges the assistance provided by all stakeholders and data providers. Front cover photographs were sourced from the public domain and vehicle manufacturers.

4 Table of Contents HIGHLIGHTS... 1 THE QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT TASK... 2 THE DOMESTIC PASSENGER TASK... 3 Road... 3 Rail... 6 Air... 8 INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGER TASK... 9 DOMESTIC FREIGHT TASK Road Rail Air Sea Non Urban Pipelines INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TASK Sea Air Page THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY BY QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT DOMESTIC TRANSPORT Road Rail Air Sea Pipelines INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT Air Sea GREENHOUSE AND NOXIOUS EMISSIONS ROAD TRANSPORT SUMMARY OF KEY OUTCOMES... 29

5 Table of Contents Page SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION THE ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE The Transport Task Energy Accounting Emissions Accounting DATA SOURCES KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING AMENDMENTS TO THE TIME SERIES General Air Rail Road Pipelines Sea ESTIMATING TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND FORECASTING TRANSPORT TRENDS REPORT STRUCTURE... 41

6 Table of Contents Page SECTION 2 TRANSPORT AND THE ECONOMY SECTION 3 THE QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT TASK ROAD RAIL SEA AIR PIPELINES SECTION 4 TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE AND FUEL TYPE ROAD RAIL SEA AIR PIPELINES TRANSPORT ENERGY INTENSITY AND EFFICIENCY ROAD SECTION 5 EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT ROAD SECTION 6 SUMMARY TABLES BIBLIOGRAPHY

7 Table of Contents Page APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS APPENDIX B: LIST OF ACRONYMS APPENDIX C: CONVERSION TABLE..202 APPENDIX D: OTHER TABLES 203 D1 ROAD D2 RAIL D3 AIR D4 SEA D5 ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC APPENDIX E: SCOPE OF AUS e TRAN E1 ROAD TRANSPORT E1 1 Transport Demand E1 2 Vehicle Stock Module E2 FUEL CONSUMPTION E2 1 Emission Factors E2 2 Emissions E3 NON ROAD MODELS E3 1 Rail Model Aus e Rail E3 2 Domestic Air Model Aus e Dair E3 3 Domestic Sea Model Aus e Coast E3 4 International Air Module Aus e air E3 5 International Sea Module Aus e ship E3 6 Pipeline Module Aus e Pipe E4 SUMMARY OF THE SCOPE OF AUS e TRAN

8 List of Tables TABLE H1: SUMMARY OF TRANSPORT TASK BY MODE TABLE H2: ENERGY USE AND GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS BY MODE TABLE 1.1: TOXICS FORECAST BY AUS e RT TABLE 3.1 1: TOTAL AND AVERAGE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY ROAD VEHICLES TABLE 3.1 2: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY AREA OF OPERATION TABLE 3.1 3: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY FUEL TYPE AND ADR, 2005/ TABLE 3.1 4: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY PURPOSE TABLE 3.1 5: PASSENGER TASK BY AREA OF OPERATION TABLE 3.1 6: TONNES CARRIED BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES TABLE 3.1 7: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES TABLE 3.1 8: FREIGHT INTENSITY TABLE 3.1 9: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND ROAD TRANSPORT TASK TABLE 3.2 1: PASSENGER TASK UNDERTAKEN BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS TABLE 3.2 2: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS TABLE 3.2 3: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY ANCILLARY FREIGHT RAILWAYS TABLE 3.2 4: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND RAIL TASK TABLE 3.3 1: TOTAL TRANSPORT EARNINGS ON AUSTRALIA S EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AND BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT TABLE 3.3 2: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING TABLE 3.3 3: DOMESTIC FREIGHT FLOWS TABLE 3.3 4: CARGO MOVEMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TABLE 3.3 5: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TABLE 3.4 1: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES TABLE 3.4 2: THE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT TASK TABLE 3.4 3: SUMMARY OF THE TASK UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES, 2005/ TABLE 3.5 1: QUEENSLAND PIPELINE TASK, 2005/ TABLE 4 1: ENERGY CONTENT CONVERSION FACTORS TABLE 4 2: FULL FUEL CYCLE FACTORS TABLE : TOTAL FUEL CONSUMED BY QUEENSLAND ROAD VEHICLES TABLE : ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION TABLE : DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD FLEET BY FUEL TYPE TABLE : AVERAGE RATE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY ROAD VEHICLES Page

9 List of Tables TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS BY TASK AND FUEL TYPE TABLE : SUMMARY OF ENERGY CONSUMED BY ALL QUEENSLAND RAILWAYS TABLE : TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING TABLE : TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC AIR SERVICES TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY GAS AND OIL PIPELINES IN QUEENSLAND TABLE : ENERGY INTENSITY OF ROAD VEHICLES FOR ALL PURPOSES TABLE 5.1 1: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES TABLE 5.1 2: CAPITAL CITY EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT TABLE PROVINCIAL URBAN EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSORT TABLE RURAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT TABLE 5.1 5: TOTAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT TABLE 5.1 6: CO 2 e EMISSIONS BY ADR, TABLE 5.1 7: TOXIC EISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT BY EMISSION AND VEHICLE TYPE TABLE 6 1: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND PASSENGER TASK TABLE 6 2: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND FREIGHT TASK TABLE 6 3: SUMMARY OF THE ENERGY CONSUMED BY QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT BY FUEL TYPE TABLE 6 4: SUMMARY OF THE ENERGY INTENSITY OF DOMESTIC TRANSPORT TABLE 6 5: SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT TABLE C1: SI PREFIXES AND THEIR VALUES TABLE D1 1: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DISTANCE TRAVELLED TABLE D1 2: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF TONNE KILOMETRES TABLE D1 3: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF VEHICLE NUMBERS TABLE D1 4: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE VINTAGE PROFILE OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET TABLE D1 5: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF NEW VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS TABLE D1 6: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF NEW VEHICLE SALES TABLE D1 7: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS Page

10 List of Tables TABLE D2 1: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF RAIL PASSENGERS AND TONNES CARRIED TABLE D2 2: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE RAIL TASK TABLE D2 3: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE PASSENGER RAIL TASK TABLE D2 4: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE FREIGHT RAIL TASK TABLE D2 5: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY RAIL TABLE D2 6: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM RAIL TABLE D3 1: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGERS TABLE D3 2: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED DOMESTIC AIR TABLE D3 3: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM DOMESTIC AIR TABLE D3 4: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGERS TABLE D3 5: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TASK TABLE D3 6: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DIRECT INTERNATIONAL AIR FUEL TABLE D3 7: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL AIR TABLE D4 1: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE DOMESTIC SHIPPING FREIGHT TASK TABLE D4 2: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING TABLE D4 3: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM DOMESTIC SHIPPING TABLE D4 4: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TASK TABLE D4 5: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TABLE D4 6: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF EMISSIONS FROM INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING TABLE D5 1: ECONOMIC INDICES TABLE D5 2: POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING INDICES TABLE D5 3: POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING INDICES PER CAPITA TABLE D5 4: MOTORING, PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND PETROL PRICE INDICES TABLE E1 1 EXOGENOUS INPUT VARIABLES FOR AUS e RT DEMAND ANALYSIS TABLE E2 1: CONCORDANCE BETWEEN AUSTRALIAN AND EUROPEAN EMISSION STANDARDS TABLE E3 1: EXOGENOUS INPUT VARIABLES FOR THE NON ROAD MODELS TABLE E4 1: VEHICLE TYPE AND TRANSPORT SERVICES ENCOMPASSED WITHIN AUS e TRAN TABLE E4 2: FUEL PROJECTIONS WITHIN AUS e TRAN Page

11 List of Figures FIGURE H1: THE DOMESTIC PASSENGER TASK... 3 FIGURE H2: OUTLOOK FOR THE VINTAGE PROFILE OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET... 4 FIGURE H3: OUTLOOK FOR THE MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET... 5 FIGURE H4: OUTLOOK FOR VEHICLE KILOMETRES TRAVELLED... 6 FIGURE H5: OUTLOOK FOR THE URBAN HEAVY RAIL PASSENGER JOURNEYS... 7 FIGURE H6: THE QUEENSLAND RAIL PASSENGER TASK... 7 FIGURE H7: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGERS... 8 FIGURE H8: THE DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGER TASK... 9 FIGURE H9: OUTLOOK FOR THE INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGER TASK FIGURE H10: ROAD FREIGHT INTENSITY FIGURE H11: OUTLOOK FOR THE ROAD FREIGHT TASK FIGURE H12: OUTLOOK FOR THE FREIGHT RAIL TASK FIGURE H13: OUTLOOK FOR THE DOMESTIC SHIPPING FREIGHT TASK FIGURE H14: THE DOMESTIC FREIGHT TASK FIGURE H15: OUTLOOK FOR TONNES CARRIED BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING FIGURE H16: THE INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TASK FIGURE H17: ACTUAL AND PROJECTED FLEET DISTRIBUTION BY FUEL TYPE FIGURE H18: ENERGY CONSUMED BY ROAD TRANSPORT, 2005/ FIGURE H19: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY RAIL FIGURE H20: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC AIR FIGURE H21: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING FIGURE H22: ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC TRANSPORT BY MODE FIGURE H23: OUTLOOK FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR ENERGY FIGURE H24: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING BY FUEL TYPE FIGURE H25: ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT BY MODE FIGURE H26: CO 2 e EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT FIGURE H27: PM 10 EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT FIGURE H28: NOx EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT FIGURE H29: NMVOC EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT Page

12 List of Figures FIGURE 2.1: PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FIGURE 2.2: INVESTMENT AND PRICES FIGURE 2.3: POPULATION FIGURE 2.4: EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSEHOLD UNITS FIGURE 2.5: DEMOGRAPHIC RATIOS FIGURE 2.6: MOTORING, PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND FUEL COST INDICES Page FIGURE E1: BROAD STRUCTURE OF THE ROAD AND NON ROAD MODELS FIGURE E2: DETAILED STRUCTURE OF THE ROAD TRANSPORT MODEL (AUS e RT) FIGURE E3: DETAILED STRUCTURE OF THE NON ROAD TRANSPORT MODELS List of Boxes BOX 1.1: KEY ATTRIBUTES OF THE AUS e TRAN SUITE OF MODELS Page

13 HIGHLIGHTS 1

14 THE QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT TASK The Queensland domestic transport task totalled 86.4 billion passengerkilometres and billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06, a decline of 1.6 per cent and an increase of 4.4 per cent, respectively compared with the previous year. During the past eleven years, the domestic passenger and freight tasks have grown by 25.1 per cent and 73.5 per cent, respectively. Queensland s international passenger task grew by 5.1 per cent, to 23.8 billion passenger-kilometres in 2005/06 while the international freight task declined by 1.1 per cent to 2,096.4 billion tonne-kilometres. Since 1994/95, the international passenger and freight tasks have grown by 73.1 per cent and 75.4 per cent, respectively. Increases in fuel price influenced a decline in annual road vehicle use (measured by distance travelled) of 0.8 per cent in 2005/06. Distance travelled is projected to increase by 31.2 per cent or 14.5 billion kilometres by 2015/16. Urban passenger rail use (measured by passenger journeys) increased by 4.6 million journeys or 9.4 per cent in 2005/06 and is projected to grow by 28.9 per cent to 68.5 million journeys by 2015/16. The annual net tonne-kilometre task undertaken by heavy rail in Queensland grew by 3.8 per cent or 1.8 billion tonne-kilometres to 50.5 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06. Expected growth in economic activity will contribute to a projected increase of 15.5 billion tonne-kilometres or 30.7 per cent by 2015/16. During 2005/06, passengers carried by all domestic air services increased by 0.8 million or 7.1 per cent. The number of resident and foreign passengers travelling on Queensland s domestic air services is projected to grow by a further 9.5 million passengers or 76.9 per cent by 2015/16. As a result of a 11.0 per cent growth in the domestic sea freight task (as measured by tonne-kilometres) during 2005/06, the share of the domestic freight task (excluding pipelines) undertaken by shipping increased to 29.2 per cent. The annual demand for domestic shipping services is projected to grow by 23.2 per cent by 2015/16. 2

15 THE DOMES STIC PA ASSENGER TASK A reduction in vehicle occupancy during 2005/06, particularly in non-urban regions, largely contributed to the annual domestic passenger task declining by 1.4 billion passenger-kilometres or 1.6 per cent to 86.4 billion passenger-kilometrestransport continued to decline to 82.8 per cent (compared to 89.0 per cent in 1994/ 95), while strong growth The proportion of the annual domestic passenger transport task serviced by road for domestic air services resulted in domestic air achieving a 15.6 per cent share of Queensland s domestic passenger transport demand (compared with 9.5 per cent in 1994/95). FIGURE H1: THE DOMESTIC PASSENGER TASK Passenger Kilometres (Billion) Road Rail Sea Air Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. ROAD The Queensland road passenger task declined by 3.3 per cent in 2005/06 compared with 0.6 per cent in the previous year. The rate reduction was not only influenced by a slowing in the annual rate of distance travelled by passenger vehicles and buses of 1.3 per cent and 1.9 per cent, respectively, but also by a reduction in vehicle occupancy for these vehicle types (of 2.1 per cent and 10.4 per cent, respectively, compared with the previous year). Accordingly, total passenger-kilometres declined by 2,422.5 million to 71,596 million in 2005/ /06. Since 1994/95 the annual Queensland road passenger task has grown by 10,108 million passenger-kilometres or 16.4 per cent. The share of the domestic passenger task serviced by road vehicles has declined to 82.8 per cent with cars and buses servicing 58.5 per cent and 4.1 per cent of the domestic passenger-kilometree task, respectively. 3

16 The number of motor vehicles on register (including motorcycles but excluding plant and equipment, caravans and trailers) grew by 130,563 vehicles or 4.7 per cent in 2005/06, compared with growth of 4.2 per cent in the previous year. The largest increase was achieved by motorcycles (13.5 per cent), followed by light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and rigid trucks (6.1 per cent), buses (5.3 per cent), articulated trucks (4.7 per cent), passenger vehicles (3.9 per cent) and non-freight trucks (7.2 per cent). Passenger vehicles on register constitute 74.1 per cent of the Queensland road fleet, slightly less than the 74.7 per cent evidenced in 2004/05. Since 1994/95, the Queensland road vehicle fleet has increased by 0.9 million vehicles, a growth of 41.8 per cent. The proportion of the Queensland fleet of vintage three (3) years or less has grown from 13.4 per cent in 2001/02 to 16.0 per cent in 2005/06. Projections suggest that these vehicles may constitute 15.3 per cent of the total road fleet by 2015/16. FIGURE H2: OUTLOOK FOR THE VINTAGE PROFILE OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET 100% 1 year old 2 years old 3 years old 4 years old 5 years old 6 years old 7 years old 8 years old 9 years old 10 years old 11 years old 12 years old 13 years old 14 years old 15 years old 16 years or more old 90% 80% Per cent 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 4

17 Expected trends in scrappage and new vehicle sales may contribute to a 50.3 per cent increase (or an additional 1,457,398 vehicles) in the Queensland road fleet by 2015/16. New (annual) motor vehicle sales are projected to rise by 38.5 per cent to 0.3 million vehicles in 2015/16, largely influenced by growth in passenger vehicles and LCVs of 37.1 per cent and 42.9 per cent, respectively. FIGURE H3: OUTLOOK FOR THE MOTOR VEHICLE FLEET Passenger Cars, QLD Motorcycles, QLD Buses, QLD LCVs, QLD Rigid Trucks, QLD Articulated Trucks, QLD Other Trucks, QLD 5,000,000 4,500,000 Number of Vehicles 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Increases in fuel price during 2005/06 facilitated a decline in distance travelled by road vehicles of 0.4 billion kilometres or 0.8 per cent in 2005/06 compared with an increase of 0.5 per cent in the previous year. Distance travelled by passenger vehicles as a proportion of the annual distance travelled by road vehicles declined to 69.1 per cent in 2005/06 (compared with 71.7 per cent in 2001/02). Motorcycles (at 1.4 per cent share), light commercial vehicles (19.8 per cent), rigid trucks (4.6 per cent), articulated trucks (3.7 per cent) and other trucks (0.2 per cent) increased their share of distance travelled by road vehicles. Passenger vehicles and buses reduced their share to 69.1 per cent and 1.2 per cent, respectively. The average distance travelled by passenger vehicles diminished from 15,890 kilometres in 2004/05 to 15,000 kilometres in 2005/06, a reduction of 5.6 per cent. Business-as-usual (BAU) projections suggest that distance travelled by road vehicles in servicing the Queensland transport task may grow by 3.8 per cent in 2006/07, decline by 0.6 per cent in 2007/08 largely as a result of a forecast jump in fuel prices and increase by 31.2 per cent or 14.5 billion kilometres (relative to 2005/06) to 61.1 billion kilometres by 2015/16. The role of passenger vehicles in total distance travelled by all road vehicles is projected to decline to 64.4 per cent with LCVs and articulated trucks to increase their share to 23.8 per cent and 3.8 per cent, respectively. 5

18 FIGURE H4: OUTLOOK FOR VEHICLE KILOMETRES TRAVELLED Actual Total Vehicle km, QLD Estimated Total Vehicle km, QLD 70,000 Vehicle Kilometres (Million) 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. RAIL Annual urban heavy rail passenger journeys grew by 4.6 million or 9.4 per cent to 53.1 million journeys in 2005/06. The increase in journeys was largely influenced by growing public concern regarding petrol prices and upgraded security. Compared with 1995/96, annual patronage on Queensland heavy rail urban passenger services grew by 13.9 million journeys or 35.6 per cent. Expected trends in population, fuel prices, employment, private consumption and investment in the Queensland urban heavy rail passenger network is projected to increase annual journeys by 15.3 million or 28.9 per cent to 68.5 million journeys in 2015/16. Despite a 0.5 per cent decline in average trip length, patronage growth ensured that the Queensland urban heavy rail passenger task increased by 0.1 billion passenger-kilometres or 8.9 per cent to 1.1 billion passenger-kilometres in 2005/06. 6

19 FIGURE H5: OUTLOOK FOR THE URBAN HEAVY RAIL PASSENGER JOURNEYS Passenger Journeys (Million) Forecast Actual Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Non-urban heavy rail journeys declined by 3.4 per cent to just about 1.0 million journeys in 2005/06. A 21.1 per cent reduction in average distance travelled promulgated a 23.8 per cent decline in the Queensland non-urban passenger task, the fourth consecutive decline in annual passenger-kilometres. Since 1994/95, the annual non-urban passenger task has diminished by 80.7 million passenger-kilometres or 26.5 per cent. Likely continued pressure from discount domestic air travel may further diminish the non-urbann passenger rail task by 5.0 per cent or 11.1 million passenger-kilometres to 0.2 billion passenger-kilometres in 2015/16. Overall, the Queensland rail passenger task grew by 0.02 billion passenger-kilometres (or 1.5 per cent), to 1.3 billion passenger-kilometres in 2005/06 and is projected to increase by 23.1 per cent to 1.6 billion passenger-kilometres in 2015/16. FIGURE H6: THE QUEENSLAND RAIL PASSENGER TASK Passenger Kilometres (Billion) Urban Non Urban Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 7

20 AIR During 2005/06, 12.3 million passengers utilised domestic air services, an increase of 0.8 million passengers or 7.1 per cent. During the past decade, annual passenger movements have grown by 61.4 per cent or 4.7 million journeys. On a BAU basis, projections for real medium domestic airfares, real gross state product, population and real private consumption suggest that by 2015/16, journeys may grow by a further 76.9 per cent or 9.5 million passenger journeys to 21.8 million passengers. Much of the growth (8.6 million passengers or 90.2 per cent) is projected to be derived from scheduled domestic airlines. Demand for general aviation may grow by 50.5 per cent to 2.8 million passengers, by 2015/16. The domestic air passenger task grew by 8.3 per cent or 1.0 billion passenger-kilometres to 13.5 billion passenger-kilometres in 2005/06, reflecting growth in both passenger journeys and average trip distances. During the past ten years, the annual passenger-kilometre task increased by 90.7 per cent or 6.4 billion with projections suggesting further growth of 13.6 billion or per cent by 2015/16. Both scheduled domestic air and general aviation are projected to increase seat kilometres by approximately 96.5 per cent and 45.6 per cent, respectively by 2015/16. FIGURE H7: ACTUALS AND PROJECTIONS OF DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGERS 25 Forecast Actual Passenger Journeys (million) Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 8

21 FIGURE H8: THE DOMESTIC AIR PASSENGER TASK Passenger Kilometres (Billion) Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. INTERNATIO ONAL AIR PA ASSENGER TA ASK The growth rate for scheduled international passenger journeys to/from Queensland on scheduled air services declined to 4.7 per cent (or 0.2 million) to 4.7 million journeys in 2005/06, compared to the 16.9 per cent increase in 2004/05. The eleven ( 11) year long term growth in annual scheduled air passenger loadings equated to per cent or 2.2 million journeys. Increased passenger journeys coupled with a 0.3 per cent growth in average distance, ensured that the 2005/06 international passenger task for scheduled air services escalated by 1.1 billion passenger-kilometres or 5.0 per cent (compared with the previous year) to 23.8 billion passenger-kilometres. Since 1994/95, the annual international air passenger task has increased by per cent while the task undertaken within Queensland's jurisdictional air space has grown by 72.0 per cent. Continued growth in tourism is projected to increase passenger-kilometres (or 74.3 per cent) in 2015/ /16. the annual passenger task by 17.7 billion 9

22 FIGURE H9: OUTLOOK FOR THE INTERNATIONAL AIR PASSENGER TASK 45,000 Passenger Kilometres (million) 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group Year DOMESTIC FREIGHT TASK The Queensland domestic freight task grew by 4.4 per cent to billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06. The road and rail share of the domestic non-pipeline freight task declined to 29.0 per cent and 37.0 per cent respectively, due to growth in demand for domestic shipping (whose share now equates to 32.3 per cent). The share of the Queensland non-urban freight task undertaken by pipelines grew to 1.7 per cent in 2005/06. ROAD The Queensland road freight sector carried million tonnes in 2005/06, an increase of 24.1 million tonnes or 5.0 per cent (compared with 9.1 per cent in the previous year). A decline in the average laden distance travelled ensured that the annual Queensland road freight task increased by 3.2 per cent or 1.6 billion tonne-kilometres to 52.5 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06. The road freight intensity (measured by tonne-kilometre per GDP) declined by 2.1 per cent in 2005/06. However, since 1994/95 the intensity grew by 7.4 per cent. The role of articulated trucks, rigid trucks and LCVs in undertaking the domestic road freight task differed from 2004/05 levels with rigid trucks increasing their share of total tonne-kilometres to 18.4 per cent at the expense of articulated trucks. Growth in economic activity is projected to increase annual road freight tonnes by million tonnes or 46.8 per cent in 2015/16. Given likely trends for average distance travelled, average loads and road freight productivity, the annual road tonne-kilometre task is projected to increase by 47.6 per cent to 77.5 billion tonne-kilometres in 2015/16. 10

23 FIGURE H10: ROAD FREIGHT INTENSITY Freight Intensity (TKM/GDP) / / / / / / / / / /06 Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. FIGURE H11: OUTLOOK FOR THE ROAD FREIGHT TASK Actual Total t km, QLD Estimated Total t km, QLD Tonne Kilometres (Billion) Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group

24 RAIL Freight carried by rail services in Queensland declined by 0.8 million tonnes or 0.3 per cent to million tonnes in 2005/06 largely due to the drought and its subsequent impact on grain movements. Compared with 1994/95, tonnes carried annually by rail freight in Queensland have grown by 78.5 million or 55.7 per cent. The role of hire and reward (H&R) rail services in the movement of cargo carried by Queensland freight rail services grew to 82.0 per cent (of total cargoes) in 2005/06 compared with 80.9 per cent in the previous year. The current trend is projected to continue with the H&R rail share increasing to 83.2 per cent by 2015/16. The annual net tonne-kilometre task grew by 1.8 billion tonne-kilometres or 3.8 per cent to 50.5 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06 reflecting growth in tonnes carried and a 4.1 per cent increase in average distance travelled. The role of H&R rail services in undertaking the Queensland rail freight task has increased marginally from 98.4 per cent in 2004/05 to 98.6 per cent in 2005/06. The non-bulk freight task grew by 0.6 billion tonne-kilometres or 9.0 per cent in 2005/06 to 6.8 billion tonne-kilometres, largely due to an increase in the intrastate H&R rail freight task of 0.3 billion tonne-kilometres or 8.6 per cent. At the same time, the interstate non-bulk freight task increased by 0.2 billion tonne-kilometres or 9.6 per cent and now constitutes 4.9 per cent of the Queensland rail freight task. Industry growth is expected to increase the annual rail freight task by 15.5 billion tonne-kilometres (or 30.7 per cent) to 66.1 billion tonne-kilometres in 2015/16. FIGURE H12: OUTLOOK FOR THE FREIGHT RAIL TASK 70 Ancillary Hire and Reward Tonne Kilometres (Billion) Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 12

25 AIR Freight and mail cargo transported by domestic aviation (incorporating scheduled domestic, non-scheduled domestic and general aviation services) declined by 13,543 tonnes or 26.3 per cent in 2005/06. Annual long term (11 year) freight uplifts grew by 1,399 tonnes or 3.8 per cent. The reduced demand for domestic air freight services resulted in the annual tonne-kilometre task declining by 12.3 million tonne-kilometres, or 22.7 per cent, in 2005/06. Compared with 1994/95, the annual air freight task has increased by 6.5 million tonne-kilometres or 18.4 per cent. SEA The annual domestic shipping trade grew by 1.4 million tonnes or 7.5 per cent to 19.7 million tonnes in 2005/06. The increase emanated from a 13.5 per cent growth in bauxite/alumina and a 3.0 per cent increase in shipments of general cargo. Alternatively, the movement of petroleum products declined by 17.7 per cent. During the past decade, tonnes carried by domestic shipping have grown by 7.4 million tonnes or 59.8 per cent. A 2.4 per cent increase in the average distance travelled, coupled with growth in tonnes carried resulted in the annual freight task increasing by 11.0 per cent to 4.1 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06. Much of the increase emanated from the movement of bauxite/alumina. Estimates for the likely production of key commodities suggest that the annual domestic shipping task may grow by 23.2 per cent to 50.7 billion tonne-kilometres in 2015/16. FIGURE H13: OUTLOOK FOR THE DOMESTIC SHIPPING FREIGHT TASK Tonne-Kilometres (Thousand) Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Year 13

26 NON-URBAN PIPELINES Queensland's major gas and oil non-urban pipeline network transported 3.6 million tonnes of gas, oil and product in 2005/06, an increase of 0.2 million tonnes or 4.3 per cent compared with the previous year. the transport task (measured by tonne-kilometres) grew by 0.3 billion tonne-kilometres or 13.7 per cent to 2.1 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06, of which gas pipelines contributed an increasing share of the Queensland oil and gas pipeline task (73.7 per cent compared with 69.1 per cent in 1994/95). Queensland s diminishing supply of indigenous oil contributed to the ongoing reduction in the oil pipeline task. Since 2000/01, the annual oil pipeline task has declined by 0.1 billion tonne-kilometres or 14.2 per cent. During the corresponding period, the annual Queensland gas pipeline task grew by 27.1 per cent or 0.3 billion tonne-kilometres. FIGURE H14: THE DOMESTIC FREIGHT TASK Road Rail Air Sea Pipelines Tonne Kilometres (Billion) Note: (1) The freight task undertaken by air transport equated to 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, 0.05, 0.05, 0.04, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.04 billion tonne-kilometres in 1990/91, 1994/95, 1997/98, 2000/01, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/ /04, 2004/05 and 2005/06, respectively. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. INTERNATIO ONAL FREIGHT TAS SK The international freight task totalled 2,096.4 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06, a decrease of 23.1 billion tonne-kilometres or 1.1 per cent. The reduction was entirely due to a decline in demand for international shipping servicing Queensland s foreign trade. 14

27 SEA Queensland s annual seaborne trade declined by 0.4 per cent to million tonnes in 2005/06. The reduction in tonnes carried was predominantly influenced by a 2.7 per cent and 4.3 per cent decline in exports to Europe and Other Asia. Contrary to national trends, a favourable exchange rate facilitated growth in seaborne imports of 5.4 per cent in 2005/06 (compared with 7.8 per cent in 2004/05). Expected growth in the demand for bulk export commodities may increase the annual tonnes carried by international shipping by 85.8 million tonnes or 46.4 per cent by 2015/16. The decline in tonnes carried coupled with the long term reduction in the weighted average distance for exports and the more recent reduction in the weighted average import distance ensured that the seaborne freight task (measured by tonne-kilometres) diminished by 1.1 per cent or 23.1 billion tonne-kilometres to 2,095.9 billion tonne-kilometres in 2005/06. Compared with 1994/95, the annual seaborne freight task grew by billion tonne-kilometres or 75.4 per cent. FIGURE H15: OUTLOOK FOR TONNES CARRIED BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING Tonnes (million) Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. AIR Freight and mail transported by scheduled international air services grew by 2,841.7 tonnes (or 3.3 per cent) to 0.1 million tonnes in 2005/06. However, a 0.8 per cent decline in average trip distance ensured that the freight task (measured as tonne-kilometres) grew by 2.4 per cent to 0.5 billion in 2005/06. The annual long term (11 year) air transport freight growth equated to 5.9 per cent or 0.03 billion tonne-kilometres. 15

28 FIGURE H16: THE INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TASK Air Sea Tonne Kilometres (Billion) Note: (1) The freight task undertaken by air transport equated to 0.05, 0.14, 0.24, 0.5, 0.58, 0.65, 0.45, 0.55, 0.48, 0.52 and 0.53 billion tonne-kilometres in 1984/85, 1987/88, 1990/91, 1994/95, 1997/98, 2000/01, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05 and 2005/06, respectively. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 16

29 THE DEMAND FOR ENERGY BY QUEENSLAND TRANSPORT Domestic and international transport consumed PJ of energy (full fuel cycle) in 2005/06, an increase of 15.1 PJ or 3.2 per cent compared with the previous year. Queensland s reliance on petroleum products grew to 95.8 per cent of Queensland transport energy consumption in 2005/06, the first such increase since 2002/03. Petrol is projected to consume 50.2 per cent of fuel required by all vehicles in 2015/16, followed by diesel (42.5 per cent), LPG (5.6 per cent), CNG (0.6 per cent) and ethanol/biodiesel (1.0 per cent). Projected growth in the rail task is expected to increase direct energy consumed by 1.1 PJ or 11.5 per cent to 10.9 PJ in 2015/16. Annual energy use by the road sector is forecast to grow by 72.7 PJ (FFC) or 30.8 per cent by 2015/16. Direct annual energy consumed by domestic shipping is expected to grow by 1.7 PJ or 19.1 per cent in 2015/16. Forecast growth in domestic air travel demand is projected to increase direct energy by 21.7 PJ or 76.2 per cent in 2015/16. Energy consumed in servicing Queensland s domestic and international transport task totalled PJ (on a full fuel cycle (FFC) basis including pipelines) in 2005/06, an increase of 15.1 PJ or 3.2 per cent relative to the previous year. Of the FFC energy consumed by domestic transport in 2005/06, 45.3 per cent arose from the use of road passenger vehicles, 36.6 per cent from other road vehicles, 9.9 per cent from air transport, 4.8 per cent from rail, 2.7 per cent each from sea transport and 0.6 per cent from non-urban pipelines. 17

30 DOMESTIC TRANSPORT ROAD Despite continuing fuel price increases during 2005/06, growth in the Queensland economy facilitated an increase in FFC energy consumed by road vehicles of 5.1 PJ FFC (to PJ FFC) or 1.9 per cent, compared with an increase of 0.4 per cent in 2004/05. On a direct basis, energy consumed by road transport grew by 2.6 PJ or 1.1 per cent in 2005/06. The share of FFC energy consumed by passenger vehicles continues to decline (to 52.6 per cent in 2005/06) 1. Rigid trucks, articulated trucks and LCVs increased their share of fuel consumed (to 10.7 per cent, 15.7 per cent and 17.9 per cent, respectively) while buses (2.2 per cent), motorcycles (0.5 per cent) and other trucks (0.3 per cent) maintained their 2004/05 share. Energy consumed in urban areas grew by 2.6 PJ (FFC) or 1.7 per cent to PJ (FFC), largely due to a 2.6 per cent and 10.6 per cent increase in fuel required by LCVs and rigid trucks. As evidenced in the previous year, about 59.4 per cent of road transport energy is consumed in the urban environs, compared with 61.9 per cent evidenced in 1994/95. Petrol constitutes 58.7 per cent of the total litre equivalent consumed by the road sector, with diesel now approaching 36.2 per cent. The role of diesel in passenger vehicle use increased from 3.8 per cent in 1994/95 to 5.3 per cent in 2005/06. The continuing increase in fuel price and the subsequent Federal Government assistance for LPG conversion contributed to LPG s share of fuel consumed by road transport increasing from 3.7 per cent in 2004/05 to 4.2 per cent in 2005/06. CNG consumption has been maintained at 0.2 per cent of total fuel while ethanol and biodiesel have collectively increased their share to 0.8 per cent. The proportion of the total vehicle fleet utilising petrol was maintained at 82.5 per cent in 2005/06. However, the proportion of vehicles registered as using LPG continues to decline, equating to 2.7 per cent in 2005/06 compared with 3.6 per cent in 1994/95. With regard to passenger vehicles, petrol vehicles constituted 90.9 per cent of the fleet, with the share of diesel and LPG fuelled vehicles equating to 5.3 per cent and 2.5 per cent, respectively, in 2005/06. Hybrid vehicles grew to 0.04 per cent of the total road fleet. Ten year BAU projections suggest that petrol powered vehicles may constitute 73.4 per cent of the Queensland road fleet, followed by diesel (19.6 per cent), LPG (3.5 per cent), hybrids (1.4 per cent) and ethanol/biodiesel (2.0 per cent). 1 The growth in the FFC factor for petroleum products in 2005/06 partially masks the magnitude of the reduction. 18

31 FIGURE H17: ACTUAL AND PROJECTED FLEET DISTRIBUTION BY FUEL TYPE Petrol Diesel LPG CNG Hybrid Electricc Petrohol Biodiesel 100% 90% 80% 70% Per cent 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Year Note: Based upon modelled outcomes Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Diesel fuel is projected to increase its share of total fuel consumed by all road vehicles to 42.5 per cent on a business-as-usual basiss by 2015/16 at the expense of petrol (50.2 per cent) and to a lesser extent LPG (5.6 per cent). Petrohol/biodiesel consumption is projected to generate 1.0 per cent of total fuel consumed, while CNG may contribute the remaining 0.6 per cent. FIGURE H18: ENERGY CONSUMED BY ROAD TRANSPORT, 2005/ /06 (PJ-FFC) Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles LCVs Trucks Buses Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 19

32 Given expected trends in transport activity and the likely introduction of contemporary vehicle technology, energy consumed by road transport is projected to grow by 30.7 per cent or 82.7 PJ FFC to PJ FFC in 2015/16. RAIL Annual energy consumed by Queensland railways declined by 1.0 PJ or 5.7 per cent to 15.9 PJ on a full fuel cycle basis in 2005/06. The decline in energy reflects industry rationalisation in the (H&R) freight services and improved operational practices. The industry s reliance on electricity as a fuel source continues to decline equating to 29.7 per cent of direct energy in 2005/06 (compared to 37.6 per cent in 1994/95). Growth in demand for rail services may increase annual direct energy consumption by 1.1 PJ or 11.5 per cent by 2015/16. The majority of the growth (89.9 per cent) is projected to emanate from freight services. FIGURE H19: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY RAIL Direct Energy (PJ) Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. AIR Growth in demand for domestic air services resulted in direct fuel consumption increasing by 4.1 PJ or 16.7 per cent to 28.5 PJ in 2005/06. The contribution of AVGAS to total fuel consumption declined to 2.7 per cent despite total Avgas consumption growing by 6.4 per cent (or about 0.1 PJ) in 2005/06. During the same period, annual aviation turbine consumption (direct PJ) grew by 4.0 PJ or 17.0 per cent. The projected demand for domestic aviation services and expected energy consumption efficiencies suggest that annual direct energy expended by domestic air services may grow by 21.7 PJ or 76.2 per cent to 50.2 PJ in 2015/16. There is no expectation that fuels other than AVTUR and AVGAS will be expended in any significant quantity by domestic air during the projection period. The contribution of AVGAS is projected to decline to 1.8 per cent of total energy consumed by domestic air in 2015/16. 20

33 FIGURE H20: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC AIR (PJ) Aviation Turbine AVGAS TOTAL Energy Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Year SEA Despite growth in the Queensland domestic shipping task, the full fuel cycle energy consumed by vessels servicing Queensland s domestic shipping task declined by 1.7 PJ (or 15.9 per cent) to 9.0 PJ-FFC in 2005/06. The reduction was categorised by a 15.0 per cent and 13.9 per cent decline in the use of coal and automotive distillate, respectively. Accordingly, the industry's reliance on industrial diesel fuel and fuel oil declined to 1.6 per cent and 4.0 per cent of total energy (FFC) consumption, respectively while diesel oil increased its share to 17.2 per cent. Annual direct fuel expended by domestic shipping is projected to grow by 19.1 per cent or 1.7 PJ to 10.3 PJ in 2015/16 reflecting expected gains in fuel efficiency and the projected growth in the domestic seaborne task. FIGURE H21: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING 12 ADO IDF FO Coal NG All Fuels 10 Energy (PJ) Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Year 21

34 PIPELINES Energy expended by non-urban gas and liquid petroleum pipelines totalled 2.0 PJ (FFC) during 2005/06, an increase of 0.1 PJ (or 4.2 per cent) largely due to a 4.6 per cent growth in energy to transport natural gas. Natural gas pipelines now generatee 64.7 per cent of total FFC pipeline energy consumption, compared with 39.6 per cent in 1994/ /95. Natural gas constituted per cent of fuel consumed by non-urban gas pipelines, while electricity constituted per cent of energy expended by crude oil and product pipelines in 2005/06. FIGURE H22: ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC TRANSPORT BY MODE Road Rail Air Sea Pipelines PJ FFC / / / / / / / / / /06 Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. INTERNATIO ONAL TRANSPORT AIR Continuing growth in demand for international air services to/from Queensland (excluding defence aircraft), resulted in the consumption of aviation turbine fuel increasing by 2.6 PJ or 4.7 per cent to 56.4 PJ (direct) in 2005/06. The proportion of the annual energy expenditure uplifted in Queensland by international air increased to 31.9 per cent in 2005/06. The projected growth in demand for international air services to/from Queensland coupled with an expected decline in fuel intensity may increase direct energy consumption (on a BAU basis) by 93.1 per cent or 52.5 PJ to PJ by 2015/16. There is no expectation that fuels other than AVTUR will be consumed (in any significant quantity) by international air within the next ten years. 22

35 FIGURE H23: OUTLOOK FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR ENERGY Energy (PJ) Year Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. SEA Direct energy consumed by international shipping (excluding defence vessels) increased by 3.1 PJ or 4.1 per cent to 78.6 PJ in 2005/06. Consistent with recent trends, the role of fuel oil declined to 86.5 per cent of total energy (or 68.0 PJ). Given recent trends in energy intensity and forecast growth in Queensland s international maritime task, annual direct energy expenditure is projected to grow by 33.6 PJ or 42.7 per cent by 2015/16. 23

36 FIGURE H24: OUTLOOK FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING BY FUEL TYPE (PJ) ADO (PJ) IDF (PJ) FO (PJ) Energy Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Year FIGURE H25: ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT BY MODE PJ FFC /91 Air Sea 1994/ / / / / / / / /06 Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 24

37 GREENHOUSE AND NOXIOUS EMISSIONS Domestic and international transport services within, to or from Queensland generated 34,461.8 Gg of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 -e) gas emissions and 18.0 Gg of particles in 2005/06. CO 2 -e emissions grew by 1.7 per cent while particle emissions declined by 0.9 per cent. Annual greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 -e) arising from Queensland domestic transport increased by Gg or 0.5 per cent to 23,196.3 Gg in 2005/06. During the corresponding period, particle emissions declined by 0.4 Gg or 7.2 per cent, largely reflecting the impact of Government initiatives regarding minimum vehicle design and fuel standards. Despite growth in demand for road transport, annual particles and NOx emissions may decline by 16.1 per cent and 43.0 per cent, respectively, by 2015/16. Of the greenhouse and particle emissions generated by road transport in 2005/06, 52.4 per cent and 31.3 per cent, respectively, emanated from passenger vehicles. The share of domestic transport 2 CO 2 -e and particle emissions generated by road transport declined to 80.7 per cent and 83.4 per cent, respectively, in 2005/06. CO 2 -e emissions from road transport may grow by 30.0 per cent or 5,583.6 Gg by 2015/16. 2 Excluding pipelines. 25

38 ROAD TRANSPORT Road vehicles continue to be the major source of greenhouse gas emissions from Queensland transport, contributing 18,609.2 Gg of CO 2 -e (or 54.2 per cent of domestic and international transport CO 2 -e emissions) 3, 4.6 Gg of particles (of 10 microns or less constituting 25.5 per cent of particles) and 7.8 Gg of SO 2 in 2005/06 (6.8 per cent of SO 2 emissions). Compared with 1994/95, annual CO 2 -e emissions from road vehicles have grown by 3,913.3 Gg or 26.6 per cent. The contribution of passenger vehicles to CO 2 -e emissions from road transport equated to 52.4 per cent in 2005/06, followed by LCVs (18.0 per cent), articulated trucks (16.1 per cent), rigid trucks (10.5 per cent), buses (2.2 per cent), motorcycles (0.5 per cent) and other trucks (0.3 per cent). With regard to particle emissions, passenger vehicles generated the largest proportion of PM 10 emissions (31.3 per cent), followed by light commercial vehicles (21.5 per cent), rigid trucks (20.8 per cent), articulated trucks (18.5 per cent), buses (5.4 per cent), motorcycles (1.9 per cent) and other trucks (0.7 per cent). Growth in the Queensland economy and the subsequent demand for Queensland road transport is projected to increase annual CO 2 -e emissions by 5,583.6 Gg or 30.0 per cent in 2015/16. The impact of contemporary emission standards will contribute to a 16.1 per cent and 43.0 per cent reduction in annual particle and NOx emissions, respectively by 2015/16. The continued impact of existing road vehicle emission standards may contribute to a 38.2 and a 37.3 per cent per cent decline in benzene and toluene, respectively. FIGURE H26: CO 2 -e EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT (1) 30,000 Passenger Cars Motorcycles LCVs Rigid Trucks Articulated Trucks Buses Other Trucks CO 2 e, '000 tonnes per annum 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Note: (1) Modelled Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 3 Excluding Pipelines. 26

39 FIGURE H27: PM 10 EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT (1) 6 Passenger Cars Motorcycles LCVs Rigid Trucks Articulated Trucks Buses Other Trucks PM 10, '000 tonnes per annum Note: (1) Modelled Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. FIGURE H28: NOx EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT (1) 160 Passenger Cars Motorcycles LCVs Rigid Trucks Articulated Trucks Buses Other Trucks NOx, '000 tonnes per annum Note: (1) Modelled. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 27

40 FIGURE H29: NMVOC EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT (1) 80 Other Trucks Buses Articulated Trucks Rigid Trucks LCVs Motorcycles Passenger Cars NMVOCs, '000 tonnes per annum Note: (1) Modelled. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 28

41 SUMMARY OF KEY OUTCOMES Tables H1 and H2 summarise key outcomes and trends by mode. TABLE H1 SUMMARY OF TRANSPORT TASK BY MODE Item Unit Quantity Growth to % PASSENGER TASK Total (International & b P-Km % Domestic) International b P-Km % - Air b P-Km % Domestic b P-Km % - Road b P-Km % - Rail b P-Km % - Air b P-Km % Total (International & Domestic including non-urban pipelines) Total (International & Domestic Excluding pipelines) FREIGHT TASK b T-Km 2, % b T-Km 2, % International b T-Km 2, % - Sea b T-Km 2, % - Air b T-Km % Domestic (excluding pipelines) b T-Km % - Road b T-Km % - Rail b T-Km % - Sea b T-Km % - Air b T-Km % Domestic (including pipelines) b T-Km % 29

42 TABLE H2: ENERGY USE AND GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS BY MODE Item Unit Quantity ENERGY USE Growth to % Total excluding pipelines PJ-FFC % Total including pipelines PJ-FFC % International PJ-FFC % Domestic excluding pipelines Domestic including pipelines Total (International & Domestic excluding pipelines) PJ-FFC % PJ-FFC % GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (Full Fuel Cycle Basis) Gg CO 2 -e 34, % International Gg CO 2 -e 11, % - Air Gg CO 2 -e 4, % - Sea Gg CO 2 -e 6, % Domestic (excluding pipelines) Gg CO 2 -e 23, % - Road Gg CO 2 -e 18, % Domestic (including pipelines) Gg CO 2 -e 23, % 30

43 SECTION 1 Introduction 31

44 1. INTRODUCTION The sixth (6 th ) edition of the Queensland Transport Facts (ATF) is published by the Centre for Transport, Energy and the Environment, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Apelbaum Consulting Group Pty Ltd (ACG) for the stakeholders of the Australian Transport Energy Data and Analysis Centre (ATEDAC). While this publication is confined to a description of Queensland transport, fuel and associated emission attributes, the analysis reflects a comprehensive bottom-up analytical framework involving urban, provincial urban and non-urban regions in each State/Territory. Further, the analysis delineates between transport task, energy and associated emissions generated by State/Territory activity and the extent of these attributes within jurisdictional boundaries. The analysis is unique within the Queensland context in that it estimates the Queensland task, fuel consumed and emissions from registered and non-registered vehicles. Statistics are presented for the years 2005/06, 2004/05, 2003/04, 2002/03, 2001/02, 2000/01, 1997/98, 1994/95, 1990/91, 1987/88 and 1984/85. Any reference to year reflects the fiscal period except where otherwise stated. While it is statistically desirable to aggregate data according to identical periods, this was not possible due to differences in accounting periods for various collections (particularly between modes). However, the data is representative of the fiscal year performance. In addition, ten (10) year forecasts of task, energy and emissions are provided by mode on a business-as-usual basis. The advent of additional data and adjustments to methodology has resulted in amendments to some data series. While the integrity of time series has been maintained, comparisons with earlier editions of the publication should be undertaken with care. Section 1.3 details the key amendments to the historical time series. 1.1 THE ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK AND SCOPE Separate accounting frameworks have been established for: the transport task; energy consumed; emissions The Transport Task ROAD TRANSPORT Road transport incorporates vehicles carrying: passengers such as cars (including taxis, four wheel drive vehicles and special purpose vehicles), motorcycles and buses; freight incorporating light commercial vehicles (LCVs), rigid trucks, articulated trucks and other trucks. 32

45 The following vehicles and road transport activities are excluded: caravans, trailers, tractors, mobile plant and equipment; vintage and veteran cars RAIL TRANSPORT The historical series and projections encompass trams, monorail, heavy passenger rail and heavy freight rail. Heavy freight rail has been disaggregated into two categories: Hire and reward services - transport operators that carry freight or passengers for third party entities on a commercial fee for service basis; Ancillary - the movement of an entity s own freight by in-house operators. While transfer pricing may exist with the consolidated entity, these rail services are not provided on a commercial basis to third parties. Ancillary rail includes dedicated rail freight services provided by mining, sugar and cement production entities. Hire and reward operators are not confined to State/Territory boundaries. Accordingly, to avoid double counting, two separate methodologies have been developed for the State/jurisdictional analyses: State/Territory based operators Both tonnes and tonne-kilometres are derived for operators registered within the nominated State/Territory. The tonne-kilometres reflects the total task undertaken by the operator irrespective of the State/Territory in which the task was undertaken; Jurisdictional analysis - the freight task (measured by tonne-kilometres) and the non-urban passenger task (measured by passenger-kilometres) undertaken by rail operators in the nominated State/Territory, irrespective of the State of registration of the operator. The jurisdictional analysis includes rail movements through the State/Territory 4. Tram, monorail and urban heavy rail passenger services are undertaken intrastate and are not subject to jurisdictional considerations. The movement of rail passengers is represented by passenger journeys rather than passenger boardings AIR TRANSPORT The domestic air transport task separately incorporates scheduled, non-scheduled and general aviation 5 services. Analysis for international air is delineated by scheduled and non-scheduled services. As air services are predominantly involved in the movement of passengers, the freight and mail tonne-kilometre task is converted to a passenger-kilometre equivalent. A major source of air task data is that collated by the Aviation Statistics and Analysis Section (AVSTATS) of the Federal Department of Transport and Regional Services. Unlike the ABS/Customs data, AVSTATS incorporates freight whose value is below the minimum threshold value. However, the AVSTATS survey does not encompass all operators and owners operating to/from Australia, in particular charter and military aircraft. In addition, freight data collated by AVSTATS is confined to merchandise transactions while the ABS/Customs data incorporates non-merchandise transactions (such as aircraft leases). The ACG has reconciled the AVSTAT and ABS/Customs data and has adjusted the AVSTAT data to reflect all trade and operational attributes. 4 Movements that neither commence nor conclude within the State/Territory. 5 Incorporating regional, charter, private and business services. 33

46 The distance flown, passenger-kilometre and tonne-kilometre tasks achieved by scheduled, non-scheduled (both domestic and international) and general aviation interstate services reflect two accounting frameworks: Total based upon aircraft, passenger and freight embarkation from the nominated State/Territory and the total origin-destination distance; Jurisdictional - the task undertaken within the jurisdictional boundaries of the nominated State/Territory, including aircraft embarking from, destined to or flying across the nominated State/Territory SEA TRANSPORT The analysis for domestic shipping services separately account for blue water freight and passenger services and inland ferry services. Cruise shipping is incorporated within international passenger services. The interstate freight task was allocated on the basis of the port of loading (rather than the State/Territory of trip origin). Jurisdictional analysis was not derived for sea transport as blue water jurisdictional boundaries are comparatively insignificant relative to total voyage distances. Interstate passenger services between Melbourne and Devonport were allocated to Tasmania PIPELINES An assessment of the demand for pipelines (measured by tonnes, cubic metres and petajoules piped) involves the movement of gas, crude oil and petroleum product. The tonne-kilometre, cubic metre-kilometre and PJ-kilometre tasks are apportioned (on a State/Territory basis) according to the distance travelled within the nominated State/Territory, irrespective of the State/Territory of production. Due to data limitations, the energy and emission analysis should be regarded as preliminary Energy Accounting The use of quantity of fuel (such as litres for liquid fuels, cubic metres for gases and tonnes for solid fuels) is adequate if the analysis reflects the consumption of a single fuel type. However, when assessing various fuel types with differing energy capabilities, fuel consumption is converted to a standardized unit of energy or joules. The energy valuation procedure includes: direct energy - energy resulting from end use or direct propulsion; in-direct energy energy consumed in the production of the end use fuel including fuel extraction, feed stock transport, refinery/power station fuel use, product transportation and storage; energy intensity and efficiency - the Queensland transport task and associated energy (intensity) consumption are regarded as joint activities. Accordingly, energy consumption has been apportioned to transport output in terms of energy input per transport output or transport output per energy input (efficiency). 34

47 The application of both the direct and in-direct energy consumption within a full fuel cycle (FFC) accounting framework is critical when comparing the energy attributes of petroleum, electrical, gaseous and solid fuel powered vehicles. For electricity production, the FFC incorporates the full fuel energy associated with input fuels such as petroleum products, coal and natural gas. FFC factors for electricity are derived for power stations in each State/Territory by year and fuel type. With regard to natural gas, it is assumed that the majority of losses in the gas network occur in the low pressure urban distribution network rather than the high pressure transmission pipelines 6. As such, the FFC calculation for compressed natural gas includes an allowance for gas leakage while power station or pipeline compressor gas usage does not. Specific energy accounting frameworks were developed to acknowledge consumption measures associated with fuel uplifted, total fuel consumed and jurisdictional analysis. Modal descriptors are provided below ROAD TRANSPORT Fuel and energy consumed by road vehicles is apportioned to States/Territories according to the State/Territory of registration of the vehicle RAIL TRANSPORT Two accounting frameworks have been developed for energy consumed by rail operators: total fuel/energy fuel/energy consumed by operators whose head office is domiciled within the nominated State/Territory; jurisdictional fuel/energy fuel/energy consumed within the jurisdictional boundaries of the nominated State/Territory AIR TRANSPORT Three separate analyses are derived for the energy consumed by domestic air, these being: energy uplifted energy uplifted in the nominated State/Territory; total energy energy consumed by the total air transport task arising from embarkation in the nominated State/Territory; jurisdictional energy energy consumed from all domestic air services undertaken within the jurisdictional boundaries of the nominated State/Territory. Includes energy consumed by services in which neither passengers or freight embarked or disembarked within the State/Territory. Analysis of the energy consumed by international air services is delineated by energy uplifted: in the nominated State/Territory; beyond the jurisdictional boundaries of the State/Territory SEA TRANSPORT Energy consumed by domestic shipping services is derived for domestic ocean services and jurisdictional based ferry services. Fuel expended by cruise shipping has been incorporated within international passenger services. 6 Wilkenfeld (2002), Beer et al (2001). 35

48 Energy consumed by interstate freight was allocated on the basis of State of uplift. Jurisdictional analysis was not undertaken as jurisdictional boundaries for shipping are comparatively insignificant PIPELINES Energy consumed by pipelines reflects the energy consumption of compressors. Where compressor data is unavailable, fuel intensities are applied to the jurisdictional tonne-kilometre task Emissions Accounting Emissions from transport are derived from FFC emission factors, distance travelled by transport vehicles and the direct energy consumed. The analysis includes consideration of that component of the fuel that is not oxidised. In order to examine the greenhouse effect arising from differing gases, global warming potential (GWP) indices have been applied to derive CO 2 -e emissions. The CO 2 -e incorporates the direct and indirect emissions as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1996). The ACG has sought to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the effects of transport on global warming. In all instances, emissions for each of the above gases have been separately identified to allow variation to the CO 2 -e estimate. Emissions arising from electricity are apportioned according to their source rather than the location of end use. This framework is particularly relevant for electrical powered transport operating in urban areas where end use consumption is in the urban environs but emissions are generated at power facilities located in non-urban regions. Emissions reflect power station efficiencies within the same State/Territory as the end-use activity. Accordingly, the accounting framework does not allow for the small but increasing exchange of electricity across State borders via the national power grid. 1.2 DATA SOURCES The ACG obtained data from a variety of sources, these being: relevant transport associations; private industry as a result of ACG surveys; State, Territory and Federal Government agencies; public domain data. The analyses presented in this report may not reconcile with earlier editions primarily due to industry participants revising earlier data. Some of the data was forwarded to the ACG in strict confidence. Information provided by a particular respondent or transport operator will not, under any circumstances, be made available to any company, agency, entity or individual. The statistics have been carefully assessed for consistency but have not been audited. The ACG cannot be accountable for any errors in the data provided. The contributions of data providers are gratefully acknowledged. 36

49 1.3 KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING AMENDMENTS TO THE TIME SERIES A key component of the analysis is the provision of consistent time series data and analysis for assessing the transport task, energy consumed and emissions. The acquisition of new data, revisions to the historical series and advances in the analytical framework can highlight inconsistencies in the analytical series, necessitating corrections. The key factors influencing amendments to the historic series are summarised below General ABARE have revised both their back series of commodity demand/supply and projections; Adopted the time series for pre-combustion energy factors (rather than a static value) in deriving the energy efficiency of electricity produced for rail transport. As a result, electricity efficiencies were marginally altered; The revised 2006 emission attributes for power stations (T Grant 2006, pers. comm.) was adopted for all years thereby revising all electricity emission factors by state; the FFCs for natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) were adjusted to reflect amendments to ABARE s energy accounting framework Air Revised tourism projections by the Tourism Forecasting Council; The methodology for deriving fuel uplifted off shore for international aviation was updated to accommodate the historical time series for fuel uplifted in Australia and overseas by Australian operators; Jurisdictional energy and emissions differed to that presented in the previous edition by 1.0 per cent due to adjustments in the methodology for deriving the water based air task Rail Revision to commodity projections by ABARE. Deriving FFC factors for electricity production in each State/Territory requires an assessment of the FFC factors for each of the input fuels. However, for any particular year, the FFC factors for electricity are required to derive the FFC factors for the input fuels resulting in a circular analysis. To overcome the circuitous nature of the analysis, the indirect emissions for electricity production were derived from the Department of Climate Change (AGO) and assumed constant over time. Accordingly, pre-combustion energy factors have been revised reflecting electricity production efficiencies. As a result, the historical series for electricity emission factors has been upgraded which, in turn, has altered the time series for the FFC energy factors and the FFC energy analysis for all modes. 37

50 1.3.4 Road Revised the motor vehicle price model to reflect a one year lag exchange rate influences and incorporated the impact of the headline CPI All scrappage functions were updated to reflect the 2005/06 data; The consumption of lead replacement petrol by vehicle type was not reported by the Survey of Motor Vehicle Use (SMVU). Accordingly, the 2004/05 vehicle split was applied to the ACG derived consumption; The time series for the proportion of fuel expended by vehicle type and fuel type and the fuel consumption rate (FCR) by vehicle type and fuel type has been adjusted to reflect additional data. There are significant variations on an annual basis with the SMVU data pertaining to fuel consumed and the FCR by vehicle type and fuel, which should be subject to investigation. The ACG has adjusted the time series data based upon alternative third party data. The ACG has continuing concern in applying the FCRs as reported by the SMVU to estimates of vkt. While the ACG has adjusted the FCRs, the nature of on-road FCRs by vehicle type, region, fuel type and State/Territory should be the subject of additional investigation; Unlike the Survey of Motor Vehicle Use prepared by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the energy and emission analyses presented in the report pertains to registered and unregistered road vehicles. Estimates of distance travelled are derived from fuel consumption and the fuel consumption rates by vehicle type, state and fuel type. Fuel consumption data from the SMVU varies substantially on an annual basis and has been adjusted by the ACG to provide a consistent and up-to-date time series. The adjustments are conducted annually on the basis of new data. Accordingly, the historical series for distance travelled may vary from previous editions; The potential impact of alternative fuels has been revised according to the following: Ethanol Approximately 55.3 ML were consumed by road vehicles in 2005/06, which represents 0.30 per cent of petrol consumed. On the basis of recent trends, it is assumed that ethanol will consume 0.35 per cent of petrol consumption by 2010; Bio-diesel Approximately 15.5 ML was consumed in 2005/06 largely buses. On the basis of recent trends, it is assumed that ethanol will consume 0.27 per cent of petrol consumption by 2010; Fuel Cells Unlikely to be available on a showroom basis during the forecast period; Hybrids (passenger vehicles) as at 2005/06, there were (approximately) 3,174 hybrid vehicles operating in Australia, which constitute 0.02 per cent of the passenger vehicle market. ACG projections suggest that hybrid vehicles may constitute 0.08 per cent and 0.17 per cent of the passenger vehicle market by 2009/10 and 2015/16, respectively; Diesel on a national basis, diesel consumption is projected to consume 13 per cent of all road transport fuels by 2009/10 and 16 per cent by 2019/20. The actual values adopted for each incorporate the above expectations and individual uptake trends Pipelines Updates to the full fuel cycle analysis (FFC) for electricity generation altered the FFC energy and the emission analyses. 38

51 1.3.6 Sea The international trade data for 2002/03 to 2005/06 was revised by the Bureau of Industry, Transport and Regional Economics (formerly BTRE) as a result of discrepancies identified by the ACG; The methodology for deriving forecasts of freight movements by international shipping was revised by correlating the tonnes carried for each State/Territory to estimates of State/Territory based commodity exports rather than National aggregates. In previous editions of the ATF, the ACG has raised concerns regarding the decline in reported bunkers uplifted in Australia from 2000/01 onwards. The ACG suggested that a possible factor influencing the decline was the increased use of foreign vessels on the coast and the possibility that these vessels would endeavour to bunker offshore to avail themselves of lower bunker prices. However, the 2005/06 bunker sales statistics demonstrated a substantial increase relative to the previous year. The ACG then assessed the 2005/06 sales against the methodology adopted by the ACG to reconcile historical sales and other efficiency benchmarks. It was concluded that the 2005/06 data was consistent with that expected. After querying the Federal Authority responsible for the statistics (DIISR), they advise that not all fuel providors responded to their surveys for 2001/02 to 2004/05. The ACG then revised the adjusting methodology for those years; Revision to commodity projections by ABARE. 1.4 ESTIMATING TRANSPORT EMISSIONS AND FORECASTING TRANSPORT TRENDS The ACG suite of transport models (Aus e Tran) is a multi modal, multi fuel and multi regional macro-economic and demographic based computational model of the Australian transport sector. Aus e Tran comprises of seven (7) models represented by the major Australian transport modes: road transport model (Aus e RT); light and heavy rail model (Aus e Rail); domestic air transport model (Aus e Dair); international air transport model (Aus e air); domestic sea transport model (Aus e Coast); international sea transport model (Aus e ship); non-urban gas and oil pipeline model (Aus e Pipe). The principal object of Aus e Tran is to provide mid range projections of regional, State/Territory and national transport task, fuel consumed and emissions by task, vehicle type, fuel and emission type. In so doing, the models provide: a policy sensitive analytical framework of the Australian transport task, fuel consumed and emissions (including the ability to represent policy outcomes with regard to the Australian Design Rules); projections at the capital city, urban and non-urban level for each State and Territory; analysis at a State/Territory level and projections of vehicle stock (for road transport) including separate models of new vehicle registration; endogenous projections of the effects of vehicle choice, State/Territory economic performance (incorporating output, prices, employment and population), fuel choice, technological innovation and travel demand. 39

52 The standard version of Aus e Tran separately models transport task, energy consumed and emissions for each State/Territory and, within each State/Territory, urban and non-urban regions. State/Territory based output is then aggregated to provide national totals according to a jurisdictional accounting framework. Appendix E summarises the scope of the models within Aus e Tran and details the fuels for which projections are prepared. Aus e Tran projections the following key emissions: methane (CH 4 ); nitrous oxide (N 2 O); oxides of nitrogen (NOx); carbon monoxide (CO); volatile organic compounds (VOCs); carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); carbon dioxide equivalence (CO 2 -e); sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ); particles represented as PM 10. In addition, Aus e RT provides estimates of 110 toxics from road travel. These are detailed in Table 1.1. The key attributes of the Aus e Tran suite of models are summarized in Box 1.1. BOX 1.1: KEY ATTRIBUTES OF THE AUS E TRAN SUITE OF MODELS Encompasses all motorised modes of transport (road, rail, sea, air and pipelines) involved in the movement of freight and passengers; Transport demand associated with each vehicle type and State/Territory is based upon the specific macro-economic, demographic and modal attributes in that State/Territory; Incorporates direct and indirect fuel consumption and emissions; Encompasses 16 fuel types, 9 key greenhouse gas emissions and 110 road transport based toxics; Based upon independent and private sector data collections; Provides a detailed assessment of the role of alternative fuels; The definition of transport task, energy and emissions separately reflects consideration of State/Territory of registration, fuel uplifted in the State/Territory, total fuel consumed, emissions generated from the total transport task and the task, energy and emissions within the jurisdictional boundaries of each State/Territory; Explicitly addresses the transport task, energy consumed and emissions by road type, vehicle type, vintage (for road vehicles), fuel type, emission type and region. 40

53 TABLE 1.1: TOXICS FORECAST BY Aus e RT ethane dimethylhexene indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Propane propane 1-butine benzo(k)fluoranthene n-butane butane propine benzo(b)fluoranthene i-butane isobutane acetylene benzo(ghi)perylene n_pentane pentane formaldehyde fluoranthene i-pentane isopentane acetaldahyde benzo(a)pyrene Hexane hexane acrolein pyrene Heptane heptane benxaldehyde perylene 1-Butene octane crotonaldehyde anthanthrene 1-Butene 2-methylhexane methacrolein benzo(b)fluorene 1-Pentene nonane butyraldehyde benzo(e)pyrene 2-Pentene 2-methylheptane isobutanaldehyde triphenylene 1,3 Hexene 3-methylhexane propionaldehyde benzo(j)fluoranthene Benzene decane hexanal dibenzo(a,j)anthacene Toluene 3-methylheptane i-valeraldehyde dibenzo(a,l)pyrene m,p-xylene Alkanes C10-C12 valeraldehyde 3,6-dimethyl-phenanthene Alkanes C>13 o-tolualdehyde benzo(a)anthracene ethylene m-tolualdehyde acenaphthylene propylene p-tolualdehyde acenapthene propadiene acetone fluorene 1-butene methylethylketone chrysene isobutene toluene phenanthrene 2-butene ethylbenzene napthalene 1,3-butadiene m,p-xylene anthracene 1-pentene o-xylene coronene 2-pentene 1,2,3 trimethylbenzene dibenzo(ah)anthracene 1-hexene 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene TeCDD, TOTAL dimethylhexene 1,3,5 trimethylbenzene PeCDD, TOTAL 1-butine styrene HxCDD, TOTAL propine benzene HpCDD, TOTAL acetylene C9 OCDD formaldehyde C10 TeCDF, TOTAL acetaldahyde C>13 PeCDF, TOTAL acrolein HxCDF, TOTAL benxaldehyde HpCDF, TOTAL crotonaldehyde OCDF methacrolein 1.5 REPORT STRUCTURE The compendium is presented in six (6) sections and a series of Appendices. Section 2 overviews the relationship between transport and the economy. Section 3 quantifies the Queensland transport task from 1984/85 to 2005/06 by mode. Section 4 commences with an overview of energy content conversion factors and full fuel cycle factors. The section details energy consumed by Queensland transport by mode and fuel type concluding with an assessment of relative energy intensity and efficiency. A detailed assessment of emissions generated by Queensland transport by mode is quantified in Section 5. The final Section summarises the analysis (on a modal basis) according to the transport task, energy consumed, energy intensity and emissions. 41

54 SECTION 2 Transport And The Economy 42

55 FIGURE 2.1: PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Gross State Product Industrial Production Private Consumption Index (1987 = 100) Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: Access Economics (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group. FIGURE 2.2: INVESTMENT AND PRICES Private Household Investment Consumer Price Index Index (1987 = 100) Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: Access Economics (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group. 43

56 FIGURE 2.3: POPULATION 220 Total Population Driver Population Population under 60 Index (1987 = 100) Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: Access Economics (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group FIGURE 2.4: EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSEHOLD UNITS Total Employment Number of Household Units Index (1987 = 100) Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: Access Economics (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group. 44

57 FIGURE 2.5: DEMOGRAPHIC RATIOS Index (1987 = 100) Persons per household Drivers per capita Population under 60 per capita Total Employment per capita Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: Access Economics (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group. FIGURE 2.6: MOTORING, PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND FUEL COST INDICES Index (1987 = 100) Note: Year refers to financial year. Sources: ABS (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group. Cost of Motoring (Private Passenger Car) Urban Public Transport Fare Costs Unleaded Petrol Price 45

58 SECTION 3 The Queensland Transport Task 46

59 3..1 ROAD 47

60 TABLE 3.1-1: TOTAL AND AVERAGE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY ROAD VEHICLES Vehicle Type Year Total Distance Mean Distance Growth In Total Distance, , as % of 1995 figures Growth In Total Distance, , as % of 2005 figures Million Km % Thousand Km Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles Rigid Trucks Articulated Trucks 2005/06 32, % % -1.91% 2004/05 32, % /04 33, % /03 32, % /02 30, % /01 29, % /98 27, % /95 26, % /91 21, % /88 18, % /85 16, % / % % 7.73% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % /06 9, % % 1.35% 2004/05 9, % /04 8, % /03 8, % /02 8, % /01 8, % /98 7, % /95 6, % /91 4, % /88 4, % /85 4, % /06 2, % % 0.71% 2004/05 2, % /04 2, % /03 1, % /02 1, % /01 1, % /98 1, % /95 1, % /91 1, % / % / % /06 1, % % 3.26% 2004/05 1, % /04 1, % /03 1, % /02 1, % /01 1, % /98 1, % /95 1, % / % / % / %

61 TABLE cont: TOTAL AND AVERAGE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY ROAD VEHICLES Vehicle Type Year Total Distance Mean Distance Growth In Total Distance, , as % of 1995 figures Growth In Total Distance, , as % of 2005 figures Million Km % Thousand Km Other Truck Types Buses 2005/ % % 11.80% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % % -2.55% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % TOTAL QUEENSLAND TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/06 46, % % -0.83% 2004/05 46, % /04 46, % /03 45, % /02 43, % /01 41, % /98 38, % /95 36, % /91 28, % /88 25, % /85 22, % /06 217, % 0.79% 2004/05 215, /04 216, /03 213, /02 207, /01 200, /98 192, /95 183, /91 163, /88 155, /85 141, Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 49

62 TABLE 3.1-2: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY AREA OF OPERATION (MILLION KILOMETRES) (1) Vehicle Type Year Capital Provincial Total Rest Interstate Total Total Col City Urban Urban of State Non Urban Distance % Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles Rigid Trucks Articulated Trucks Other Truck Types 2005/06 13,940 9,645 23,586 7,314 1,302 8, % 2004/05 14,900 9,748 24,648 6,762 1,416 8, % 2003/04 16,140 9,835 25,976 6,077 1,357 7, % 2002/03 15,452 8,622 24,074 7, , % 2001/02 14,472 8,264 22,737 7,095 1,128 8, % 2000/01 13,621 7,962 21,583 6,620 1,434 8, % 1997/98 14,155 5,515 19,670 7, , % 1994/95 9,849 8,308 18,157 7,164 1,213 8, % 1990/91 9,662 5,386 15,048 5, , % 1987/88 8,189 5,800 13,989 3, , % 1984/85 6,972 5,984 12,956 2, , % 2005/ % 2004/ % 2003/ % 2002/ % 2001/ % 2000/ % 1997/ % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % 2005/06 3,322 2,522 5,843 3, , % 2004/05 3,339 2,447 5,785 3, , % 2003/04 3,204 2,090 5,294 3, , % 2002/03 3,122 1,998 5,120 2, , % 2001/02 3,074 1,930 5,004 2, , % 2000/01 3,048 2,337 5,384 2, , % 1997/98 2,915 1,709 4,623 2, , % 1994/95 2,134 1,641 3,775 2, , % 1990/91 1,666 1,249 2,914 1, , % 1987/88 1,721 1,565 3,286 1, , % 1984/85 1,379 1,429 2,808 1, , % 2005/ , % 2004/ , % 2003/ , % 2002/ , % 2001/ , % 2000/ , % 1997/ , % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % 2005/ , % 2004/ , % 2003/ , % 2002/ , % 2001/ % 2000/ % 1997/ % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % 2005/ % 2004/ % 2003/ % 2002/ % 2001/ % 2000/ % 1997/ % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % 50

63 TABLE cont: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY AREA OF OPERATION (MILLION KILOMETRES) (1) Vehicle Type Year Capital Provincial Total Rest Interstate Total Total Col City Urban Urban of State Non Urban Distance % Buses 2005/ % 2004/ % 2003/ % 2002/ % 2001/ % 2000/ % 1997/ % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % TOTAL QLD TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/06 19,035 13,237 32,272 12,067 2,240 14,307 46, % Row % 40.9% 28.4% 69.3% 25.9% 4.8% 30.7% 100.0% Col % 16.1% 36.6% 20.9% 22.1% 25.6% 22.6% 21.4% 2004/05 19,920 13,249 33,169 11,598 2,203 13,801 46, % Row % 42.4% 28.2% 70.6% 24.7% 4.7% 29.4% 100.0% Col % 17.1% 38.1% 21.9% 21.2% 22.8% 21.4% 21.8% 2003/04 20,876 12,992 33,867 10,775 2,102 12,877 46, % Row % 44.7% 27.8% 72.5% 23.1% 4.5% 27.5% 100.0% Col % 17.6% 39.5% 22.3% 19.4% 21.8% 19.8% 21.6% 2002/03 19,999 11,593 31,592 12,130 1,544 13,674 45, % Row % 44.2% 25.6% 69.8% 26.8% 3.4% 30.2% 100.0% Col % 17.0% 38.9% 21.4% 21.3% 16.4% 20.6% 21.2% 2001/02 18,908 11,059 29,967 11,316 1,879 13,196 43, % Row % 43.8% 25.6% 69.4% 26.2% 4.4% 30.6% 100.0% Col % 16.7% 39.5% 21.2% 20.1% 20.1% 20.1% 20.8% 2000/01 18,065 11,218 29,282 10,238 2,215 12,453 41, % Row % 43.3% 26.9% 70.2% 24.5% 5.3% 29.8% 100.0% Col % 16.3% 39.8% 21.0% 19.5% 26.6% 20.5% 20.9% 1997/98 18,412 8,070 26,483 11,015 1,473 12,488 38, % Row % 47.2% 20.7% 68.0% 28.3% 3.8% 32.0% 100.0% Col % 17.1% 32.6% 20.0% 21.0% 18.4% 20.7% 20.2% 1994/95 13,087 10,639 23,725 11,000 1,820 12,819 36, % Row % 35.8% 29.1% 64.9% 30.1% 5.0% 35.1% 100.0% Col % 13.6% 39.5% 19.3% 20.9% 23.3% 21.2% 19.9% 1990/91 12,102 7,319 19,421 8,040 1,359 9,399 28, % Row % 42.0% 25.4% 67.4% 27.9% 4.7% 32.6% 100.0% Col % 13.4% 38.4% 17.8% 16.9% 19.4% 17.2% 17.6% 1987/88 10,656 8,094 18,750 5,298 1,183 6,481 25, % Row % 42.2% 32.1% 74.3% 21.0% 4.7% 25.7% 100.0% Col % 12.3% 39.3% 17.5% 13.0% 15.9% 13.4% 16.2% 1984/85 9,040 8,073 17,113 4, ,881 22, % Row % 39.3% 35.1% 74.4% 21.5% 4.1% 25.6% 100.0% Col % 12.1% 46.9% 18.6% 11.5% 13.6% 11.8% 16.2% 2005/06 118,084 36, ,294 54,632 8,746 63, , /05 116,779 34, ,571 54,723 9,660 64, , /04 118,777 32, ,658 55,528 9,649 65, , /03 117,650 29, ,478 56,839 9,432 66, , /02 113,361 28, ,384 56,390 9,364 65, , /01 111,108 28, ,277 52,453 8,341 60, , /98 107,572 24, ,336 52,407 7,982 60, , /95 95,917 26, ,846 52,717 7,812 60, , /91 90,248 19, ,317 47,578 7,011 54, , /88 86,468 20, ,046 40,794 7,439 48, , /85 74,754 17,216 91,970 42,921 6,935 49, ,826 Note: (1) Differences in scope, definitions and collection methodologies do not allow accurate time series comparison. Other Notes: - nil or negligible. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 51

64 TABLE 3.1-3: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY FUEL TYPE AND ADR, 2005/06 (MILLION KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Fuel ADR Total Articulated Trucks 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 1.3 Unleaded PreADR 0.1 ADR36/ ADR80/ Diesel PreADR ADR70/ ADR80/ Total Sub total Buses 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 6.4 Unleaded PreADR 0.8 ADR36/ ADR80/ Diesel PreADR ADR70/ ADR80/ LPG/petrol PreADR 6.8 ADR80/ CNG PreADR 10.6 ADR80/ LPG PreADR 0.1 ADR80/ Biodiesel ADR70/ ADR80/ Total Sub total Light Commercial Vehicles 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 5.8 Unleaded PreADR 94.8 ADR36/ ADR37/ ADR79/ ADR79/ Diesel PreADR ADR70/ ADR79/ LPG/petrol PreADR ADR79/ ADR79/ CNG PreADR 0.1 LPG PreADR 24.1 ADR79/ ADR79/ Total Sub total Motorcycles 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 44.1 Unleaded PreADR Total Sub total

65 TABLE cont: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY FUEL TYPE AND ADR, 2005/06 (MILLION KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Fuel ADR Total Passenger Vehicles 2006 Leaded Petrol ADR26/ ADR27A 22.4 ADR27AtoC 84.1 PreADR 27.8 Unleaded ADR37/ ADR37/ ADR79/ ADR79/ Diesel PreADR ADR70/ ADR79/ LPG/petrol PreADR ADR79/ ADR79/ CNG PreADR 3.8 LPG PreADR 47.4 ADR79/ ADR79/ Petrohol ADR37/ ADR79/ ADR79/ Hybrid ADR37/ ADR79/ ADR79/ Electric ADR37/ ADR37/ Total Sub total Rigid Trucks 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 0.4 Unleaded PreADR 1.4 ADR36/ ADR80/ ADR80/ Diesel PreADR ADR70/ ADR80/ LPG/petrol PreADR 12.5 ADR80/ CNG PreADR 0.2 LPG PreADR Total Sub total

66 TABLE cont: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY FUEL TYPE AND ADR, 2005/06 (MILLION KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Fuel ADR Total Other Trucks 2006 Leaded Petrol PreADR 1.8 Unleaded PreADR 0.1 ADR36/ ADR80/ Diesel PreADR 17.9 ADR70/ ADR80/ LPG PreADR Total 75.2 Sub total 75.2 Note: Numbers may not compare due to rounding. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 54

67 TABLE 3.1-4: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY PURPOSE (MILLION KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Business Business Business (1) To and from Private All Purposes - Laden - Unladen work - paid Travel and unpaid Total % Total % Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles (2) Rigid Trucks (2) Articulated Trucks 2005/06 n.a. n.a. 6, % 10, , , % 2004/05 n.a. n.a. 7, % 8, , , % 2003/04 n.a. n.a. 7, % 8, , , % 2002/03 n.a. n.a. 7, % 6, , , % 2001/02 n.a. n.a. 8, % 6, , , % 2000/01 n.a. n.a. 6, % 7, , , % 1997/98 n.a. n.a. 5, % 6, , , % 1994/95 n.a. n.a. 5, % 7, , , % 1990/91 n.a. n.a. 5, % 4, , , % 1987/88 n.a. n.a. 4, % 4, , , % 1984/85 n.a. n.a. 3, % 3, , , % 2005/06 n.a. n.a % % 2004/05 n.a. n.a % % 2003/04 n.a. n.a % % 2002/03 n.a. n.a % % 2001/02 n.a. n.a % % 2000/01 n.a. n.a % % 1997/98 n.a. n.a % % 1994/95 n.a. n.a % % 1990/91 n.a. n.a % % 1987/88 n.a. n.a % % 1984/85 n.a. n.a % % 2005/06 4, , , % 1, , , % 2004/05 4, , , % 1, , , % 2003/04 4, , , % 1, , , % 2002/03 3, , , % 1, , , % 2001/02 3, , , % 1, , , % 2000/01 3, , , % 1, , , % 1997/98 3, , , % 1, , , % 1994/95 3, , % 1, , , % 1990/91 2, , % , , % 1987/88 1, , % , , % 1984/85 1, , % , , % 2005/06 1, , % , % 2004/05 1, , % , % 2003/04 1, , % , % 2002/03 1, , % , % 2001/02 1, , % , % 2000/01 1, , % , % 1997/98 1, , % , % 1994/95 1, , % , % 1990/ , % , % 1987/ % % 1984/ % % 2005/06 1, , % 1.1-1, % 2004/05 1, , % 2.2-1, % 2003/04 1, , % 2.2-1, % 2002/03 1, , % 1.2-1, % 2001/ , % 1.0-1, % 2000/ , % 1.1-1, % 1997/ , % 1.3-1, % 1994/ , % 2.2-1, % 1990/ % % 1987/ % % 1984/ % % 55

68 TABLE cont: DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY PURPOSE (MILLION KILOMETRES) Other Trucks Buses (2) 2005/06 n.a. n.a % % 2004/05 n.a. n.a % % 2003/04 n.a. n.a % % 2002/03 n.a. n.a % % 2001/02 n.a. n.a % % 2000/01 n.a. n.a % % 1997/98 n.a. n.a % % 1994/95 n.a. n.a % % 1990/91 n.a. n.a % % 1987/88 n.a. n.a % % 1984/85 n.a. n.a % % 2005/06 n.a. n.a % % 2004/05 n.a. n.a % % 2003/04 n.a. n.a % % 2002/03 n.a. n.a % % 2001/02 n.a. n.a % % 2000/01 n.a. n.a % % 1997/98 n.a. n.a % % 1994/95 n.a. n.a % % 1990/91 n.a. n.a % % 1987/88 n.a. n.a % % 1984/85 n.a. n.a % % TOTAL QUEENSLAND 2005/06 n.a. n.a. 17, % 11, , , % 2004/05 n.a. n.a. 17, % 10, , , % 2003/04 n.a. n.a. 17, % 9, , , % 2002/03 n.a. n.a. 16, % 8, , , % 2001/02 n.a. n.a. 17, % 8, , , % 2000/01 n.a. n.a. 14, % 9, , , % 1997/98 n.a. n.a. 13, % 7, , , % 1994/95 n.a. n.a. 12, % 9, , , % 1990/91 n.a. n.a. 10, % 6, , , % 1987/88 n.a. n.a. 8, % 5, , , % 1984/85 n.a. n.a. 7, % 4, , , % Notes: (1) Includes business travel of non-load-carrying vehicles including travel for light commercial vehicles where the laden/unladen distance could not be obtained. (2) Differences in scope, definitions and collection methodologies do not allow meaningful time series comparison. Other Notes: n.a. data not available. - nil or negligible. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Sources: ABS SMVU, various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 56

69 TABLE 3.1-5: PASSENGER TASK BY AREA OF OPERATION (1) (MILLION PASSENGER-KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Urban Non-Urban Total Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 1995 figures Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 2005 figures Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles Rigid Trucks 2005/06 36, , , % -3.9% 2004/05 38, , , /04 40, , , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 52, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 50, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 48, /98 31, , , /95 29, , , /91 23, , , /88 22, , , /85 20, , , / % 8.1% 2004/ / /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a / / / / / /06 7, , , % 0.5% 2004/05 7, , , /04 6, , , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11, /98 6, , , /95 5, , , /91 4, , , /88 4, , , /85 4, , , /06 1, , % -0.6% 2004/05 1, , /04 1, , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2, /98 1, , /95 1, , / , / , / ,

70 TABLE cont: PASSENGER TASK BY AREA OF OPERATION (1) (MILLION PASSENGER-KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Urban Non-Urban Total Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 1995 figures Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 2005 figures Articulated Trucks Other Truck Types Buses 2005/ , , % 3.3% 2004/ , , / , , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1, / , , / , / / / / % 10.7% 2004/ / /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a / / / / / /06 2, , , % -12.7% 2004/05 2, , , /04 2, , , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3, /98 1, , , /95 1, , / / / ,

71 TABLE cont: PASSENGER TASK BY AREA OF OPERATION (1) (MILLION PASSENGER-KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Year Urban Non-Urban Total Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 1995 figures Growth In Total pass-km , as % of 2005 figures TOTAL QLD 2005/06 49, , , % -3.3% Row % 69% 31% 100% Col % 22% 22% 22% 2004/05 50, , , Row % 69% 31% 100% Col % 22% 22% 22% 2003/04 51, , , Row % 70% 30% 100% Col % 23% 21% 22% 2002/03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 72, Row % n.a. n.a. 100% Col % n.a. n.a. 22% 2001/02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 68, Row % n.a. n.a. 100% Col % n.a. n.a. 21% 2000/01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 67, Row % n.a. n.a. 100% Col % n.a. n.a. 21% 1997/98 42, , , Row % 65% 35% 100% Col % n.a. n.a. 21% 1994/95 38, , , Row % 62% 38% 100% Col % 20% 21% 20% 1990/91 29, , , Row % 66% 34% 100% Col % 17% 16% 17% 1987/88 28, , , Row % 72% 28% 100% Col % 17% 12% 15% 1984/85 26, , , Row % 72% 28% 100% Col % 18% 11% 15% TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/06 226, , , /05 226, , , /04 228, , , /03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 332, /02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 324, /01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 319, /98 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 312, /95 194, , , /91 173, , , /88 172, , , /95 147, , , Note: (1) Differences in scope, definitions and collection methodologies do not allow accurate time series comparison. Other Notes: n.a. not available. Figures in italics are vehicle occupancy rates. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 59

72 TABLE 3.1-6: TONNES CARRIED BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (MILLION TONNES) Vehicle Type Number Light Commercial Vehicles (1) Rigid Trucks (1) Articulated Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

73 TABLE cont: TONNES CARRIED BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (MILLION TONNES) Vehicle Type Number TOTAL, QLD TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/ Col % 23.2% 2004/ Col % 22.7% 2003/ Col % 21.7% 2002/ Col % 20.8% 2001/ Col % 20.6% 2000/ Col % 20.3% 1997/ Col % 21.6% 1994/ Col % 22.7% 1990/ Col % 21.0% 1987/ Col % 19.3% 1984/ Col % 17.7% 2005/06 2, /05 2, /04 2, /03 1, /02 1, /01 1, /98 1, /95 1, /91 1, /88 1, /85 1, Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 61

74 TABLE 3.1-7: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (MILLION TONNE-KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Area of Operation All Areas Column Total Per Cent Capital Provincial Urban Column Rest of Interstate Non-Urban Column City Urban Subtotal Per Cent State Subtotal Per Cent Light Commercial Vehicles (1) Rigid Trucks (1) Articulated Trucks SUBTOTAL - Trucks 2005/ , % % 2, % 2004/05 1, , % % 2, % 2003/ , % % 2, % 2002/ , % % 1, % 2001/ , % % 1, % 2000/ % % 1, % 1997/ % % 1, % 1994/ % % 1, % 1990/ % % 1, % 1987/ % % 1, % 1984/ % % % 2005/06 3,909 2,106 6, % 3, , % 9, % 2004/05 3,164 1,861 5, % 2, , % 8, % 2003/04 2,913 1,727 4, % 4, , % 8, % 2002/03 2,815 1,519 4, % 3, , % 8, % 2001/02 2,880 1,421 4, % 2, , % 7, % 2000/01 2,842 1,763 4, % 1, , % 6, % 1997/98 2,275 1,838 4, % 1, , % 6, % 1994/95 1,917 1,652 3, % 2, , % 6, % 1990/91 1,835 1,461 3, % 1, , % 5, % 1987/88 1, , % , % 3, % 1984/85 1, , % , % 2, % 2005/06 5,075 2,965 8, % 20,294 12,197 32, % 40, % 2004/05 4,185 2,836 7, % 18,729 14,898 33, % 40, % 2003/04 3,667 2,536 6, % 16,017 13,793 29, % 36, % 2002/03 3,302 2,199 5, % 14,125 9,879 24, % 29, % 2001/02 3,122 2,267 5, % 14,862 8,091 22, % 28, % 2000/01 3,106 1,717 4, % 12,517 8,573 21, % 25, % 1997/98 3,924 2,253 6, % 10,965 7,898 18, % 25, % 1994/95 2,418 1,402 3, % 10,772 7,059 17, % 21, % 1990/91 1,778 1,846 3, % 5,863 3,629 9, % 13, % 1987/88 1,654 1,877 3, % 4,399 3,561 7, % 11, % 1984/85 1,336 1,570 2, % 3,447 1,587 5, % 7, % 2005/06 8,984 5,071 14, % 23,534 12,626 36, % 50, % 2004/05 7,349 4,696 12, % 21,325 15,398 36, % 48, % 2003/04 6,580 4,263 10, % 20,188 13,875 34, % 44, % 2002/03 6,117 3,718 9, % 17,901 10,541 28, % 38, % 2001/02 6,002 3,688 9, % 17,691 8,294 25, % 35, % 2000/01 5,948 3,480 9, % 14,211 8,890 23, % 32, % 1997/98 6,199 4,091 10, % 12,822 8,071 20, % 31, % 1994/95 4,334 3,054 7, % 13,140 7,288 20, % 27, % 1990/91 3,613 3,306 6, % 7,548 3,807 11, % 18, % 1987/88 2,849 2,805 5, % 5,362 3,750 9, % 14, % 1984/85 2,397 2,465 4, % 4,407 1,662 6, % 10, % 62

75 TABLE cont: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (MILLION TONNE-KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Area of Operation All Areas Column Total Per Cent Capital Provincial Urban Column Rest of Interstate Non-Urban Column City Urban Subtotal Per Cent State Subtotal Per Cent TOTAL QLD 2005/06 9,925 5,600 15, ,339 12,656 36, ,519.. Row % 18.90% 10.66% 29.56% % 24.10% 70.44% %.. Col% 23.86% 30.77% 25.97% % 24.85% 26.33% % /05 8,624 5,063 13, ,801 15,406 37, ,894.. Row % 16.94% 9.95% 26.89% % 30.27% 73.11% %.. Col% 20.83% 34.75% 24.45% % 32.40% 27.16% % /04 7,553 4,830 12, ,766 13,903 34, ,052.. Row % 16.05% 10.27% 26.32% % 29.55% 73.68% %.. Col% 20.75% 39.43% 25.45% % 32.47% 26.96% % /03 6,651 4,345 10, ,522 10,563 29, ,081.. Row % 16.59% 10.84% 27.43% % 26.36% 72.57% %.. Col% 19.09% 35.96% 23.44% % 25.31% 25.02% % /02 6,808 4,072 10, ,308 8,317 26, ,505.. Row % 18.15% 10.86% 29.01% % 22.17% 70.99% %.. Col% 20.25% 36.38% 24.28% % 22.05% 24.69% % /01 6,318 4,074 10, ,813 8,934 23, ,139.. Row % 18.51% 11.93% 30.44% % 26.17% 69.56% %.. Col% 18.80% 40.62% 23.82% % 24.28% 22.32% % /98 6,838 4,427 11, ,274 8,077 21, ,616.. Row % 20.96% 13.57% 34.54% % 24.76% 65.46% %.. Col% 18.94% 37.06% 23.45% % 24.98% 21.59% % /95 4,723 3,397 8, ,639 7,366 21, ,125.. Row % 16.22% 11.66% 27.88% % 25.29% 72.12% %.. Col% 16.40% 28.46% 19.94% % 26.30% 24.36% % /91 3,996 3,573 7, ,884 3,827 11, ,281.. Row % 20.73% 18.53% 39.26% % 19.85% 60.74% %.. Col% 16.66% 40.46% 23.07% % 18.19% 17.40% % /88 3,340 3,147 6, ,716 3,815 9, ,017.. Row % 20.85% 19.65% 40.50% % 23.82% 59.50% %.. Col% 13.93% 34.40% 19.58% % 20.12% 16.05% 17.31% 1984/85 2,672 2,670 5, ,685 1,700 6, ,726.. Row % 22.79% 22.77% 45.56% % 14.49% 54.44% %.. Col% 15.42% 32.60% 20.93% % 10.67% 12.80% %.. TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/06 41,590 18,196 59, ,561 50, , , /05 41,401 14,572 55, ,438 47, , , /04 36,398 12,251 48, ,787 42, , , /03 34,831 12,081 46, ,497 41, , , /02 33,614 11,193 44, ,103 37, , , /01 33,601 10,028 43, ,593 36, , , /98 36,100 11,946 48, ,551 32,337 98, , /95 28,788 11,937 40, ,230 28,004 86, , /91 23,982 8,833 32, ,256 21,036 67, , /88 23,981 9,149 33, ,416 18,961 59, , /85 17,331 8,190 25, ,952 15,932 49, ,405.. Note: (1) Differences in scope, definition and collection methodologies may not allow accurate time series comparison. Other Notes:.. not applicable. Numbers may not add due to rounding. Sources: ABS SMVU various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 63

76 TABLE 3.1-8: FREIGHT INTENSITY (TKM/GDP) YEAR TKM/GDP 1987/ / / / / / / / / / Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 64

77 TABLE 3.1-9: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND ROAD TRANSPORT TASK Urban Non-Urban Total Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (million) 2005/06 32,272 14,307 46, /05 33,169 13,801 46, /04 33,867 12,877 46, /03 31,592 13,674 45, /02 29,967 13,196 43, /01 29,282 12,453 41, /98 26,483 12,488 38, /95 23,725 12,819 36, /91 19,421 9,399 28, /88 18,750 6,481 25, /85 17,113 5,881 22,994 Passenger-Kilometres (million) 2005/06 49,311 22,284 71, /05 50,798 23,220 74, /04 51,943 22,496 74, /03 n.a. n.a. 72, /02 n.a. n.a. 68, /01 n.a. n.a. 67, /98 42,219 22,834 65, /95 38,117 23,370 61, /91 29,846 15,611 45, /88 28,994 11,206 40, /85 26,519 10,209 36,728 Tonnes Carried (million) 2005/06 n.a. n.a /05 n.a. n.a /04 n.a. n.a /03 n.a. n.a /02 n.a. n.a /01 n.a. n.a /98 n.a. n.a /95 n.a. n.a /91 n.a. n.a /88 n.a. n.a /85 n.a. n.a. 185 Tonne-Kilometres (million) 2005/06 15,525 36,995 52, /05 13,687 37,207 50, /04 12,383 34,669 47, /03 10,996 29,085 40, /02 10,880 26,624 37, /01 10,392 23,747 34, /98 11,265 21,351 32, /95 8,119 21,005 29, /91 7,570 11,711 19, /88 6,487 9,530 16, /85 5,342 6,384 11,726 n.a. not available. Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 65

78 3..2 RAIL 66

79 TABLE 3.2-1: PASSENGER TASK UNDERTAKEN BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS AREA OF OPERATION Urban Non-Urban Total Pass-train-km Pass-journeys Pass-km Pass-train-km Pass-journeys Pass-km Pass-train-km Pass-journeys Pass-km (million) (million) (billion) (million) (million) (billion) (million) (million) (billion) QLD 2005/06 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a % 11.97% n.a % 10.01% n.a % 11.58% 2004/05 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a % 11.67% n.a % 13.41% n.a % 12.02% 2003/04 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a % 11.63% n.a % 14.05% n.a % 12.13% 2002/03 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a. 9.81% 10.71% n.a % 15.65% n.a. 9.85% 11.78% 2001/02 n.a n.a Col % n.a. 9.65% 11.48% n.a % 16.14% n.a. 9.70% 12.57% 2000/01 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a. 9.04% 11.13% n.a % 16.66% n.a. 9.10% 12.39% 1997/98 n.a n.a n.a Col % n.a. 9.47% 10.64% n.a % 14.32% n.a. 9.49% 11.47% 1994/ Col % 9.89% 9.06% 9.74% 13.35% 11.84% 13.98% 10.55% 9.11% 10.71% 1990/ Col % 10.80% 10.37% 11.69% 13.50% 10.64% 12.68% 11.40% 10.37% 11.95% 1987/ Col % 10.53% 11.35% 11.59% 14.60% 11.88% 10.00% 11.73% 11.37% 11.12% 1984/ Col % 9.06% 10.92% 9.77% 14.91% 16.16% 12.95% 11.04% 11.06% 10.69% Australia 2005/06 n.a n.a n.a /05 n.a n.a n.a /04 n.a n.a n.a /03 n.a n.a n.a /02 n.a n.a n.a /01 n.a n.a n.a /98 n.a n.a n.a / / / /

80 Table Non-urban passenger journeys include inter city and inter system. For passenger journeys, inter-system traffic is included in the total for each system over which it passes. n.a. not available. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Queensland Rail (2006). Queensland Rail (2007), pers. comm. 68

81 TABLE 3.2-2: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS (1) System Year Goods Train km (million) Tonnes Carried Net tonne-km (million) (billion) Interstate Intrastate Total Interstate Intrastate Total Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Qld Based Operators (2) 2005/06 n.a Col % n.a % 7.7% 52.4% 15.9% 50.8% 51.7% 13.6% 48.9% - 5.2% 4.4% 64.7% 24.1% 59.8% 60.3% 10.0% 43.4% 2004/05 n.a Col % n.a % 4.1% 50.2% 46.8% 50.1% 49.7% 23.9% 48.3% - 2.9% 2.5% 59.4% 81.0% 60.8% 55.7% 14.9% 43.4% 2003/04 n.a Col % n.a % % 49.5% 41.5% 49.3% 49.0% 16.4% 47.4% % 80.5% 59.9% 54.7% 11.2% 42.3% 2002/03 n.a Col % n.a % 9.0% 49.7% 49.9% 3.5% 47.6% % 31.3% 61.8% 57.8% 2.7% 43.7% 2001/02 n.a Col % n.a. 1.3% - 0.5% 50.9% 9.6% 50.1% 50.2% 3.9% 48.1% 0.2% % 61.7% 26.1% 60.4% 56.7% 3.1% 44.5% 2000/ Col % 39.5% 1.4% - 0.5% 50.2% 8.8% 49.4% 49.5% 3.8% 47.4% 0.2% - 0.1% 61.5% 26.5% 60.2% 56.8% 3.3% 45.1% 1997/ Col % 47.7% 1.4% - 0.4% 47.3% 8.2% 46.5% 46.7% 3.3% 44.5% 0.2% % 60.5% 19.2% 58.5% 55.9% 2.7% 42.6% 1994/ Col % 43.4% % 5.6% 49.1% 49.5% 2.8% 46.7% % 18.9% 60.8% 56.3% 3.0% 44.0% 1990/ Col % 34.8% % 12.4% 48.9% 5.1% 47.6% 47.5% 13.2% 43.9% - 2.3% 1.7% 60.9% 17.8% 58.7% 55.3% 4.7% 43.0% 1987/ n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a Col % 36.0% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 42.6% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 41.3% 1984/ n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a Col % 33.3% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 40.8% n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 41.0% 69

82 TABLE cont: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS (1) System Year Goods Train km (million) Tonnes Carried Net tonne-km (million) (billion) Interstate Intrastate Total Interstate Intrastate Total Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Non- All Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Bulk Cargoes Qld- Jurisdictional 2005/06 n.a Col % n.a % 9.2% 8.1% 64.7% 47.4% 62.6% 60.4% 18.9% 46.5% 2004/05 n.a Col % n.a % 8.2% 7.3% 59.4% 80.8% 60.8% 55.9% 19.4% 44.9% 2003/04 n.a Col % n.a % 8.9% 7.8% 58.7% 80.5% 59.9% 54.9% 18.9% 44.6% 2002/03 n.a Col % n.a % 9.0% 7.5% 62.8% 31.3% 61.8% 57.9% 10.9% 45.9% 2001/02 n.a Col % n.a % 1.2% 1.0% 61.7% 26.1% 60.4% 56.7% 4.2% 44.8% 2000/01 n.a Col % n.a % 1.3% 1.0% 61.5% 26.5% 60.2% 56.8% 4.4% 45.3% 1997/98 n.a Col % n.a % 2.1% 1.7% 60.5% 19.2% 58.5% 55.9% 4.5% 43.0% 1994/95 n.a Col % n.a % 2.7% 1.9% 63.1% 18.9% 60.8% 56.3% 5.3% 44.5% 1990/91 n.a Col % n.a % 2.7% 2.7% 60.9% 17.8% 58.7% 55.5% 5.0% 43.2% 1987/88 n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a Col % n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 41.3% 1984/85 n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a Col % n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 41.0% Australia 2005/06 n.a /05 n.a /04 n.a /03 n.a /02 n.a / / / / / n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a / n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a

83 Table Notes: (1) Relates to paying goods and includes urban, non-urban and inter-system traffic. (2) Includes QR. Other Notes: n.a. not available. - nil or negligible. The 2005/06 totals have been adjusted for hook and pull traffics. Bulk includes briquettes, minerals and quarry, grains (including rice), bulk fertiliser, petroleum, iron and steel, cement and gypsum. Non-bulk includes all other commodity groups including containers and cargo carried by forwarding agents. Does not include adjustment for approximately 0.12 btkm of freight north of Acacia Ridge. Jurisdictional estimates are based upon state/territory embarkation. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimate. Pacific National (2007), pers. comm. Queensland Rail (2007), pers. comm. 71

84 TABLE 3.2-3: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY ANCILLARY FREIGHT RAILWAYS Type of Railway Tonnes Carried Net Tonne-km (million) (million) Queensland 2005/ Col % 12.43% 0.84% 2004/ Col % 13.80% 0.96% 2003/ Col % 14.51% 1.05% 2002/ Col % 17.89% 1.32% 2001/ Col % 19.23% 1.50% 2000/ Col % 20.63% 1.72% 1997/ Col % 19.82% 1.65% 1994/ Col % 20.55% 1.76% 1990/ Col % 19.96% 1.82% 1987/ Col % 21.27% 2.08% 1984/ Col % 22.78% 2.30% Australia 2005/ , / , / , / , / , / , / , / , / , / , / , Excludes cargoes carried by H&R operators for in-house services. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). ASMC (2007), pers. comm. Comalco (2005), pers. comm. 72

85 TABLE 3.2-4: SUMMARY OF THE QUEENSLAND RAIL TASK TASK LIGHT RAIL HIRE & REWARD HEAVY RAIL ANCILLARY HEAVY RAIL TOTAL Urban Urban Non-Urban Urban Non-Urban Urban Non-Urban Passenger-Journeys 2005/ (million) 2004/ / / / / / / / / / Passenger-km 2005/ (billion) 2004/ / / / / / / / / / Net Tonne-km 2005/ (billion) (1) 2004/ / / / / / / / / /

86 Table Note: (1) Jurisdictional. Other Note: - nil or negligible. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimate. ASMC (2007) pers. comm. Comalco (2005), pers. comm. Pacific National (2007), pers. comm. Queensland Rail (2006). Queensland Rail (2007), pers. comm. 74

87 3..3 SEA 75

88 TABLE 3.3-1: TOTAL TRANSPORT EARNINGS ON AUSTRALIA S EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AND BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT ($A MILLION) OPERATOR/ITEM 1990/ / / / / / / / /06 AUSTRALIAN RESIDENT OPERATORS FREIGHT ON EXPORTS 1,017 1,127 1, FREIGHT ON IMPORTS TOTAL FREIGHT EARNINGS SHIPPING 8,777 9,431 10,205 11,472 11,329 10,749 10,355 10,442 8,478 AIRLINES 1,132 1,677 1,789 2,043 1,926 1,997 2,005 2,670 2,931 OTHER TRANSPORT SERVICES TOTAL 9,909 11,108 11,994 13,515 13,255 12,746 12,360 13,112 11,409 BALANCE ON CURRENT ACCOUNT SHIPPING - AUSTRALIA n.a OTHER n.a. -27,328-22,690-18,434-20,756-41,783-47,035-57,601-54,526 TOTAL n.a. -27,570-22,818-18,334-20,550-41,581-46,828-57,355-54,420 - nil or negligible. n.a. not available. Australian resident shipping freight on imports and foreign operators freight on exports estimated by ACG Pty Ltd. Sources: ABS (2007), pers. comm. ABS, Balance Of Payments, Australia, Cat. No ABS, Foreign Trade Section, pers. comm. ASA (2007). 76

89 TABLE 3.3-2: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING (1) Commodity Mass-tonnes (million) Mass tonne-km (billion) Intrastate Interstate Total Intrastate Interstate Total Iron ore Petroleum oil Bauxite/Alumina Petroleum products Other cargo QUEENSLAND 2005/ Col % 76.55% 11.69% 35.70% 88.56% 11.40% 33.73% 2004/ Col % 70.91% 13.20% 35.00% 89.14% 11.85% 33.19% 2003/ Col % 64.32% 13.01% 32.39% 80.02% 11.28% 30.26% 2002/ Col % 64.84% 11.07% 31.38% 80.23% 8.95% 28.63% 2001/ Col % 62.27% 10.68% 30.21% 77.55% 8.15% 27.45% 2000/ Col % 66.00% 10.45% 30.59% 77.17% 8.97% 29.21% 1997/ Col % 86.05% 11.85% 37.56% % 10.58% 34.04% 1994/ Col % 65.01% 7.33% 25.52% 82.87% 5.16% 22.42% 1990/ Col % 63.58% 8.96% 28.75% 82.44% 7.05% 26.63% 1987/ Col % 62.56% 12.47% 28.65% 84.31% 10.44% 26.29% 1984/ Col % 60.12% 6.19% 21.79% 82.73% 4.54% 18.87% AUSTRALIA 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Note: (1) Cargo loaded. Apelbaum Consulting Group estimates for tkm. Other Notes: Numbers may not add due to rounding. - nil or negligible. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). BTRE (2007), pers. comm. 77

90 TABLE 3.3-3: DOMESTIC FREIGHT FLOWS (THOUSAND TONNES) ORIGIN DESTINATION NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT TOTAL PER CENT NSW VIC QLD SA 2005/ , , , % 2004/ , , , % 2003/ , , , % 2002/ , , , % 2001/02 1,200 1, , , % 2000/01 1,021 2, , , % 1997/98 3,088 1, , , % 1994/95 1,361 1, , , % 1990/91 1, , % 1987/88 1, , % 1984/85 1, , , % 2005/06 2, , ,947-7, % 2004/05 2, ,607-6, % 2003/04 2, , , % 2002/03 3, ,590-6, % 2001/02 2, , , % 2000/01 3, , ,889-7, % 1997/98 3, , , , % 1994/95 4, , , , % 1990/91 4, , , , % 1987/88 2, , ,364-9, % 1984/85 5, , ,558 1, , % 2005/06 1, , , % 2004/05 2, , , % 2003/04 2, , , % 2002/03 1,970 1,006 12, , % 2001/02 1, , , % 2000/01 2, , , % 1997/98 1, , , % 1994/95 1, , , % 1990/91 1, , , % 1987/88 2, , , % 1984/85 1, , , % 2005/06 2,125 1, , , % 2004/05 2,233 1, , , % 2003/04 2,035 1, , , % 2002/03 2,342 1, , , % 2001/02 2,283 1, , , % 2000/01 2,071 1, , , % 1997/98 2,328 1, , , % 1994/95 2,571 1,044 1,223 1, , % 1990/91 1, , , % 1987/88 1, , , % 1984/85 1, , , % 78

91 TABLE cont: DOMESTIC FREIGHT FLOWS (THOUSAND TONNES) ORIGIN DESTINATION NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT TOTAL PER CENT WA TAS NT 2005/06 6,102 1, , , % 2004/05 5,490 1, , , % 2003/04 6,031 2, , , % 2002/03 5,603 1,399 1, , , % 2001/02 5,385 1, , , % 2000/01 5,075 1, , , % 1997/98 8,142 1, ,050 2, , % 1994/95 7,599 1, , , % 1990/91 6, , , % 1987/88 6, , , % 1984/85 6, , , % 2005/06 1,970 3, , % 2004/05 2,304 3, , % 2003/04 1,987 3, , % 2002/03 1,981 3, , % 2001/02 1,942 2, ,122-6, % 2000/01 1,760 2, , % 1997/ , , % 1994/95 1,905 1, , % 1990/91 1,004 1, , % 1987/ , , % 1984/ , % 2005/ % 2004/ , % 2003/ % 2002/ % 2001/ % 2000/ % 1997/ % 1994/ % 1990/ % 1987/ % 1984/ % TOTAL 2005/06 14,287 8,216 19,595 4,933 3,589 4, , % 2004/05 14,762 8,922 16,530 4,928 3,602 4, , % 2003/04 15,010 9,306 15,153 4,632 4,663 4, , % 2002/03 15,899 8,121 15,916 4,311 4,621 3, , % 2001/02 15,397 7,734 15,408 4,566 4,048 4, , % 2000/01 16,027 8,553 15,362 3,600 4,599 3, , % 1997/98 19,731 7,183 14,125 4,375 3,424 3, , % 1994/95 19,315 5,886 14,302 3,512 2,504 3, , % 1990/91 16,686 4,685 13,664 3,371 2,218 3, , % 1987/88 15,973 3,726 13,898 4,343 2,050 3, , % 1984/85 17,398 3,303 11,940 3,470 3,313 3, , % - nil or negligible. Zeros have been retained to avoid rounding errors. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). BTRE (2007), pers comm. 79

92 TABLE 3.3-4: CARGO MOVEMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING (MILLION TONNES) Region2005ImportedtoQuenslandExportedfromQuensland/02004/02003/02002/02001/0200/01997/91994/91990/91987/81984/82005/02004/02003/02002/02001/0200/01997/91994/91990/91987/81984/ North America & Hawaiin Islands Col % 14.8% 13.5% 11.9% 11.6% 11.7% 13.2% 11.8% 15.5% 18.6% 22.5% 15.8% 15.9% 15.6% 17.3% 14.5% 18.0% 21.4% 19.8% 23.4% 32.7% 21.6% 26.1% Australia South America Col % 18.5% 16.2% 17.5% 5.7% 17.5% 4.1% 5.5% 7.3% 7.1% 7.1% 15.2% 87.9% 85.3% 75.7% 71.3% 77.4% 77.1% 61.5% 63.4% 65.9% 68.6% 70.9% Australia Europe (incl USSR) Col % 12.6% 10.5% 10.5% 11.0% 10.9% 9.8% 11.2% 9.5% 8.7% 5.6% 3.8% 66.8% 63.1% 55.6% 54.5% 55.5% 52.0% 39.4% 36.1% 34.8% 38.3% 35.6% Australia Africa Col % 17.7% 5.7% 6.7% 4.8% 5.9% 5.2% 3.9% 7.4% 4.8% 3.1% 4.2% 34.4% 32.7% 27.5% 31.2% 24.9% 25.7% 33.3% 56.0% 38.6% 29.1% 15.6% Australia Eastern Asia Col % 28.7% 26.1% 23.3% 21.2% 27.6% 23.3% 23.7% 18.0% 14.4% 9.9% 10.8% 20.7% 21.5% 22.4% 23.0% 23.2% 22.8% 20.2% 21.1% 22.1% 22.9% 22.3% Australia Other Asia Col % 24.2% 24.5% 26.0% 24.7% 21.0% 23.6% 22.7% 19.2% 22.7% 6.2% 7.5% 38.2% 39.0% 35.9% 38.3% 34.7% 33.0% 25.6% 36.7% 31.1% 29.7% 15.1% Australia Papua NG, New Zealand, Pacific Isl Col % 50.2% 58.5% 57.5% 62.3% 55.4% 55.9% 50.9% 56.2% 48.5% 8.0% 5.6% 21.1% 19.4% 26.4% 25.5% 21.6% 22.2% 23.3% 23.8% 30.0% 23.5% 8.1% Australia Area not specified or available Col % 1.3% 8.1% 5.8% 0.1% 1.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.5% 0.0% 5.6% 1.9% 0.0% 0.0% Australia

93 81 TABLE cont: CARGO MOVEMENTS UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING (MILLION TONNES) Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). BTRE (2007), pers. comm. TOTAL QUEENSLAND 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / RegionImportedtoQueenslandExportedfromQueensland2005/062004/052003/042002/032001/022000/011997/981994/951990/911987/881984/852005/062004/052003/042002/032001/022000/011997/981994/951990/911987/881984/85

94 TABLE 3.3-5: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING (BILLION TONNE-KILOMETRES) Region2005ImportedtoQuenslandExportedfromQuensland/02004/02003/02002/02001/0200/01997/91994/91990/91987/81984/82005/02004/02003/02002/02001/0200/01997/91994/91990/91987/81984/ North America & Hawaiin Islands Col % 14.2% 12.8% 11.3% 11.0% 11.1% 12.5% 11.3% 14.8% 17.7% 21.4% 14.9% 15.1% 14.5% 16.0% 13.3% 16.5% 19.4% 17.7% 21.0% 29.9% 19.8% 24.4% Australia South America Col % 18.8% 16.4% 17.8% 5.8% 17.8% 4.2% 5.6% 7.4% 7.1% 7.2% 15.3% 87.9% 85.2% 75.4% 71.2% 77.8% 77.1% 61.6% 62.3% 64.2% 66.5% 68.3% Australia Europe Col % 13.7% 11.5% 11.4% 11.9% 11.7% 10.6% 12.2% 10.3% 9.3% 6.1% 4.1% 70.9% 67.5% 60.0% 59.0% 59.9% 57.0% 44.4% 40.8% 38.9% 42.7% 39.5% Australia Africa Col % 20.6% 6.7% 8.0% 5.7% 7.0% 6.2% 4.8% 9.0% 5.9% 3.8% 4.9% 42.3% 40.1% 34.4% 37.3% 29.3% 30.7% 39.2% 62.4% 44.1% 33.7% 18.7% Australia Eastern Asia Col % 25.5% 23.1% 20.5% 18.5% 24.3% 20.4% 21.0% 15.9% 12.7% 8.6% 9.4% 17.7% 18.4% 19.3% 19.8% 20.1% 19.7% 17.5% 18.2% 19.1% 19.8% 19.2% Australia Other Asia Col % 26.7% 27.1% 28.7% 27.3% 23.2% 25.7% 25.4% 21.9% 25.4% 7.2% 8.6% 42.5% 43.3% 40.3% 42.8% 38.8% 36.7% 37.8% 41.3% 35.2% 32.6% 17.0% Australia Papua NG, Col % 50.0% 56.5% 55.6% 60.3% 54.5% 55.1% 49.2% 56.1% 47.3% 6.8% 4.0% 15.9% 13.6% 21.2% 20.4% 17.4% 18.1% 18.9% 19.3% 24.4% 19.1% 6.1% Australia Other areas Col % 1.4% 8.6% 6.4% 0.1% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 11.4% 0.0% 6.1% 2.2% 0.0% 0.0% Australia

95 83 TABLE cont: FREIGHT TASK UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING (BILLION TONNE-KILOMETRES) Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). BTRE (2007), pers. comm. RegionImportedtoQueenslandExportedfromQueensland2005/062004/052003/042002/032001/022000/011997/981994/951990/911987/881984/852005/062004/052003/042002/032001/022000/011997/981994/951990/911987/881984/85TOTAL QUEENSLAND 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / TOTAL AUSTRALIA 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

96 3..4 AIR 84

97 TABLE 3.4-1: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES (1) TASK AREA TOTAL ALL AREAS Intrastate Interstate Distance Flown (million km) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Passengers (thousand) Queensland - Total 2005/06 3, , , /05 2, , , /04 2, , , /03 2, , , /02 1, , , /01 2, , , /98 2, , , /95 1, , , /91 1, , , /88 1, , , /85 1, , ,

98 TABLE cont: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES (1) TASK AREA TOTAL ALL AREAS Intrastate Interstate Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / Col % 68.67% 12.71% 18.74% 2004/ Col % 72.76% 12.45% 18.64% 2003/ Col % 73.03% 12.20% 18.15% 2002/ Col % 71.33% 12.01% 17.87% 2001/ Col % 72.78% 11.32% 17.68% 2000/ Col % 69.00% 10.88% 17.49% 1997/ Col % 65.47% 10.40% 17.38% 1994/ Col % 63.01% 9.86% 17.56% 1990/ Col % 56.83% 8.33% 16.23% 1987/ Col % 50.67% 7.40% 15.88% 1984/ Col % 50.11% 5.69% 15.09% Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

99 TABLE cont: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES (1) TASK AREA TOTAL ALL AREAS Intrastate Interstate Freight & Mail Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Australia Freight & Mail Tonnes (thousand) Queensland - Total 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / Col % 71.75% 8.33% 12.57% 2004/ Col % 75.51% 8.33% 12.98% 2003/ Col % 60.72% 9.50% 12.41% 2002/ Col % 66.24% 10.83% 14.09% 2001/ Col % 76.91% 10.81% 15.61% 2000/ Col % 71.28% 9.87% 14.72% 1997/ Col % 64.19% 7.85% 12.08% 1994/ Col % 72.22% 6.70% 12.69% 1990/ Col % % 4.92% 10.08% 1987/ Col % % 4.41% 11.56% 1984/ Col % 68.75% 3.85% 10.96% 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

100 TABLE cont: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES (1) TASK AREA TOTAL ALL AREAS Intrastate Interstate Freight & Mail Tonne-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / Col % 71.75% 8.33% 12.57% 2004/ Col % 75.51% 8.33% 12.98% 2003/ Col % 60.72% 9.50% 12.41% 2002/ Col % 66.24% 10.83% 14.09% 2001/ Col % 76.91% 10.81% 15.61% 2000/ Col % 71.28% 9.87% 14.72% 1997/ Col % 64.19% 7.85% 12.08% 1994/ Col % 72.22% 6.70% 12.69% 1990/ Col % % 4.92% 10.08% 1987/ Col % % 4.41% 11.56% 1984/ Col % 68.75% 3.85% 10.96% 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

101 TABLE cont: TASK UNDERTAKEN BY SCHEDULED DOMESTIC AIRLINES (1) TASK AREA TOTAL ALL AREAS Intrastate Interstate Total Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / Col % 68.77% 12.47% 18.43% 2004/ Col % 72.89% 12.15% 18.25% 2003/ Col % 72.64% 12.05% 17.84% 2002/ Col % 71.13% 11.93% 17.63% 2001/ Col % 73.01% 11.28% 17.51% 2000/ Col % 69.14% 10.80% 17.27% 1997/ Col % 65.39% 10.15% 16.90% 1994/ Col % 63.52% 9.58% 17.15% 1990/ Col % 58.21% 7.99% 15.68% 1987/ Col % 52.89% 7.03% 15.41% 1984/ Col % 51.52% 5.41% 14.53% 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Note: (1) Embarkations or loadings except for jurisdictional attributes. Other Notes: Numbers may not add up due to rounding. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). DOTARS (2007), pers. comm. 89

102 TABLE 3.4-2: THE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT TASK Task Domestic Airlines General Aviation Total All Services Scheduled Non Scheduled Regional Other 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 Passengers (thousand) Queensland - Total 10, , , , , , , , , , (1) 4, (1) 4, (1) 3, (1) Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total (2) Queensland - Jurisdictional Col % 18.7% 18.7% 26.8% 26.5% 19.2% 18.9% 18.5% 18.2% 17.9% 17.7% 17.7% 18.1% 16.9% 16.3% 15.5% (2) Australia (2) Freight & Mail Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total (2) Queensland - Jurisdictional Col % 12.6% 12.6% 42.2% 27.2% 13.3% 13.4% 12.8% 14.4% 15.8% 15.0% 11.6% 13.0% 10.7% 11.9% 11.7% (2) Australia (2) Freight & Mail Tonnes (thousand) Queensland - Total (3)(4) (3)(4) (1) (2)(4) Freight & Mail Tonne-km (billion) Queensland - Total (3) (2) Queensland - Jurisdictional (3) Col % 12.6% 12.6% 42.22% 27.2% 13.3% 13.4% 12.8% 14.4% 15.8% 15.0% 11.6% 13.0% 10.4% 12.0% 11.6% (2) Australia (3) (3) (3) (3) (2) 90

103 TABLE cont: THE DOMESTIC AIR TRANSPORT TASK Task Domestic Airlines General Aviation Total All Services Scheduled Non Scheduled Regional Other 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 TOTAL Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Australia 2005/ (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) Col % 18.4% 18.6% 26.9% 26.6% (5) 18.9% 2004/ (5) Col % 18.2% 18.5% 22.6% 22.1% (5) 18.5% 2003/ (5) Col % 17.8% 18.0% 25.2% 21.3% (5) 18.2% 2002/ (5) Col % 17.6% 17.7% 23.6% 20.3% (5) 17.9% 2001/ (5) Col % 17.5% 17.6% 19.7% 20.7% (5) 17.7% 2000/ (5) Col % 7.4% 7.4% 3.6% 5.5% (5) 17.5% 1997/ (5) Col % 16.9% 16.2% 19.9% 19.7% (5) 17.1% 1994/ (5) Col % 17.1% 16.0% 26.0% 22.9% (5) 17.6% 1990/ (5) Col % 15.7% 15.5% 27.7% 23.5% (5) 16.4% 1987/ (5) Col % 15.4% 12.8% 22.3% 23.0% (5) 15.8% 1984/ (5) Col % 14.5% 14.4% 19.1% n.a. (5) 15.0% 2005/ (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5) / (5)

104 Table Notes: (1) Excludes non-scheduled domestic airlines, charter, and private and business in general aviation. (2) Excludes charter. (3) Excludes private and business in general aviation. (4) Excludes non-scheduled domestic airlines. (5) Excludes private and business for the freight task. Other Notes: n.a. not available. - nil or negligible. Numbers may not add up due to rounding. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). DOTARS (2007), pers. comm. 92

105 TABLE 3.4-3: SUMMARY OF THE TASK UNDERTAKEN BY INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES, 2005/06 Task Service TOTAL All Services Scheduled Non - Scheduled 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 Passengers (million) Queensland - Total n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Freight & Mail Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Freight & Mail Tonne-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional Total Passenger-km (billion) Queensland - Total Queensland - Jurisdictional n.a. not available. - nil or negligible. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). DOTARS (2007), pers. comm. 93

106 3..5 PIPELINES 94

107 TABLE 3.5-1: QUEENSLAND PIPELINE TASK, 2005/06 Gas Crude & Total Product (1) Tonnes produced (million) - onshore offshore subtotal Tonnes piped (million) - onshore off shore sub total Cubic metres piped ('000) - onshore 4,921, ,921, off shore sub total 4,921, ,921, Petajoules (PJ) - onshore off shore sub total Tonne - kilometres (billion) - onshore off shore sub total Cubic metre - kilometres (billion) - onshore 2, , off shore sub total 2, , PJ - kilometres ('000) - onshore off shore sub total TOTAL Tonne-kilometres (billion) 2005/ / / / / / / / / Note: (1) LPG and ethane. Other Note:.. not applicable. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimates. DITR (2006). 95

108 SECTION 4 Transport Energy Consumption 96

109 TABLE 4-1: ENERGY CONTENT CONVERSION FACTORS Liquid Fuels (MJ/litre) FUEL 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 Petrol Leaded Unleaded Automotive Diesel Oil LPG Mixture Others Not Stated Industrial Diesel Fuel Aviation Turbine Fuel Aviation Gasoline Fuel Oil (High Sulphur) Ethanol Biodiesel Solid Fuels (GJ/Tonne) 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 Black Coal NSW QLD SA WA TAS Brown Coal VIC Electricity (PJ/GWH) All Years Gaseous Fuels (MJ/m3) 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /85 Natural Gas VIC QLD SA NSW WA NT Tas not applicable. Sources: ABARE (2006). ABARE (2006a). Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). 97

110 TABLE 4-2: FULL FUEL CYCLE FACTORS Year Petroleum Natural Compressed Liquified Coal Biodiesel 4 Ethanol 5 fuels 1 Gas Natural Natural (pipeline) 3 Gas 2 Gas Electricity NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT Aus (avg) 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

111 Table 4-2 Notes: This table reports the ratio of full cycle energy to direct energy only. Indirect energy includes energy consumed in: - Extraction of crude materials, including extraction of imported oil - Refinery processes - International shipping of crude oil and petroleum products - Coastal shipping of petroleum products, gas and coal - Transport by pipeline (crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas) - Transport by road - Transport by rail - Fugitive emissions during fuel transfer - Electricity conversion and transmission losses Energy inputs to the above processes are calculated with full fuel cycle factors applied. (1) Inclusive of petrol, diesel, IDO, Fuel Oil and LPG. Note that future diesel fuels (low and ultra-low sulphur diesel) incur additional energy overheads. Beer et al. estimate a fuel cycle energy factor of 1.18 for low sulphur diesel and a range from 1.27 to 1.34 for ultra-low sulphur diesel. (2) Electrical power assumed for compression at a rate of MJ electricity per MJ of gas compressed. (3) Time series from 2000/01 and earlier adjusted by ACG due to changes to the ABARE supply and demand analysis. (4) B100 Canola. (5) E10 Molasses. (p) Preliminary. Sources: ABARE (2007), Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). ESAA (2007). Rail Operators (2007), pers. comm. 99

112 4..1 TRANSPORT ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY MODE AND FUEL TYPE 100

113 ROAD 101

114 TABLE : TOTAL FUEL CONSUMED BY QUEENSLAND ROAD VEHICLES (ML OR PJ) Vehicle Type Type of Fuel Energy Content Petrol (ML) Diesel Gaseous (ML) Ethanol Biodiesel All Fuels Growth in energy Growth in energy 2005 to 2006 (%) 1995 to 2006 (%) Leaded (1) Unleaded (1) Total (ML) LPG/dual CNG/dual Total (ML) (ML) (ML) (PJ-FFC) (%) (PJ) (%) (%) Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles (2) Rigid Trucks (2) 2005/ , , , % % 15.9% 2004/ , , , % / , , , % / , , , % / , , , % / , , , % / , , , % /95 1, , , , % /91 1, , , % /88 1, , , % /85 1, , , % / % % 34.7% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / , % % 28.0% 2004/ , % / , % / , % / , % / , % / % / % / % / % / % / % % 45.4% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / %

115 TABLE cont: TOTAL FUEL CONSUMED BY QUEENSLAND ROAD VEHICLES (ML OR PJ) Vehicle Type Type of Fuel Energy Content Petrol (ML) Diesel Gaseous (ML) Ethanol Biodiesel All Fuels Growth in energy Growth in energy 2005 to 2006 (%) 1995 to 2006 (%) Leaded (1) Unleaded (1) Total (ML) LPG/dual CNG/dual Total (ML) (ML) (ML) (PJ-FFC) (%) (PJ) (%) (%) Articulated Trucks Other Truck Types Buses 2005/ % % 45.5% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % % 10.3% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % % 25.2% 2004/ % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / % / %

116 TABLE cont: TOTAL FUEL CONSUMED BY QUEENSLAND ROAD VEHICLES (ML OR PJ) Vehicle Type Type of Fuel Energy Content Petrol (ML) Diesel Gaseous (ML) Ethanol Biodiesel All Fuels Growth in energy Growth in energy 2005 to 2006 (%) 1995 to 2006 (%) Leaded (1) Unleaded (1) Total (ML) LPG/dual CNG/dual Total (ML) (ML) (ML) (PJ-FFC) (%) (PJ) (%) (%) TOTAL, QLD Total Australia % Australia 2005/ , , , , % % 25.0% 2004/ , , , , % / , , , , % / , , , , % / , , , , % / , , , , % /98 1, , , , , % /95 1, , , , , % /91 1, , , , , % /88 2, , , % /85 2, , , % / , , , , , , , , % 14.5% 2004/ , , , , , , , , /04 1, , , , , , , , , /03 1, , , , , , , , , /02 2, , , , , , , , /01 2, , , , , , , , /98 5, , , , , , , , /95 7, , , , , , , , /91 10, , , , , , , /88 13, , , , , /85 15, , , , Notes: (1) Adjusted by ACG Pty Ltd. (2) Difference in scope, definitions and methodologies do not allow accurate time series comparisons. Other Note: - nil or negligible. Sources: ABS SMVU various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 104

117 TABLE : ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (ML OR PJ) Vehicle \ Fuel Type Leaded Petrol (ML) Unleaded petrol (ML) 2 Total Petrol (ML) Diesel (ML) LPG (ML) CNG (mill m 3 ) Petrohol (ML) 4 Biodiesel (ML) FFC PJ Direct PJ Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Passenger Vehicles , n.a. - n.a. 1, n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a , , , , n.a , , , , n.a , , , , , , n.a , , , , n.a , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , projection , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Motorcycles n.a. - n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection

118 TABLE cont: ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (ML OR PJ) Vehicle \ Fuel Type Leaded Petrol (ML) Unleaded petrol (ML) 2 Total Petrol (ML) Diesel (ML) LPG (ML) CNG (mill m 3 ) Petrohol (ML) 4 Biodiesel (ML) FFC PJ Direct PJ Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Light Commercial Vehicles n.a. - n.a n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection , , Rigid Trucks n.a. - n.a n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection

119 TABLE cont: ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (ML OR PJ) Vehicle \ Fuel Type Leaded Petrol (ML) Unleaded petrol (ML) 2 Total Petrol (ML) Diesel (ML) LPG (ML) CNG (mill m 3 ) Petrohol (ML) 4 Biodiesel (ML) FFC PJ Direct PJ Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Estimated 3 Actual 1 Estimated 3 Articulated Trucks n.a. - n.a n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection , , , , , , , , , Buses n.a. - n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection

120 TABLE cont: ROAD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (ML OR PJ) Vehicle \ Fuel Type Leaded Petrol (ML) Unleaded petrol (ML) 2 Total Petrol (ML) Diesel (ML) LPG (ML) CNG (mill m 3 ) Petrohol (ML) 4 Biodiesel (ML) FFC PJ Direct PJ Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Actual 1 Projected 3 Non Freight Trucks n.a. - n.a n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a projection All Road Vehicles (1) , n.a. - n.a. 2, n.a n.a n.a. - n.a. - n.a. - n.a n.a n.a , , , , n.a n.a. - n.a n.a n.a , , , , , , n.a n.a. - n.a n.a n.a , , , , , , , , n.a , , , , , , , n.a , , , , , , n.a , , , , , , n.a , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , projection , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

121 Table Notes: 1. Derived (in part) from the SMVU. 2. Includes petrol consumed in hybrid vehicles. 3. Derived from AuseRT. Other Notes: Total emissions include direct emissions from combustion of the fuel in the vehicle and indirect emissions associated with fuel extraction, refining and transport. Emissions have been derived on the basis of the vehicle fleet registered in NSW. Actual emissions within the state will vary due to cross-border activity. Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Zeros have been retained to avoid rounding errors. n.a. not available. - nil or negligible. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 109

122 TABLE : DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD FLEET BY FUEL TYPE (NUMBER OF VEHICLES) FUEL TYPE Number Of Vehicles Petrol 1,330,940 1,421,953 1,706,890 1,868,542 1,957,694 2,037,623 2,123,909 2,207,300 2,292,300 2,390,169 2,456,598 2,529,165 2,610,814 2,696,374 2,779,523 2,862,919 2,948,134 3,034,257 3,117,750 3,198,823 Diesel 180, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,938 LPG 67,319 67,760 73,840 74,378 82,533 83,210 82,637 81,224 79,675 79,610 80,883 84,573 89,697 96, , , , , , ,160 CNG ,056 1,158 1,254 1,343 Hybrid ,093 4,751 8,271 12,817 18,413 25,145 32,993 41,889 51,562 61,821 Electric Petrohol ,794 10,025 15,515 21,422 27,716 33,689 39,196 44,908 50,706 56,438 62,167 67,917 73,706 79,410 84,944 Biodiesel ,041 1,112 1,176 1,234 TOTAL 1,578,935 1,694,095 2,043,982 2,228,844 2,349,010 2,445,524 2,552,061 2,656,044 2,767,304 2,897,867 3,001,447 3,121,820 3,258,456 3,403,608 3,548,510 3,699,344 3,859,379 4,025,222 4,190,058 4,355,265 Note: Based upon modelled outcomes. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 110

123 TABLE : AVERAGE RATE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY ROAD VEHICLES (l/100 km or m 3 /100 km) Vehicle Type Type of Fuel Petrol All Fuels Diesel Gaseous Ethanol Biodiesel QLD or Distillate Leaded Unleaded All LPG CNG Dual Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles (1) Rigid Trucks (1) Articulated Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

124 TABLE cont: AVERAGE RATE OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY ROAD VEHICLES (l/100 km or m 3 /100 km) Vehicle Type Type of Fuel Petrol All Fuels Diesel Gaseous Ethanol Biodiesel QLD or Distillate Leaded Unleaded All LPG CNG Dual Other Truck Types Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / All Vehicles, QLD All Vehicles - Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Note: (1) Differences in scope, definitions and methodologies do not allow accurate time series comparison. Other Note: - nil or negligible. Sources: ABS SMVU various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 112

125 RAIIL 113

126 TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS BY TASK AND FUEL TYPE Energy Type/Task Area of Operation TOTAL Urban Non-Urban All Areas (%) Peak Off Peak Total PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC Electric - Passenger 2005/06 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 14.8% 2004/05 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 14.9% 2003/04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 15.6% 2002/03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 15.9% 2001/02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 16.4% 2000/01 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 16.2% 1997/ % 15.6% 1994/ % 13.5% 1990/ % 13.6% 1987/88 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 12.1% 1984/85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 9.2% - Freight 2005/ % 43.5% 2004/ % 47.7% 2003/ % 49.6% 2002/ % 50.5% 2001/ % 49.6% 2000/ % 52.0% 1997/ % 52.3% 1994/ % 51.4% 1990/ % 44.9% 1987/ % 14.8% 1984/ % 0.0% Automotive Diesel Oil - Passenger 2005/06 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 2.7% 2004/05 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 1.7% 2003/04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 2.6% 2002/03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 2.0% 2001/02 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 1.9% 2000/ % 1.9% 1997/ % 1.6% 1994/ % 3.0% 1990/ % 3.3% 1987/88 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 5.9% 1984/85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 6.5% - Freight (QLD) 2005/ % 39.0% 2004/ % 35.6% 2003/ % 32.2% 2002/ % 31.6% 2001/ % 32.2% 2000/ % 29.9% 1997/ % 30.4% 1994/ % 32.0% 1990/ % 38.2% 1987/ % 67.2% 1984/ % 84.3% - Freight (Juris) 2005/ % 48.3% 2004/ % 40.0% 2003/ % 37.4% 2002/ % 32.2% 2001/ % 32.7% 2000/ % 30.4% 1997/ % 31.3% 1994/ % 33.2% 1990/ % 38.2% 1987/ % 67.2% 1984/ % 84.3% 114

127 TABLE cont: ENERGY CONSUMED BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS BY TASK AND FUEL TYPE QLD 2005/06 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 31.2% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 14% 15% 28% 38% 26% 31% 2004/05 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 32.2% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 13% 15% 27% 39% 26% 32% 2003/04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 30.8% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15% 15% 26% 37% 25% 31% 2002/03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 32.8% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 14% 15% 28% 40% 26% 33% 2001/02 n.a. n.a % 32.3% (%) n.a. n.a % 15% 28% 40% 26% 32% 2000/01 n.a. n.a % 31.7% (%) n.a. n.a % 14% 28% 40% 26% 32% 1997/ % 29.6% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 13% 13% 26% 38% 24% 30% 1994/ % 27.6% (%) 8% 7% 14% 13% 13% 12% 25% 34% 23% 28% 1990/ % 26.1% (%) 8% 8% 13% 12% 13% 11% 26% 33% 24% 26% 1987/88 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 24.5% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12% 11% 29% 30% 27% 25% 1984/85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 23.1% (%) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 11% 9% 28% 28% 26% 23% 115

128 TABLE cont: ENERGY CONSUMED BY HIRE AND REWARD RAILWAYS BY TASK AND FUEL TYPE Australia 2005/06 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 29.25% 86.03% 70.75% % % 2004/05 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 27.94% 86.67% 72.06% % % 2003/04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 28.81% 86.29% 71.19% % % 2002/03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 29.77% 85.62% 70.23% % % 2001/02 n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. 0.12% 0.08% 14.77% 31.04% 85.23% 68.96% % % 2000/01 n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. 0.12% 0.08% 15.48% 32.20% 84.52% 67.80% % % 1997/98 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 32.20% 84.13% 67.80% % % 1994/ % 100.0% (Row %) 4.95% 9.96% 9.52% 19.56% 14.65% 29.64% 85.35% 70.36% % % 1990/ % 100.0% (Row %) 5.59% 10.84% 9.41% 19.63% 15.26% 30.65% 84.74% 69.35% % % 1987/88 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 29.86% 86.09% 70.14% % % 1984/85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 100.0% (Row %) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a % 25.35% 89.07% 74.65% % % - nil or negligible. n.a. not available. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimate. Various rail operators (2007) pers. comm. 116

129 TABLE : SUMMARY OF ENERGY CONSUMED BY ALL QUEENSLAND RAILWAYS (PJ) Task TOTAL Light Rail Hire And Reward Ancillary All Systems PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC PJ PJ FFC Passenger:- - Electric 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Diesel 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Sub total 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

130 TABLE cont: SUMMARY OF ENERGY CONSUMED BY ALL QUEENSLAND RAILWAYS (PJ) Freight:- - Electric 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Diesel 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Diesel (Juris) 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Sub total 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

131 TABLE cont: SUMMARY OF ENERGY CONSUMED BY ALL QUEENSLAND RAILWAYS (PJ) TOTAL - Electric 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Diesel 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / GRAND TOTAL 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / nil or negligible. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Various rail operators (2007), pers. comm. 119

132 SEA 120

133 TABLE : TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING (2) Uplifted in Queensland Jurisdictional Total To Undertake Type of Fuel Loaded Task (1) PJ PJ-FFC PJ PJ-FFC PJ PJ-FFC Automotive Distillate 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Industrial Diesel Fuel 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Fuel Oil 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Coal 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / NG 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

134 TABLE cont: TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY DOMESTIC SHIPPING (2) TOTAL 2005/ Queensland Col % 41.1% 38.8% 33.2% 33.2% 41.1% 38.8% 2004/ Col % 62.9% 60.5% 32.0% 32.0% 47.7% 45.5% 2003/ Col % 52.0% 49.3% 28.3% 28.3% 37.0% 34.8% 2002/ Col % 48.3% 45.5% 27.4% 27.4% 35.5% 33.3% 2001/ Col % 67.9% 65.2% 27.0% 27.0% 37.8% 35.7% 2000/ Col % 74.7% 72.7% 28.7% 28.7% 51.2% 49.6% 1997/ Col % 40.0% 38.2% 21.4% 21.4% 40.0% 38.2% 1994/ Col % 33.7% 32.0% 22.0% 22.0% 33.7% 32.0% 1990/ Col % 33.9% 32.2% 26.1% 26.0% 33.9% 32.2% 1987/ Col % 21.8% 20.7% 26.0% 26.0% 21.8% 20.7% 1984/ Col % 18.1% 16.9% 18.7% 18.7% 18.1% 16.9% Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Notes: (1) Includes fuel uplifted outside Australia by vessels undertaking domestic shipping (ACG estimate). (2) Includes fuels uplifted by military and fishing vessels. The extent of the contribution of these vessels is not readily identifiable. Other Notes:.. not applicable. - nil or negligible. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). BTRE (2007). BTRE (2006). DITR various. 122

135 plftedinquenslaupliftedoutsidequenslandtotaltypeoffuelpjpj-ffcpjpj-ffcpjpj-ff TABLE : TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING UiCAutomotive Distillate 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Industrial Diesel Fuel 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Fuel Oil 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / TOTAL Queensland 2005/ Col % 10.7% 10.7% 19.4% 19.4% % 2004/ Col % 10.9% 10.9% 18.9% 18.9% % 2003/ Col % 12.0% 12.0% 19.1% 19.1% % 2002/ Col % 12.3% 12.3% 20.0% 20.0% % 2001/ Col % 11.3% 11.3% 19.0% 19.0% % 2000/ Col % 11.7% 11.7% 17.8% 17.8% % 1997/ Col % 14.9% 14.9% 17.6% 17.6% % 1994/ Col % 17.5% 17.5% 19.5% 19.5% % 1990/ Col % 12.0% 12.0% 12.0% 12.0% % 1987/ Col % 3.2% 3.2% 4.3% 4.3% % 1984/ Col % 4.7% 4.7% 6.2% 6.2% % Australia 2005/ / / / / / / / / / /

136 Table nil or negligible. PJ Petajoules. PJ-FFC Full fuel cycle petajoules. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimate. Department of Defence (2007), pers. comm. DITR, various. 124

137 AIIR 125

138 TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC AIR SERVICES Type of fuel Scheduled & Non Scheduled Airlines General Aviation TOTAL Uplifted Total Jurisdiction Uplifted Total Jurisdiction Uplifted Total Jurisdiction Aviation Turbine Fuel 2005/06 ML PJ PJ-FFC /05 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2003/04 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2002/03 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2001/02 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2000/01 ML PJ PJ-FFC /98 ML PJ PJ-FFC /95 ML PJ PJ-FFC /91 ML PJ PJ-FFC /88 ML PJ PJ-FFC /85 ML PJ PJ-FFC Aviation Gasoline 2005/06 ML PJ PJ-FFC /05 ML PJ PJ-FFC /04 ML PJ PJ-FFC /03 ML PJ PJ-FFC /02 ML PJ PJ-FFC /01 ML PJ PJ-FFC /98 ML PJ PJ-FFC /95 ML PJ PJ-FFC /91 ML PJ PJ-FFC /88 ML PJ PJ-FFC /85 ML PJ PJ-FFC

139 TABLE cont: ENERGY CONSUMED BY DOMESTIC AIR SERVICES TOTAL Queensland 2005/06 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) Col % 24.5% 28.1% 21.3% 30.3% 27.1% 27.6% 24.7% 28.1% 21.5% (1) 2004/05 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 26.4% 27.6% 21.0% 28.6% 24.0% 23.5% 26.5% 27.5% 21.1% 2003/04 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) Col % 25.9% 26.9% 20.4% 28.5% 26.0% 25.5% 26.0% 26.9% 20.6% (1) 2002/03 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) Col % 26.9% 26.3% 20.1% 28.0% 25.5% 23.5% 26.9% 26.3% 20.3% (1) 2001/02 ML (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) Col % 24.7% 26.0% 19.9% 28.1% 23.2% 21.4% 24.9% 25.9% 20.0% (1) 2000/01 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 26.8% 25.4% 19.0% 26.9% 22.0% 22.8% 26.8% 25.3% 19.1% 1997/98 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 27.8% 24.6% 19.4% 26.0% 21.8% 22.6% 27.7% 24.4% 19.6% 1994/95 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 26.2% 25.2% 19.2% 25.3% 25.6% 26.3% 26.2% 25.2% 19.6% 1990/91 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 23.5% 23.2% 18.0% 24.3% 26.3% 26.9% 23.5% 23.5% 18.7% 1987/88 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 22.6% 22.9% 17.4% 25.5% 22.9% 23.2% 22.8% 22.9% 17.9% 1984/85 ML PJ PJ-FFC Col % 22.7% 21.4% 16.6% 27.0% 22.3% 22.1% 23.1% 21.5% 17.2% Australia 2005/06 ML 2, , , , , , (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2004/05 ML 2, , , , , , (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2003/04 ML 2, , , , , , (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2002/03 ML 2, , , , , , (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2001/02 ML 2, , , , , , (1) PJ (1) PJ-FFC (1) 2000/01 ML 2, , , , , , PJ PJ-FFC /98 ML 1, , , , , , PJ PJ-FFC /95 ML 1, , , , , , PJ PJ-FFC /91 ML 1, , , , , , PJ PJ-FFC /88 ML 1, , , , , , PJ PJ-FFC /85 ML 1, , , , , PJ PJ-FFC

140 Table Note: (1) ACG estimate. Other Notes: - nil or negligible. Allocation of fuel by domestic or international purpose is based upon predominant activity of each operator. Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). DEH (2006). Department of Defence (2007), pers. comm. DITR various. 128

141 TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT Uplifted In Uplifted Outside Aviation Turbine Queensland Queensland Total Jurisdictional Queensland 2005/06 - ML , PJ PJ FFC Col % 13.6% 16.0% 15.1% 15.2% 2004/05 - ML , PJ PJ FFC Col % 14.4% 15.6% 15.2% 15.6% 2003/04 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 14.2% 15.0% 14.8% 15.9% 2002/03 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 14.7% 14.4% 14.5% 15.1% 2001/02 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 13.0% 13.9% 13.6% 14.6% 2000/01 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 10.4% 16.0% 14.1% 14.6% 1997/98 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 16.6% 14.4% 15.3% 16.4% 1994/95 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 23.0% 10.7% 15.4% 16.0% 1990/91 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 16.2% 9.3% 12.0% 11.3% 1987/88 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 11.3% 6.8% 8.4% 8.7% 1984/85 - ML PJ PJ FFC Col % 9.8% 3.9% 6.6% 7.5% 129

142 TABLE cont: ENERGY CONSUMED BY INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT Uplifted In Uplifted Outside Aviation Turbine Queensland Queensland Total Jurisdictional Australia 2005/06 - ML 3, , , , PJ PJ FFC /05 - ML 3, , , , PJ PJ FFC /04 - ML 2, , , , PJ PJ FFC /03 - ML 2, , , , PJ PJ FFC /02 - ML 2, , , , PJ PJ FFC /01 - ML 2, , , , PJ PJ FFC /98 - ML 2, , , , PJ PJ FFC /95 - ML 2, , , PJ PJ FFC /91 - ML 1, , , PJ PJ FFC /88 - ML 1, , , PJ PJ FFC /85 - ML 1, , , PJ PJ FFC Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). DITR (2006). 130

143 PIIPELIINES 131

144 TABLE : ENERGY CONSUMED BY GAS AND OIL PIPELINES IN QUEENSLAND (PJ OR PJ-FFC) Fuel Type Pipeline Type Total Gas Crude & Other Electricity - direct FFC (1) Gas - direct FFC (1) Diesel - direct FFC (1) Total (FFC) 2005/ / / / / / / / / Note: (1) On a full fuel cycle basis. Other Note: - nil or negligible. Sources: ABARE (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group (2007). Apelbaum Consulting Group estimate. 132

145 4..2 TRANSPORT ENERGY INTENSITY AND EFFICIENCY 133

146 ROAD 134

147 TABLE : ENERGY INTENSITY OF ROAD VEHICLES FOR ALL PURPOSES (PJ-FFC/VEHICLE KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Area of Operation TOTAL All Areas Urban Non-Urban Passenger Vehicles Motorcycles Light Commercial Vehicles (1) Rigid Trucks (1) 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

148 TABLE cont: ENERGY INTENSITY OF ROAD VEHICLES FOR ALL PURPOSES (PJ-FFC/VEHICLE KILOMETRES) Vehicle Type Area of Operation TOTAL All Areas Urban Non-Urban Articulated Trucks Other Trucks Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TOTAL QLD 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / Note: (1) Differences in scope, definitions and methodologies do not allow accurate time series comparison. Other Note: Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Sources: ABS SMVU - various. Apelbaum Consulting Group. 136

149 SECTION 5 Emissions From Transport 137

150 5..1 ROAD 138

151 TABLE 5.1-1: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Passenger Petrol Conventional cars Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Diesel conventional Euro I Euro II Euro IV LPG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV LPG/Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV CNG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Hybrid Conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Electric Conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Petrohol Conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

152 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Motorcycles Petrol Pre /24/EC LCV Petrol Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Diesel Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro IV LPG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV LPG/Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV CNG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Electric Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Petrohol Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

153 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Rigid Truck Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Diesel conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG/Petrol conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V CNG conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Electric Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

154 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Articulated Petrol conventional trucks Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Diesel conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG/Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V CNG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Electric Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

155 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Buses Petrol conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Diesel conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG/Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V CNG conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Electric conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Biodiesel conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V

156 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES Emission rate (g/km) Emissions Vintage CH 4 N 2 O PM 10 CO NOx NMVOC Vehicle Fuel type standard From To 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) 0 km 40k km 80k km max (1) Other Truck Petrol conventional Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Diesel conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V LPG/Petrol conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V CNG conventional Euro II Euro III Euro IV Euro V Electric Pre-Euro Euro I Euro II Euro III Euro IV

157 Table Note: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) are in petrol fuelled vehicles dependent on the condition of the exhaust catalyst in petrol fuelled vehicles. The emissions methodology assumes that the catalyst deteriorates non-linearly with the total distance travelled by the vehicle, up to a maximum (at which stage it is assumed that the catalyst has totally failed or has been replaced). For vehicles up to Euro II emission standard the distance at which it is assumed emissions plateau is 120,000 km; for Euro III and beyond a distance between 150,000 and 200,000 km is assumed, depending on the emission and the vehicle speed. Emissions also vary with ambient temperature and average trip length, which determine the proportion of distance travelled under cold start conditions (during which the catalyst is not fully functional), and with velocity. As it is not possible to represent all of these variables in a single table, the data presented above assume conditions for Sydney, NSW, and travel on arterial roads at an average speed of 43 kmph. Other scenarios are available on request. Other Note: n.a. not available. Sources: Ntziachristos (2000). UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2002). Victorian EPA (2000). 145

158 TABLE cont: EMISSION FACTORS FOR ROAD VEHICLES (g/l) Vehicle Fuel type Vintage CO 2 SO 2 From To All Leaded n.a. Unleaded Diesel LPG LPG/petrol CNG n.a. CNG/petrol n.a. CNG/diesel n.a. Hybrid Petrohol (E10) Biodiesel (BD20) n.a n.a. n.a. not available - nil or negligible. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 146

159 TABLE 5.1-2: CAPITAL CITY EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Passenger Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Motorcycles 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Light Commercial Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / / / Rigid Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Articulated Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / /

160 TABLE cont: CAPITAL CITY EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Other Trucks Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Total QLD 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Total Australia 2005/ , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , Total emissions include emissions from fuel combustion in the vehicle ('direct' emissions) and emissions resultant from fuel extraction, refining and transport. Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 148

161 TABLE 5.1-3: PROVINCIAL URBAN EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Passenger Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Motorcycles 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Light Commercial Vehicles 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Rigid Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Articulated Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / /

162 TABLE cont: PROVINCIAL URBAN EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Other Trucks Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Total QLD 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Total Australia 2005/ , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , Total emissions include emissions from fuel combustion in the vehicle ('direct' emissions) and emissions resultant from fuel extraction, refining and transport. Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 150

163 TABLE 5.1-4: RURAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Passenger Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Motorcycles 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Light Commercial Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / / / / / Rigid Trucks 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Articulated Trucks 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / /

164 TABLE cont: RURAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Other Trucks Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Total QLD 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Total Australia 2005/ , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , Total emissions include emissions from fuel combustion in the vehicle ('direct' emissions) and emissions resultant from fuel extraction, refining and transport. Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 152

165 TABLE 5.1-5: TOTAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Passenger Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Motorcycles 2005/ / / / / / / / / / Light Commercial Vehicles 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Rigid Trucks 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / Articulated Trucks 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , /

166 TABLE cont: TOTAL EMISSIONS BY ROAD TRANSPORT ( 000 Tonnes or Gg) Vehicle/ Emission Type Year CH 4 N 2 O NOx CO VOC PM 10 SO 2 CO 2 CO 2 -e Other Trucks Buses 2005/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Total QLD 2005/ , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , / , , Total Australia 2005/ , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , / , , , Total emissions include emissions from fuel combustion in the vehicle ('direct' emissions) and emissions resultant from fuel extraction, refining and transport. Numbers may not compare with previous tables due to rounding. Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 154

167 TABLE 5.1-6: CO 2 -e EMISSIONS BY ADR, 2006 ( 000 TONNES OR Gg) Vehicle Type ADR TOTAL Articulated Trucks PreADR ADR36/ ADR70/00 1, ADR80/ Buses PreADR ADR36/ ADR70/ ADR80/ Light Commercial Vehicles PreADR ADR36/ ADR37/ ADR70/ ADR79/ Motorcycles PreADR Passenger Vehicles ADR26/ ADR27A ADR27AtoC PreADR ADR37/00 4, ADR37/01 3, ADR70/ ADR79/00 1, Rigid Trucks PreADR ADR36/ ADR70/ ADR80/ Other Trucks PreADR ADR36/ ADR70/00 28 ADR80/00 8 Total ADR26/ ADR27A ADR27AtoC PreADR 3, ADR36/ ADR37/00 4, ADR37/01 3, ADR70/00 3, ADR79/00 1, ADR80/00 1, All 18, Source: Apelbaum Consulting Group. 155

168 TABLE 5.1-7: TOXIC EMISSIONS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT BY EMISSION AND VEHICLE TYPE ( 000 TONNES OR Gg) Year VehNameLong Data Grand Total Articulated Trucks Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Buses Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Light Commercial Vehicles Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Motorcycles Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Passenger Vehicles Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Rigid Trucks Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Other Trucks Sum of 1,3-butadiene Sum of formaldehyde Sum of benzene Sum of toluene Sum of m,p-xylene Sum of o-xylene Total Sum of 1,3-butadiene Total Sum of formaldehyde Total Sum of benzene Total Sum of toluene Total Sum of m,p-xylene Total Sum of o-xylene Sources: Apelbaum Consulting Group. Ntziachristos and Samaras (2000). 156

169 SECTION 6 Summary Tables 157