CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY

Transcription

1 57 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Biodiesel have been processed from various plant derived oil sources including both Edible and Non-Edible oils. But, Non-Edible oils are widely used in Biodiesel production purposes and also many papers have been published. Now-a-days, waste cooking palm oil is chiefly available source from restaurants and local shops and anyway this oil is going to be dumped as a waste into environment. The use of waste cooking oil, instead of fresh oil, to produce biodiesel is an effective way to reduce the raw material cost because waste cooking palm oil is estimated to be about half the price of fresh oil. This waste cooking palm oil can be processed into Biodiesel by using various catalysts like, homogeneous, heterogeneous. Homogenous catalysts are: Base catalysts (NaOH, KOH, CH 3 ONa, and CH 3 OK), Acid catalysts (HCl, H 2 SO 4, and FeSO 4 ). It is completely miscible in alcohol and the reaction will be very fast with higher biodiesel yield. Due to corrosion problems, homogeneous catalyst might not useable in long time purpose and the separation of waste stream is also very difficult one. Here, Heterogeneous catalyst is Mg/Al-SO 4 and Mg/Al-NO 3 which eliminates the homogeneous problems. A summary of the biodiesel production from waste cooking palm oil relevant published papers are listed in table 2.1 and 2.2.

2 PRESENT STUDY OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL The production of Biodiesel from waste cooking palm oil is an effective source for using both Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Some of the important literatures are given here. Based on the catalyst, characterization and optimization of various parameters like effect of catalyst addition, molar ratio, temperature and reaction time are discussed here. For suitability of Heterogeneous catalyst, various testing has been done and compared both catalysts. The Biodiesel confirmation testing is done and compared with European standards i.e., EN Table 2.1 Summary of earlier work done on Biodiesel production using Homogeneous, Heterogeneous Catalysts Authors Year Method Sources J. M. Encinar et al 2007 Homogeneous Catalyst Waste Cooking Oil A. A. Refaat et al 2008 Homogeneous Catalyst Waste Cooking Oil Xin Deng et al 2011 Heterogeneous Catalyst Jatropha Oil A. Obadiah et al 2012 Heterogeneous Catalyst Pongamia Oil

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8 SCOPE OF THE PRESENT STUDY To use waste cooking Palm oil which is a cheap and profitable source to produce biodiesel by transesterification and with the help of (i) Homogeneous Base Catalyst (NaOH, KOH, CH 3 ONa and CH 3 OK) and (ii) Heterogeneous base catalyst (Mg/Al based Hydrotalcite with the presence of sulphate, Nitrate groups) Methyl alcohol, Ethyl alcohol and Propyl alcohol are used in characterization of Biodiesel process. To prepare the nano sized catalyst by using Co-precipitation technique for both sulphate and nitrate based Mg/Al Hydrotalcite. To characterize the heterogeneous catalyst (Sulphate, Nitrate) by following techniques:- Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) with thermal stability at temperatures up to 1000 C and this technique also can characterize materials that exhibit weight loss or gain due to decomposition, oxidation or dehydration. To characterize the various functional groups present in heterogeneous catalyst by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra Response (FTIR). To analyze the morphology and chemical composition of the heterogeneous catalyst using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX).

9 65 To analyze the crystal structure and phase identification of a crystalline material and crystal size of heterogeneous catalyst using X- Ray Diffraction Technique (XRD). To measure surface area of the heterogeneous catalyst by Brauner Emmer and Teller (BET) surface area analyzers. To study waste cooking palm oil to Biodiesel by using various parameters like, (i) Effect of molar ratio Vs. Biodiesel yield, (ii) Effect of Catalyst Vs. Biodiesel yield, (iii) Effect of Temperature Vs. Biodiesel yield, (iv) Effect of reaction time Vs. Biodiesel yield. To analyze the fatty acid profile of waste cooking palm oil as well as biodiesel oil using Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC- MS) Technique. To study the various functional groups present in waste cooking palm oil and produce Biodiesel oil by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra Response (FTIR). To analyze the physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel as well as waste cooking palm oil. To compare all the Biodiesel obtained parameters with standard norms i.e., EN To study the kinetics of the waste cooking Palm Oil from various parameters like effect of temperature, molar ratio, concentration glycerides. To discuss about the Activation Energy from Arrhenius Equation and also determine the rate constant.