2016 International Conference on Engineering Tribology and Applied Technology
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1 Tribological Performance Evaluation of Biodiesel Distilled Residues Blended with Fossil Diesel Yang-Ching Lin 1,a, Hung-Shiau Chen 1,b, Chun-Ching Hsu 1,c, YONG-YUAN KU 2,d, KE-WEI LIN 2,e 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 2 No.6, Lugong S. 7th Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua 55, Taiwan a yclin@mail.ntust.edu.tw, c m143242@mail.ntust.edu.tw, d tom@artc.org.tw, e linkewei@artc.org.tw Keywords: Biodiesel, Waste cooking acids methyl esters, Tribological performance Abstract In this work, distilled residues from biodiesel of waste cooking acids methyl esters (WCME), was blended with fossil diesel in different ratios (D1/DR2/DR5/DR1/DR2) as testing fuels. The tribological performance of the blended oils was evaluated using a reciprocating cylinder-on-flat wear test rig (Cameron-Plint TE-77) at two temperatures (room temperature and 8 ). After the wear test, the wear depth of each tested specimen was determined using a profile meter and the worn surface was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Each worn surface was also examined using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to identify any surface film. The experimental results show that the tribological performance of the DR2 was superior to that of the other test oils. The lubricity of the test sample increased with the proportion of distilled residue, owing to the quantity of the methyl esters in the sample. Introduction Protection of the global environment and a concern for the long-term supplies of conventional diesel fuel, have led to the development of alternative fuels. The performance of an engine varies with the type of diesel fuel used in it. Residues that are distilled from biodiesels are frequently used as lubricants for transmission components because they contain fatty acid esters. Lubricants cannot be directly used in some mechanical systems, such as the nozzles of diesel engines. Some studies have indicated that biodiesel has many advantages over fossil diesel [1-2], including greater lubricity [3]. However, biodiesel could increase the acid value of the fuel so that it make the engine fuel easily degrades [4-6]. Therefore, whether the distillation process is responsible for biodiesel s worsening of the tribological performance must be determined. In this study, the tribological performance of distilled residues is evaluated by performing reciprocating sliding wear tests under various conditions. Experiment Reciprocating sliding wear tests were performed using a Cameron-Plint TE77 tribometer in cylinder-on-plate mode to evaluate the tribological performance of test fuels. During each test, the frictional force was monitored continuously using a data acquisition system that consisted of a PC and an NI USB-9161 transfer card. Table 1 shows the abbreviation code and the constituents of the test fuels. For example, the blended fuel that contains 2wt.% distilled residues and 98wt.% fossil diesel (D1) is denoted as DR2. Table 2 presents the parameters in the wear test. The wear test was performed using a fixed average sliding speed of.66 m/s, a load of 15N, a sliding distance of 713m in three hours, and fuel at room temperature (25 ) and 8. The test temperature of 8 was used to simulate the operating temperature of the nozzle of a diesel engine. The sliding cylinder specimen was made of AISI 521 (6(D) 6(L), with a hardness of H V 745), and the stationary plate specimen was made of AISI 145 (58(L) 38(W) 4(H), with a hardness of H V 235). 1
2 Ingredients Test fuel Distilled residues % 2% 5% 1% 2% D1 DR2 DR5 DR1 DR2 *distilled residues were blended with fossil diesel as testing fuels. Table 1.Constituents of test fuels Simulation target Load The maximum contact stress The average sliding velocity Stroke Sliding distance Temperature Time Cameron-Plint TE-77 Engine parts(nozzle) 15 N 54 MPa.66 m/s 6 mm 713 m 25 C 8 C 3 hours Table 2.Parameters in wear test Results and discussion Friction behavior at room temperature (25 ) and 8 At room temperature (25 ), the tested specimen of fossil diesel (D1) had the highest friction coefficient than the others. Increasing the percentage of distilled residue reduced the friction coefficient, as shown in Fig. 1~. The fatty acid methyl ester, which is present in the distilled residues, is adsorbed onto the rubbing surface, promoting lubrication and thereby preventing the adhesion of asperities. At 8, the specimen that was tested in fossil diesel (D1) had the highest friction coefficient. As the concentration of the distilled residue increased, the friction coefficient declined, as shown in Figs. 2~, because some of corrosion and oxidation matter in the distilled residues were formed on the rubbing surfaces by chemical reaction, promoting lubrication between the rubbing surfaces so that can avoid asperities adhesion behaviors. However, the protection of the rubbing surface by fatty acid methyl ester decreased as the temperature increased, and the viscosity of the test fuels declined, so the interference of the asperities increased under boundary lubrication conditions. In general, the friction coefficients at 8 were less stable than those at room temperature (25 ) Figure 1. Friction behavior of distilled residues at 25 : D1 DR2 DR5 DR1 DR2 Figure 2. Friction behavior of distilled residues at 8 : D1 DR2 DR5 DR1 DR2 2
3 Worn surface morphology test at room temperature (25 ) and 8 The worn surface of each specimen, tested in fossil diesel (D1), and in fossil diesel that was blended with 2% and 5% distilled residues with indicated that the main wear mechanism was adhesive wear, and that some abrasive wear also occurred, as shown in Figs. 3~. However, as the concentration of the distilled residues increased, the main wear mechanism shifted to abrasive wear, as shown in Figs.3 ~. As the concentration of the distilled residues in the fossil diesel increased, the adsorption film formed more completely. The fatty acid methyl ester content increased with the percentage of the distilled residues, protecting the rubbing surface. Therefore, the abrasive wear and adhesive wear of the fossil diesel specimen was more serious than that of the specimen tested in the fuel containing more distilled residues. At 8 C, the surface was more worn than at room temperature. The worn surface of the specimen that was tested in fossil diesel (D1), shown in Fig. 4, shows that the main wear mechanism was adhesive wear. As the concentration of the distilled residues increased, the adhesive wear gave way to abrasive wear, as shown in Figs. 4~. The amount of products of corrosion and oxidation increased with the percentage of distilled residues, protecting the asperities without adhesive behavior. Additionally, the surface films, which was form by the corrosion matter, could increases the bearing area. Therefore, the contact stress was reduced that makes the local yielding became more difficult, so shallower scratches were formed. However, the viscosity of the fuel and the ability of protecting rubbing surface by physisorption film would decrease in high temperature condition. During the run-in period, breaking of the asperities caused surface roughening. After the run-in process, plastic deformation of the contact surface increased the real contact area of the test specimens and reduced the contact stress. The abrasive wear and adhesive wear of the specimen in the fossil diesel was more serious than that of the specimen tested in the distilled residues at the higher temperature, as revealed by comparing Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. An energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to detect chemical elements from the worn surface after the wear test. The only elements on the worn surface were carbon (C), oxygen (O) and iron (Fe), as shown in Fig. 5. Figure 3. Surface morphology of specimen using distilled residues at 25 : D1, DR2, DR5, DR1, DR2 3 Figure 4. Surface morphology of specimen using distilled residues at 8 : D1, DR2, DR5, DR1, DR2
4 Figure 5. EDS of the specimen using distilled residues at 25 and 8 Wear behaviors at different temperatures. Comparing the experimental results in Figs. 6 and show that, wear scars in the fossil diesel and blend oils at 8 C exceed those at room temperature (25 C).As the temperature increased, it shows that the physical adsorption film by fatty acid methyl ester has weakened, but the chemical reaction film by corrosion and oxidations could compensate this fading. Notably, the distilled residues (DR1) at 8 C exhibited the lowest wear depth among all of the specimens. The optimally thick chemical oxides may have protected the rubbing surface from direct contact with rough surface during the wear test. At 8 C, DR2 was associated with greater wear depth than DR1 because it caused more corrosion wear. Figure 6. Wear depth of plate specimens at 25, at 8 Conclusions This investigation studies the tribological performance of three fuels. Distilled residues (DR2) exhibited the best anti-wear performance, based on the wear depth of tested specimens. Sliding wear test results demonstrated that the distilled residues exhibited the best tribological performance at room temperature (25 C), at which the fatty acid methyl ester dominated the anti-wear ability, and the rubbing surface of the specimen was covered by a physical adsorption film more completely. However, the viscosity of the fuel and its ability to protect the rubbing surface with an absorbing film decreased as the temperature increased so wear depths in fossil diesel and distilled residues at 8 C exceeded those at room temperature. Especially, DR1 yielded the shallowest wear scars and so exhibited the best anti-wear ability of any of the other tested fuels. It is possible that some chemical reaction film may have protected the rubbing surface against the direct contact with a rough surface during the wear test. Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the generous funding support from the Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, R.O.C., under contract 15-D11. References 4
5 [1] Murugesan, C. Umarani, R. Subramanian, N. Nedunchezhian, Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines a review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 13, Issue 3, April 29, Pages [2] Mustafa Balat, Havva Balat, A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel, Energy Conversion and Management, Volume 49, Issue 1, October 28, Pages [3] Kamalesh A. Sorate, Purnanand V. Bhale, Biodiesel properties and automotive system compatibility issues, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 31, January 215, Pages [4] L. Yüksek, H. Kaleli, O. Özener and B. Özoğuz, The Effect and Comparison of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel on Crankcase Oil, Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions, FME Transactions, 37, 29, [5] B. K. Sharmaa, K.M. Dolla, S. Z. Erhana, Ester hydroxy derivatives of methyl oleate: tribological, oxidation and low temperature properties, Bioresour Technol, Vol. 99, pp , 28. [6] D. P. Geller and J. W. Goodrum, Effects of specific fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity, Fuel, Vol. 83, pp , 24. 5
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