About the authors xi. Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy. Preface

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2 v Contents About the authors xi Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Preface xiii xv 1 Biodiesel as a renewable energy source Introduction Energy policy Transformation of biomass Global biodiesel development Value chain of biodiesel Bibliography References 44 2 Development of non-food agricultural industries for biofuel applications Introduction Biofuels Biomass potentials and limitations Advanced agroenergy crops Bibliography References 60 3 Oleochemical sources: basic science, processing and applications of oils Introduction Biochemistry of lipid metabolism Modification of vegetable oil quality Industrial use of vegetable oils Unusual fatty acids 85

3 vi Contents 3.6 Oil processing techniques Bibliography References Vegetable oil formulations for utilisation as biofuels Introduction Fuel properties of oils and fats Low-viscosity formulations Bibliography References Feedstocks for biodiesel production Introduction Global oilseed and oil production Resources for biodiesel production Main biodiesel crops Minor edible oil crops Fish oils Algae mass culture systems Oleaginous microorganisms Non-edible oilseeds Low-quality feedstocks Bibliography References Emerging new energy crops for biodiesel production Introduction Crop selection criteria for biodiesel application Structure and quality parameters for evaluating alternative feedstocks Agronomic potential of underexploited oil crops by region Bibliography References Transesterification processes for biodiesel production from oils and fats Introduction Process variables Transesterification kinetics In-situ transesterification Non-catalytic fatty acid alkyl ester production References 314

4 Contents vii 8 Biodiesel catalysis Introduction Homogeneous alkaline catalysis in biodiesel synthesis Liquid-phase acid catalysis Heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel synthesis Bibliography References Processes for biodiesel production from unrefined oils and fats Introduction Fatty acid esterification Transesterification of acidic feedstocks Jatrodiesel Algal biodiesel Vegetable oil soapstocks for biodiesel application Tall biodiesel Bibliography References Biocatalytic production of biodiesel Introduction Enzymatic (trans)esterification Bioplastic-to-biodiesel Bibliography References Industrial process technology for biodiesel production Introduction Biodiesel plant design and engineering Selected proprietary transesterification processing technologies Selected biodiesel producers Biodiesel blending techniques Bibliography References Analytical methods and standards for quality assurance in biodiesel production Introduction 514

5 viii Contents 12.2 Quality control of biodiesel feedstocks Biodiesel standardisation Biodiesel quality management Biodiesel analytical methodology Bibliography References Valorisation of the glycerol by-product from biodiesel production Introduction Industrial glycerol production Glycerol purification Industrial uses and markets Innovative use of glycerol Renewable diesel synthesis without glycerol co-production Bibliography References Sustainability and use of biodiesel Introduction Energy balance Life cycle assessment of biodiesel Performance characteristics for biodiesel Biodiesel cost structure Biodiesel use and markets Bibliography References Evolution of biodiesel and alternative diesel fuels Introduction Second-generation biofuels Biodiesel: the next generations Hydroprocessing technology Perspectives of biomass-to-liquid fuels Renewable energy and biomass Bibliography References Epilogue: outlook for biodiesel science and technology Introduction State of the biodiesel industry 784

6 Contents ix 16.3 Challenges for the global biodiesel industry 789 Appendix I Acronyms/abbreviations of techniques 799 Appendix II (Bio)chemical nomenclature 801 Appendix III Physical and mathematical symbols 810 Appendix IV General abbreviations 814 Appendix V Main websites 820 Index 822