What is a Natural Gas Vehicle NGV??

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2 Why Alterna,ve Fuels There is a ground swell movement toward Alterna,ve driven by three en,,es 1 Cost delta between CNG/LNG/LPG and Gasoline/Diesel Fuel 2 Energy Independence 3 Cleaner fuel - environmental impact Infrastructure is being put in place CNG/LNG - Clean Energy, IGS Energy, AGL, DTE etc. LPG - Amerigas, Ferrell Flying J/Pilot, KwikTrip, Loves, TA and others Ci,es Columbus, OH, Dublin, OH, Indianapolis, IN etc. Commercial/Public Fleets are conver,ng to Alterna,ve Fuels AT&T, Waste Management, Frito Lay, Ryder, UPS etc. Ci,es are conver,ng and star,ng to write specifica,ons to include provisions for alterna,ve fuels

3 What is a Natural Gas Vehicle NGV?? NGVs use the same internal combus,on engines as gasoline/diesel Inherently cleaner because it is 97% Methane, or CH 4, compared to other fuels with higher carbon content: (Diesel C 14 H 30 ; Gasoline C 8 H 18 ) Two types of NGVs: Methane Molecule CH 4 1. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) s,ll in gas state, dispensed at 3,600 psig 2. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Refrigerated to 260 degrees F to convert to liquid, 1/600 of volume Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Other

4 AutoGas Vehicles Propane/LPG What is Propane? Propane is liquefied petroleum gas that consists of propane, propylene, butane, and butylenes in various mixtures. In the United States, propane is the primary ingredient. Propane is a by- product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining and it is stored under moderate pressure (300psi) to maintain its liquid state. Why is Propane a Clean Air Choice? Propane vehicles produce less tailpipe emissions of virtually all pollutants associated with automobile vehicles that use gasoline or diesel. According to the U.S. Environmental Protec,on Agency, a typical four- horsepower gasoline lawnmower engines generates almost six,mes as much vola,le organic compound (VOCs) per hour of use as a typical car. Conver,ng small u,lity engines such as lawnmowers to burn propane can reduce emissions of ozone precursors by one third and increase fuel economy by 14 percent

5 Comparing CNG- LNG- LPG ADVANTAGES: - Low price - Low emissions - More infrastructure already exists - 9 and 12 Liter engines available, 6.7 and 15 L coming soon ADVANTAGES: - LNG is denser than CNG; allows more fuel storage/longer range - Faster fueling times than CNG - Higher capacity tanks ADVANTAGES: - LPG is not a greenhouse gas - LPG can be found more available in rural areas - Propane is more prevalent throughout the USA, Canada, & globally - Fueling Infrastructure is much less expensive CHALLENGES: - Fuel tanks add additional weight - Range limit approx. 400 miles - Existing stations often have limited capacity/access for heavy duty CHALLENGES: - Higher production and distribution costs - Infrastructure only in Southern California, Salt Lake City, Connecticut and Houston - Boils off (vents) if parked for several days - Only engine currently available is 15 Liter - Cryogenic fuel, safety gear required - Additional Maint. Shop Requirements CHALLENGES: - Tends to be more volatile, explosive - Very limited OEM options - Can be more expensive than CNG/LNG

6 Types of Systems 1. Dedicated à Runs only on natural gas/propane. 2. Bi-fuel à Two separate fueling systems enabling use of either natural gas/propane or gasoline. 3. Dual-fuel à Fuel systems run on natural gas with diesel fuel for igni,on assistance. Traditionally heavy-duty applications.

7 How Bi- Fuel Vehicles Work 1.) CNG is compressed to 3600 psi and enters the vehicle through the CNG fill receptacle. 2.) It flows into high- pressure cylinders located in or under the vehicle. 3.) In a bi- fuel NGV, a fuel selector on the dash permits selec,on of CNG or gasoline. A dedicated NGV operates solely on CNG. 4.) When needed the CNG leaves the cylinders and passes through the (PRD) pressure relief device and electric solnenoid shut- off valve (Which stops the flow of CNG when the engine is not running or in the case of a bi- fuel vehicle, gasoline is selected). 5.) The CNG travels through a short high- pressure fuel line and enters a (10 micron) coalescent filter, which removes aeresol compressor oil, oil droplets and other contaminates from the CNG. 6.) The CNG now enters the pressure regulator, which reduces pressure from up to 3,600 psi to approximately 125 psi. 7.) The CNG flows through a low pressure fuel line and enters the fuel rail which supplies pressurized fuel to all of the specially designed CNG fuel injectors. 8.) The CNG injectors inject the CNG into the engine's intake valve. 9.) The ECM (electronic control module) controls the sequen,al mul,- port fuel injec,on pulse widths or amount of CNG the injectors inject into the engine. This system allows each injector to open just before the intake valve opens, instead of all injectors opening all at once.

8 How Vehicles Work FRPCM The Fuel Rail Pressure Control Module ensures consistent vehicle performance and power on-demand. Fuel Rail ROUSH CleanTech s signature blue anodized aluminum fuel rail is designed to operate under varying temperatures of liquid propane Fuel Fill Industry-standard valve designed to allow for safe passage of liquid propane into the vehicle. Includes a check valve to prevent fuel leaks. Fuel Injectors Special fuel injectors are used to inject liquid propane into the cylinders for ignition. Fuel Lines Made of high-durability stainless steel to handle varying temperatures and pressures. They are designed to route through the factory line locations. Fuel Tank The liquid propane autogas fuel tank meets all ASME certification standards is made of ¼ inch thick steel, and is built and assembled in the USA.

9 How a Dual Fuel CNG Vehicle Work

10 W.W Williams Capabili,es Parts and Service CNG/LNG/LPG Conversions/Repower and Maintenance (LD and HD) CNG/LNG/LPG Station maintenance Repair All Makes of Diesel Engines Allison Transmissions Red Dot Generator Sets OnSite Energy Deutz Engines MTU Isuzu Mercedes Engines Webasto Heaters Williams Distribution - purchase and supply out of production service part Williams Logistics - Warehousing, Logistics, Inventory Management, Kitting - Military Williams Carrier Transicold - Refrigeration

11 W.W Williams Alterna,ve Fuels Market Strategy Working with the larger Alternative Fuels distributors/marketers as they market CNG/LNG/LPG to the vehicle fleets we are their system up fit company as well maintainers Our 70 sales representatives in 13 states calling on all sizes of fleets from local light duty come home at night fleets to over the road Class 8 fleets Leveraging our 400+ certified factory trained technicians and 30 W.W. Williams locations W. W. Williams will be the answer to all types and classes of vehicles, one stop shop, Station maintenance and start-up We will be certified by the conversion manufacturers in all cases We will only utilize EPA certified systems We can go mobile if necessary so vehicles do not have to be transported

12 Loca,ons

13 Facili,es 90,000 SERVICE TRANSACTIONS/YEAR 30 SUPPORT CENTERS 400+ CERTIFIED TECHNICIANS DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

14 Other Services MOBILE ON SITE TECHNICIANS RAPID RESPONSE TEAM CNG/LNG/LPG Station Maintenance

15 Contact Informa,on W. W. Williams 835 Goodale Blvd. Columbus, OH Chris Emery Vice President Business Development W ext Mobile