Emisije iz motornih vozila (a malo i o VW-u)
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1 SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FAKULTET STROJARSTVA I BRODOGRADNJE KATEDRA ZA MOTORE I VOZILA Doktorski rad Emisije iz motornih vozila (a malo i o VW-u) Zoran Lulić Zagreb, 1
2 Što pišu mediji Poslovni dnevnik, str. 14 2
3 Tko je otkrio razlike u emisijama? 3
4 Trenutno stanje automobilske industrije Preko milijardu registriranih vozila u cijelom svijetu. Godišnji broj proizvedenih cestovnih motornih vozila Više od 70 % čine osobna vozila. 4
5 Kontrola emisija iz vozila - kada i kako je počelo Los Angeles & Hollywood California, USA 1960s Photo by DAVID ILIFF. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Los Angeles and Griffith Observatory, as viewed from the Hollywood Hills. 5
6 Europa problemi zbog zagušenje prometa Autobahn 1959, Njemačka Njemačka, 1970-te Nije bilo iskustva, nije bilo infrastrukture,... Praćenje / brojanje prometa, prvi statistički modeli,... Utvrđivanje prvih gradskih ciklusa Paris, 1970-te 6
7 Novi europski vozni ciklus NEDC za vozila kategorije M1 ECE R ECE R
8 Radna točka motora, područje rada motora Brzinska karakteristika motora pri punom opterećenju P e opterećenje: 100 % P e - efektivna snaga, kw n - brzina vrtnje, okr/min Radna točka (način rada motora) određena je brzinom vrtnje i snagom ili momentom motora. n 8
9 Radna točka motora, područje rada motora Pogon vozila (pogon kotačima) P e rezerva snage za ubrzavanje Rv (s = 0%) motor vuče (60 km/h) v max n v kočenje motorom 9
10 Kako su automobili izgledali nekad 1970-te Zastava 750 V = 0,75 l P = 22/30 kw/ks m = 585 kg Fiat 128 V = 1,1 l P = 33/45 kw/ks m = 760 kg VW Golf I V = 1,1 l P = 37/50 kw/ks m = 790 kg Opel Kadett B V = 1,1 l P = 35/48 kw/ks m = 823 kg Ford Taunus 15m V = 1,6 l P = 51/69 kw/ks m = 885 kg 1990-te Opel Corsa A V = 1,2 l P = 37/50 kw/ks m = 800 kg Ford Fiesta V = 1,6 l P = 66/90 kw/ks m = 885 kg VW Golf II V = 1,6 l P = 51/69 kw/ks m = 1078 kg BMW serija 5 (E34) V = 1,8 l P = 84/115 kw/ks m = 1600 kg 10
11 Današnji automobili Fiat Punto V = 1,2 l P = 48/65 kw/ks m = 1185 kg Opel Corsa E V = 1,2 l P = 51/69 kw/ks m = 1179 kg Ford Fiesta V = 1,25 l P = 60/82 kw/ks m = 1071 kg VW Golf VII V = 1,0 l P = 63/86 kw/ks m = 1339 kg Opel Astra V = 1,4 l P = 55/75 kw/ks m = 1400 kg Ford Mondeo V = 1,0 l P = 90/123 kw/ks m = 1525 kg VW Passat V = 1,4 l P = 110/150 kw/ks m = 2020 kg Mercedes S klasa V = 3,5 l P = 228/306 kw/ks m = 2300 kg 11
12 Trendovi na EU tržištu Izvor: ACEA, Izvor: ICCT,
13 Trend smanjenja emisija štetnih tvari Cijena sustav za naknadnu obradu ispušnih plinova. 13
14 Trend smanjenja emisije CO 2 5 l/100km Izvor: ICCT,
15 U EU emisije štetnih tvari i CO 2 određuju se na NEDC-u NEDC ( engl. New European Driving Cycle) Definiran pravilnikom ECE R15 iz 1970, proširen pravilnikom ECE R ! Vozilo iz 70ih Vozilo iz
16 Kako se određuju emisije iz vozila? Laboratorij laboratorijski uvjeti ispitivanja Stvarni uvjeti vožnje bitno drugačiji od laboratorijskih 16
17 Ispitni ciklus NEDC za dva različita vozila Smart ForFour Audi Q7 Schreiner,
18 Usporedba ubrzanja vozila i emisija NO X tijekom laboratorijskog ispitivanja prema NEDC i ispitivanja u stvarnim uvjetima Primjer: vozilo s Dieselovim motorom Euro 5 Weiss, M., Bonnel, P., Hummel, R., Steininger, N.: A complementary emissions test for light-duty vehicles: Assessing the technical feasibility of candidate procedures, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), ISSN , EU, 2013, 18
19 Usporedba ubrzanja vozila i emisija NO X tijekom laboratorijskog ispitivanja prema NEDC i ispitivanja u stvarnim uvjetima Primjer: vozilo s Dieselovim motorom Euro 6 Weiss, M., Bonnel, P., Hummel, R., Steininger, N.: A complementary emissions test for light-duty vehicles: Assessing the technical feasibility of candidate procedures, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), ISSN , EU, 2013, 19
20 Usporedba graničnih vrijednosti emisija i stvarnih emisija U stvarnim uvjetima emisije NO X iz vozila su veće nego li su granične vrijednosti, a razlika između dozvoljenih graničnih vrijednosti i stvarnih emisija se povećava. Izvor: TNO 2015 R10838
21 Usporedba graničnih vrijednosti emisija i stvarnih emisija u uvjetima gradske vožnje U stvarnim uvjetima emisije NO X iz vozila su veće nego li su granične vrijednosti, a razlika između dozvoljenih graničnih vrijednosti i stvarnih emisija se povećava. Izvor: TNO 2015 R10838
22 Potrošnja goriva i emisija CO 2 22
23 Potrošnja goriva i emisija CO 2 Usporedba deklarirane i stvarne potrošnje goriva
24 Razlika između deklarirane i stvarne potrošnje goriva Razlike između deklariranih i stvarnih potrošnja goriva zadnjih desetak godina postaju sve veće. Izvor: ICCT
25 Mjerenje u stvarnim uvjetima RDE. Novi način mjerenja: Real Driving Emissions - RDE. RDE uveden u primjenu uz Euro 6, ali samo za gospodarski program. Je li to ostvarivo? Jest, ali ispušni sustav kamionskog motora je po svom volumenu podjednak volumenu motora. 25
26 Zaključak Vozila se za potrebe postupka homologacije ispituju prema NEDC voznom ciklusu. Zbog zastarjelosti NEDC ispitnog ciklusa i bitno drugačijih karakteristika suvremenih vozila, razlike između deklariranih vrijednosti emisija i emisija koje se ostvaruju u stvarnim uvjetima postaju sve značajnije. U novoj reviziji Euro 6 očekuje se uvođenje procedure o provjeri emisija vozila M1 kategorije u stvarnim uvjetima vožnje. Izravna usporedba vrijednosti emisija prema NEDC voznom ciklusu i emisija u stvarnim uvjetima nije moguća te dovodi do pogrešnih zaključaka.
27 Kontakt dr. sc. Zoran Lulić, red. prof. Sveučilište u Zagrebu Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje Katedra za motore i vozila Ivana Lučića Zagreb Tel: (0) Fax: (0) Mob: (0) zoran.lulic@fsb.hr 27
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