Table of Contents. Acknowledgments... xii Introduction... 1

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1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments... xii Introduction Types of Apparatus Equipped with a Pump Case History Fire Department Pumpers Common Pumper Requirements and Equipment Foam Capability Initial Attack Fire Apparatus Mobile Water Supply Apparatus Specialty Fire Apparatus Wildland Fire Apparatus Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Apparatus Fireboats Aerial Apparatus Equipped with Fire Pumps Rescue Apparatus Equipped with Fire Pumps Trailer-Mounted Fire Pumps Apparatus-Mounted Special Systems Electric Power Generators Scene Lighting Electrical Power Distribution Equipment Rescue Tools Chapter Summary Review Questions Apparatus Inspection and Maintenance...26 Case History Systematic Maintenance Program Documentation, Reporting, and Follow-Up Vehicle Cleanliness Washing Glass Care Interior Cleaning Waxing Apparatus Inspection Walk-Around Method Approaching the Vehicle Exterior Inspection Tire Types, Condition, and Inflation Tire Types and Condition...38 Tire Inflation...39 Interior Inspection Electrical Load Management System...40 Manual Shift Transmissions...41 Steering System...41 Gross Vehicle Weight...41 In Cab Fire/Rescue Equipment...42 Brake Inspection and Tests Air Brakes...42 ABS Brake Systems...43 Brake Tests...43 Engine Compartment Inspection Exhaust Emissions Chassis Lubrication Vehicle Batteries Posttrip Inspections General Fire Suppression Equipment Maintenance Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Apparatus Safety and Operating Emergency Vehicles Case History Selection of Qualified Driver/Operators Abilities and Skills Common to Driver/Operators Licensing Requirements that Affect Driver/Operator Selection Driving Regulations Common Collision Causes Improper Backing Reckless Driving Excessive Speed Lack of Driving Skills Overloading and Misuse Mechanical Failure Poor Vehicle Design Driver/Operator Personal Readiness Apparatus Rider Safety Starting, Idling, and Shutting Down Apparatus Starting the Apparatus Idling the Engine Diesel Particulate Filters Diesel Exhaust Fluid Tanks Shutting Down the Engine Driving Apparatus Adjusting Mirrors Transmissions Potential Points of Contact Weight Transfer/Center of Gravity iv

2 Axle Weight Distribution Driving Downhill Engine Lugging Bridges and Railroad Crossings Adverse Weather Emergency Response Driving Considerations Warning Devices Audible Warning Devices Visual Warning Devices Traffic Control Devices Traffic Signals at Stations and on Apparatus Routes Strobe Light Activated Preemption Devices Traffic Signal Preemption Devices GPS Based Traffic Signal Preemption Intersections Passing Other Vehicles Stopping and Braking Apparatus Visual Lead Time Braking and Reaction Time Skids Antilock Braking System (ABS) Auxiliary Braking Systems Exhaust Brakes Engine Compression Brakes Electromagnetic Retarders Transmission Retarders Auxiliary Traction Control Systems Automatic Traction Control (ATC) Driver Controlled Differential Lock Interaxle Differential Lock Stability Control Systems Roll Stability Control Electronic Stability Control Stability System Safety Backing Apparatus Recommended Backing Policies Backing Communications Tillering Tiller Operators Operator Training Driving Exercises and Evaluation Methods Written Test Practical Driving Exercises Road Tests Working Safely On and Around Fire Apparatus Compartment Doors Operating on Top of Apparatus Hose Restraints Aerial Apparatus Hose Chutes Equipment Storage in Apparatus Hydraulic Equipment Hazards Intake and Discharge Cap Removal Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Positioning Apparatus Case History Positioning Fire Department Pumpers Fire Attack Pumpers Positioning for Fire Attack Positioning to Support Aerial Apparatus Positioning to Support Fire Department Connections Water Source Supply Pumpers Drafting Operations Hydrant Operations Dual Pumping Operations Tandem Pumping Operations Positioning Wildland Fire Apparatus Structure Protection Wildland Fire Attack Special Positioning Situations Staging Level I Level II Base Highway Operations Hazardous Materials Incidents Control Zones Hot Zone Warm Zone Cold Zone Operating Near Railroads Emergency Medical Incidents Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Principles of Water Case History Characteristics of Water Advantages and Disadvantages of Water Water Pressure and Velocity Principles of Pressure First Principle Second Principle Third Principle Fourth Principle v

3 Fifth Principle Sixth Principle Types of Pressure Atmospheric Pressure Head Pressure Static Pressure Normal Operating Pressure Residual Pressure Flow Pressure (Velocity Pressure) Pressure Loss and Gain: Elevation and Altitude Friction Loss Principles of Friction Loss First Principle Second Principle Third Principle Fourth Principle Applying Friction Loss Principles Reducing Friction Loss Water Hammer Principles of a Municipal Water Supply System Sources of Water Supply Means of Moving Water Water Processing or Treatment Facilities Water Distribution System Water Main Valves Water Pipes Water System Capacity Private Water Supply Systems Chapter Summary Review Questions Hose Nozzles and Flow Rates Case History Fire Hose Nozzles Solid Stream Nozzles Determining the Flow from a Solid Stream Nozzle Fog Stream Nozzles Constant Flow Fog Nozzles Selectable Gallonage Nozzles Automatic Fog Nozzles High Pressure Fog Nozzles Selecting Nozzles Handline Nozzles Master Stream Nozzles Master Stream Appliances Elevated Master Streams Special Purpose Nozzles Cellar Nozzles Piercing Nozzles Chimney Nozzles Nozzle Pressure and Reaction Calculating Nozzle Reaction for Solid Stream Nozzles Calculating Nozzle Reaction for Fog Stream Nozzles Chapter Summary Review Questions Theoretical Pressure Calculations Case History Total Pressure Loss: Friction Loss, Elevation Pressure Loss, and Appliance Loss Determining Friction Loss Determining Friction Loss Coefficients Appliance Pressure Loss (APL) Determining Elevation Pressure Hose Layout Applications Single Hoseline Multiple Hoselines (Equal Length) Wyed Hoselines (Equal Length) Siamesed Hoselines (Equal Length) Standpipe Operations Multiple Hoselines (Unequal Length) Wyed Hoselines (Unequal Length) and Manifold Hoselines Master Streams Elevated Waterways Pump Discharge Pressure Determining Pump Discharge Pressure Determining Net Pump Discharge Pressure Chapter Summary Review Questions Formula Examples Customary System Formula 7.1: Friction Loss Example Example Example Formula 7.2: Elevation Pressure Loss Example Formula 7.3: Elevation Pressure Loss in a Multistory Building Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Single Hoseline Example Example vi

4 Total Pressure Loss Calculations Multiple Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Wyed Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Siamesed Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Standpipe Operations Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Multiple Hoselines (Unequal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Wyed Hoselines (Unequal Length) and Manifold Lines Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Master Streams Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Elevated Waterways Example Example Formula 7.4: Pump Discharge Pressure Example Example Example Example Example Formula 7.5: Net Pump Discharge Pressure Example Formula Examples International System of Units (Metric) Formula 7.1: Friction Loss Example Example Example Formula 7.2: Elevation Pressure Loss Example Formula 7.3: Elevation Pressure Loss in a Multistory Building Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Single Hoseline Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Multiple Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Wyed Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Siamesed Hoselines (Equal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Standpipe Operations Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Multiple Hoselines (Unequal Length) Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Wyed Hoselines (Unequal Length) and Manifold Lines Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Master Streams Example Example Total Pressure Loss Calculations Elevated Waterways Example Example Formula 7.4: Pump Discharge Pressure Example Example Example Example Example Formula 7.5: Net Pump Discharge Pressure Example Skill Sheets Fireground Hydraulic Calculations Case History Flowmeters Types of Flowmeters vii

5 Flowmeter Applications Diagnosing Waterflow Problems Relay Pumping Standpipe Operations Hydraulic Calculators Pump Charts Customary Example Metric Example Condensed Q Formula GPM Flowing Chapter Summary Review Questions Fire Pump Theory Case History Positive Displacement Pumps Piston Pumps Rotary Pumps Rotary Gear Pumps Rotary Vane Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Principles of Operation and Construction of Centrifugal Pumps Single-Stage Centrifugal Fire Pumps Multistage Centrifugal Fire Pumps Pump Wear Rings and Packing Pump Mounting and Drive Arrangements Auxiliary Engine Driven Pumps Power Take-Off (PTO) Drive Front-Mount Pumps Midship Pumps Rear-Mount Pumps Pump Piping and Valves Intake Piping Discharge Piping Valves Pump Drains Automatic Pressure Control Devices Relief Valves Pressure Governor Priming Methods and Devices Positive Displacement Primers Oil-Less Primers Exhaust Primers Vacuum Primers Air Primers Pump Panel Instrumentation Master Intake and Discharge Gauges Tachometer Pumping Engine Coolant Temperature Indicator Pumping Engine Oil Pressure Indicator Pump Overheat Indicator Voltmeters and Ammeters Pump Pressure Indicators (Discharge Gauges) Pumping Engine Throttle Primer Control Water Tank Level Indicator Foam Systems Auxiliary Cooling Devices Chapter Summary Review Questions Operating Fire Pumps Case History Making the Pump Operational Operating from the Water Tank Putting the Pump into Operation Transition to an External Water Supply Operating from a Pressurized Supply Source Operating from a Hydrant Choosing a Hydrant Making a Forward Lay Making a Reverse Lay Getting Water into the Pump Putting the Pump in Service Additional Water Available from a Hydrant Percentage Method First-Digit Method Squaring-the-Lines Method Shutting Down Hydrant Operation Operating from a Static Water Supply Source Drafting Operations Atmospheric Pressure During Drafting Operations Cavitation During Drafting Operations Selecting the Drafting Site Amount of Water Available Type and Quality of Water Accessibility Connecting to the Pump and Preliminary Actions Priming the Pump and Beginning Operation Operating the Pump from Draft Shutting Down the Operation Sprinkler and Standpipe Support Supporting Automatic Sprinkler Systems Supporting Standpipe Systems Troubleshooting viii

6 Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Static Water Supply Sources Case History Principles of Lift Theoretical Lift Maximum Lift Dependable Lift Determining Net Pump Discharge Pressure Natural Static Water Supply Sources Adequacy of Natural Static Water Sources Accessibility of Natural Static Water Supply Sources Inability to Position the Pumper Wet or Soft Ground Approaches Inadequate Depth for Drafting Silt and Debris Freezing Weather Swift Water Artificial Static Water Supply Sources Cisterns Private Water Storage Tanks Ground Reservoirs Swimming Pools Square/Rectangular Pools Round Pools Agricultural Irrigation Systems Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Relay Pumping Operations Case History Relay Apparatus and Equipment Relay Pumping Operational Considerations General Guidelines for Relay Operations Putting a Relay into Operation Operating the Relay Shutting Down the Relay Open Relay Method Closed Relay Method Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Water Shuttle Operations Case History Water Shuttle Apparatus Pumpers Water Tenders Setting Up a Water Shuttle Selecting the Dump Site Location Selecting the Fill Site Location Selecting the Route of Travel Water Shuttles in the Incident Command System Fill Site Operations Positioning the Fill Site Pumper Fill Site Layout Top Fill Methods Operating the Fill Site Shutting Down the Fill Site Dump Site Operations Dump Site Operational Methods Direct Pumping Operations Nurse Tender Operations Portable Water Tank Operations Single Portable Tank Operations Multiple Portable Tank Operations Shutting Down the Dump Site Evaluating Tender Performance Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Foam Equipment and Systems Case History Principles of Foam How Foam Works Foam Proportioning Induction Injection Batch Mixing Premixing How Foam Is Stored Pails Barrels Totes Apparatus Tanks Foam Concentrates Class A Foam Proportioning Rates of Application Application of Class A Foam Class B Foam Proportioning Foam Expansion Rates of Application ix

7 Specific Foam Concentrates Regular Protein Foams Fluoroprotein Foam Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) High-Expansion Foams Low Energy Foam Proportioning Systems Portable Foam Proportioners In-Line Foam Eductors Foam Nozzle Eductors Self-Educting Master Stream Foam Nozzles Apparatus Mounted Foam Proportioning Systems Installed In-Line Eductor Systems Around-the-Pump Proportioners Bypass-Type Balanced Pressure Proportioners Variable-Flow Variable-Rate Direct Injection Systems Variable-Flow Demand-Type Balanced Pressure Proportioners Batch Mixing High Energy Foam Generating Systems/CAFS Portable Foam Application Devices Handline Nozzles Smooth Bore Nozzles Fog Nozzles Air-Aspirating Foam Nozzles Master Stream Foam Nozzles Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Generating Devices Assembling a Foam Fire Stream Foam Application Techniques Direct Application Roll-On Method Bank-Down Method Rain-Down Method Environmental Impact Durable Agents Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Apparatus Testing Case History Preperformance Tests Manufacturer s Tests Road Test Hydrostatic Test Pump Certification Tests Acceptance Testing Performance Testing of Fire Pumps (Pumper Performance Tests) Site Consideration for Pumper Performance Tests Correcting Net Pump Discharge Pressure for Testing Equipment Required for Performance Tests Flowmeters Safety During Service Testing Engine Speed Check Vacuum Test Priming System Test Pumping Test Pressure Control Test Discharge Pressure Gauge and Flowmeter Operational Tests Tank-to-Pump Flow Test Internal Intake Pressure Relief Valve Test Reviewing Test Results Troubleshooting During Service Testing Foam Proportioning Equipment Testing Foam Concentrate Displacement Method Foam Concentrate Pump Discharge Volume Method Foam Solution Refractivity Testing Foam Solution Conductivity Testing Direct Reading Conductivity Testing Conductivity Comparison Testing Conductivity Calibration Curve Testing Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Introduction to Aerial Fire Apparatus Case History Primary Features of Aerial Apparatus and Aerial Devices Aerial Ladders Basics of Aerial Device Hydraulic Systems Stabilizer Cylinders Aerial Device Hoisting Cylinders Aerial Device Extension Cylinders Aerial Ladder Apparatus Aerial Ladders Tillered Trucks Elevating Platform Apparatus Requirements of All Elevating Platforms Aerial Ladder Platforms x

8 Telescoping Aerial Platforms Articulating Aerial Platforms Water Towers Quints Cable Systems, Chains, Slides, and Rollers Turntables Control Pedestals Interlock Devices Water Delivery Systems Pre-Piped Aerial Ladder Waterways Bed Ladder Systems Telescoping Waterway Systems Pinnable Telescoping Waterway Systems Detachable Ladder Pipe Systems Elevating Platform Waterway Systems Water Tower Systems Communication Systems Breathing Air Systems Apparatus-Mounted Special Systems Electric Power Generation Equipment Portable Generators Vehicle-Mounted Generators Scene Lighting Portable Lights Fixed Lights Power Distribution Equipment Electrical Power Cords Junction Boxes Adaptors Hydraulic Extrication Tool Systems Portable Equipment Carried on Aerial Apparatus Ground Ladders Forcible Entry Equipment Ventilation Equipment Salvage, Overhaul, and Loss Control Equipment Additional Equipment Aerial Apparatus Inspection and Testing Tiller System Inspection Aerial Device Inspection Visual Inspection Operational Inspection Aerial Apparatus Testing Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Positioning Aerial Apparatus Case History Standard Operating Procedures for Positioning Tactical Considerations Affecting Aerial Apparatus Positioning Spotting the Apparatus Surface Conditions Icy and Snowy Surfaces Hot Surfaces Grade Windy Conditions Electrical Hazards and Other Obstructions Ground Obstructions Overhead Obstructions Angle and Location of Aerial Device Operation Jackknifing Stress in Aerial Devices Choosing a Supported Position Approaching, Positioning, and Operating at Specific Incidents Staging Highways Railroads Bridges Emergency Medical Incidents Structural Incidents Hazardous Materials Incidents Aircraft Incidents Petroleum Storage/Processing Facilities Technical Rescue Incidents Chapter Summary Review Questions Stabilizing the Apparatus Case History Stabilizing Principles Transferring Power to the Hydraulic System Setting the Stabilizers Conducting Preliminary Checks Operating the Selector Valve Stabilizing on Even Terrain Short-Jacking Stabilizing on Uneven Terrain Stabilizing on Unstable Surfaces Stabilizing on Icy or Slippery Surfaces Locking the Stabilizers and Transferring Power to the Aerial Device Retracting the Stabilizers xi

9 Using Manual Stabilizers Stabilizing Tractor-Drawn Aerial Apparatus Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Operating Aerial Apparatus Case History Climbing and Riding on an Aerial Device Safety Tether Anchor Points Climbing or Descending the Ladder Moving the Device with People on the Ladder Extending and Retracting with People on the Ladder Riding in the Platform Aerial Device Wire Rope Hazard Operating Aerial Controls Primary and Secondary Control Positions Using the Load Chart Operating Telescoping Aerial Equipment Operating Articulating Aerial Equipment Aerial Ladder Water Delivery Systems Aerial Ladders with Piped Waterways and Water Towers Aerial Ladders with Detachable Waterways Elevating Platforms Operating Under Adverse Conditions Operating on a Grade High Wind Conditions Cold Weather Exposure to Fire Effects Aerial Device Mechanical or Power Failure Below-Grade Operations General Safety Tenets for Aerial Devices Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Aerial Apparatus Strategies and Tactics Case History Communications Access to Upper Levels Rescue Priority Considerations Most Severely Threatened by Conditions of the Hazard Largest Number of Groups of People Remainder of People in the Hazard Area People in Exposed Areas Raising the Aerial Device to a Victim Positioning the Aerial Device for a Rescue from a Window Positioning the Aerial Device for a Rescue from a Roof Removing Victims from Elevated Positions Using Aerial Devices Moving Victims Down Aerial Ladders Moving Victims in Aerial Platforms Lowering a Stokes Litter Using an Aerial Ladder Rope Rescue Using Aerial Devices for Water Rescues Ventilation Elevated Fire Attack Elevated Master Streams Nozzles Fog Streams Solid Streams Foam Streams Blitz Attack Defensive Attack Elevated Standpipe Exposure Protection Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fghting Chapter Summary Review Questions Skill Sheets Appendix A Chapter and Page Correlation to NFPA Competencies... Appendix B Sample Fire Department Vehicle Inspection Form... Appendix C Appliance Test Method... Appendix D IFSTA Friction Loss Calculations (Customary)... Appendix E IFSTA Friction Loss Calculations (Metric)... Appendix F Sample Fire Department Annual Pumper Service Test Record. Glossary Index xii