ANNUAL REPORT OF NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL 2013

Transcription

1 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS BUREAU OF EXPLOSIVES ANNUAL REPORT OF NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL 01 (United States & Canada) Published August 014 Report BOE 1-

2 ANNUAL REPORT OF NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL CALENDAR YEAR 01 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary I. Definitions and Data Sources II. Non-Accident Releases of Hazardous Materials A. Non-Accident-Release Frequencies B. Non-Accident-Release Rates C. Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes D. Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity E. The North American Non-Accident-Release Reduction Program... 1 F. Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases... 5 Appendix 1: Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Reporting Requirements... 9 Appendix : About the Association of American Railroads and Bureau of Explosives... 0 i

3 Table of Exhibits Non-Accident-Release Frequencies Page 1. Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Tank Cars by Number of Non-Accident Releases Occurring, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Major Commodities Involved in Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Percentage of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases Occurring on Loaded Trips by Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Frequency Distribution of Non-Accident Releases by Shipper Origination Point, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Rates 8. Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations, by Car Type, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Loaded Originations, Non-Accident Releases, and NAR Rates by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rates by Hazard Class and Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Major Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations for Selected Major Commodities, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes 14. Sources of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Number of Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Pressure Tank Cars, U.S. and Canada: Number of Non-Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Non-Pressure Tank Cars, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Manway Cause, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Bottom Outlet Cause, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Pressure Relief Valve Cause, U.S. and Canada: Frangible-Disc-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Pressure Relief Valve-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity 4. Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Petroleum Crude Oil by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Alcohols N. O. S. by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Liquefied Petroleum Gases by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Fuel Oil by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases Hydrochloric Acid by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Anhydrous Ammonia by Major Cause, U.S. and Canada: The North American Non-Accident-Release Reduction Program 1. Average NARRI per 1,000 Loaded Tank Car Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Average NARRI per Tank Car NAR Incident by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: Average NARRI per 1,000 Loaded Tank Car Originations for Top 5 Aggregated Hazardous Commodities, by Loaded Originations, in the U.S. and Canada: Average NARRI per Tank Car NAR Incident for Top 5 Aggregated Hazardous Commodities, by Loaded Originations, in the U.S. and Canada: Top 10 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases with the Highest NARRI: ii

4 Table of Exhibits (continued) Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases 6. Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Cause, U.S. and Canada: iii

5 Executive Summary This report provides statistics on railroad hazardous material non-accident-caused releases () for the year 01. Of the 596 reported in the U.S. and Canada, 55 or about 90% were from tank cars. Of the remainder, 4 or 7% were from TOFC/COFC service and 19 or % were from all the other car types. Relative to 01, the rate of decreased by an estimated 17% for all car types combined, and decreased by 16% for tank cars. I. Definitions and Data Sources A hazardous material is defined by 49 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) as a substance or material that the Secretary of Transportation has determined is capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce, and has designated as hazardous under section 510 of Federal hazardous materials transportation law (49 U.S.C. 510). Hazardous waste is defined as any material that is subject to the Hazardous Waste Manifest Requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency specified in 40 CFR Part 6. A hazardous materials origination is the loading of a railcar, an intermodal trailer, or a container, with a hazardous material for railroad transportation. The information on hazardous materials originations presented in this report comes from TRAIN II, the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Railinc railcar movement database, and specifically from TRAIN II waybills. All of the major freight railroads and many of the short lines and regional railroads report their waybill information, car interchanges, and other car movement events to TRAIN II. A hazardous materials non-accident release, or NAR, is the unintentional release of a hazardous material while in transportation, including loading and unloading while in railroad possession, that is not caused by a derailment, collision or other rail related accident. consist of leaks, splashes, and other releases from improperly secured or defective valves, fittings, and tank shells, and also include venting of non-atmospheric gases from safety relief devices. (Normal safety venting of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen is not considered a NAR.) The vast majority of reported involve small quantities. Most of the statistics and data on hazardous materials are derived from the AAR Bureau of Explosives (BOE) data, which in many ways parallels that from the Hazardous Materials Incident Report (HMIR) database, maintained by the U.S. DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). Railroads and all other transporters of hazardous materials in the U.S. are required to report to PHMSA any incident involving the unintentional release of a hazardous waste or hazardous material during transportation (including loading, unloading, and temporary storage), even if the railcar is not involved in a reportable train accident. Nearly all Hazardous Materials Incident Reports (DOT reports) filed with PHMSA by U.S. railroads and Canadian railroads operating in the U.S. are also provided to the AAR. Canadian railroads also provide reports to AAR regarding incidents occurring in Canada. These reports, along with NAR follow-up reports from BOE Inspectors, Non-Accident Release Risk Index (NARRI) scores, and more detailed information on the incident causes, are combined to produce the information that goes into the AAR BOE NAR database. The numbers of cited in this report will differ from the number of hazardous material incidents reported to PHMSA in part because PHMSA incidents include accidents as well as non-accident releases. The AAR databases also contain Canadian incidents that are not reported to PHMSA. II. Non-Accident Releases of Hazardous Materials A. Non-Accident-Release Frequencies Exhibit 1 shows hazardous material by state or province in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibit shows the number of tank car from 004 to 01. Exhibit shows that the 55 tank car in 01 involved 50 unique cars, of which 5 were involved in two NAR events in the year. Exhibit 4 presents a breakdown of tank car by hazard class. Exhibit 5 shows the top 16 commodities ranked by number of. Exhibit 6 shows the percentage of tank car occurring on loaded trips by major commodity. Exhibit 7 shows the frequency distribution of non-accident releases by shipper origination point. 1

6 Exhibit 1 Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: 01 Non-Accident Releases State Tank Car Intermodal Other Total AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT 0 5 NC ND NE 0 1 NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY Total U.S

7 Exhibit 1 (continued) Hazardous Materials Non-Accident Releases by State or Province/Territory, U.S. and Canada: 01 Non-Accident Releases Province Tank Car Intermodal Other Total AB BC 0 0 MB NB NS NT ON PE QC 0 0 SK Total Canada Total U.S. & Canada Exhibit Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada:

8 Exhibit Tank Cars by Number of Non-Accident Releases Occurring, U.S. and Canada: 01 Number of Total Unique Tank Cars Total 50 Exhibit 4 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 01 Class 8 16% Class 9 6% Other 4% Division.1 9% Division. % Division. % Combustible Liquid 4% Class 55% 4

9 Exhibit 5 Major Commodities Involved in Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: 01 Petroleum crude oil Alcohols, N.O.S. LPG Fuel oil Flammable liquids, N.O.S. Hydrochloric acid Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, N.O.S. Petroleum distillates, N.O.S. Ammonia, anhydrous Sulfuric acid Sulfur, molten Sodium hydroxide solution Elevated temperature material Waste flammable liquids, N.O.S. Gasoline Combustible liquid, N.O.S Exhibit 6 Percentage of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases Occurring on Loaded Trips by Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: 01 Petroleum crude oil Alcohols, N.O.S. LPG Fuel oil Flammable liquids, N.O.S. Hydrochloric acid Environmentally hazardous substances, liquid, N.O.S. Petroleum distillates, N.O.S. Ammonia, anhydrous Sulfuric acid Sulfur, molten Sodium hydroxide solution Elevated temperature material Waste flammable liquids, N.O.S. Gasoline Combustible liquid, N.O.S. % 46% 54% 6% 71% 75% 8% 80% 90% 95% 9% 100% 91% 91% 0% 0% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of Occurring on Loaded Trips 100% 100% 5

10 Exhibit 7 Frequency Distribution of Non-Accident Releases by Shipper Origination Point, U.S. and Canada: Number of NAR Occurrences from Individual Shipper Orgination Points B. Non-Accident-Release Rates Exhibit 8 shows non-accident releases per 1,000 loaded originations by car type in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibits 9 and 10 show per 1,000 originations in the U.S. and Canada by hazard class. Exhibits 11, 1, and 1 show the trends by hazard class and major commodity since 008. Exhibit 8 Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations, by Car Type, U.S. and Canada: per 1,000 Originations Tank Cars All Car Types Other Car Types Intermodal Year 6

11 Exhibit 9 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 01 Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Combustible Liquid Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Class (Flammable Liquid) All Hazard Classes Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Division.1 (Flammable Gases) Division. (Poison Gases) Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) per 1,000 Originations 7

12 Exhibit 10 Loaded Originations, Non-Accident Releases, and NAR Rates by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 01 Loaded Originations HAZARD CLASS Tank Car Intermodal Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) 69 74, ,09 Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) 0 1, ,818 Division.1 (Flammable Gases) 67,19 0, ,74 Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) 5,74 8,4 1 6,809 Division. (Poison Gases) 61, ,4 Class (Flammable Liquid) 1,068,987 56,8,119 1,18,488 Combustible Liquid 64,508, ,781 Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) 7,08 8, ,919 Division 4. (Spontan. Combust.) 1,55,658 7,986 Division 4. (Dangerous/Wet) 58,500 1,096 5,178 Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) 16,005 8,57 7,56 5,068 Division 5. (Organic Peroxides) 0 1, ,461 Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) 5,410 10, ,760 Class 7 (Radioactive) 0 1,195 5,75 6,948 Class 8 (Corrosive Material) 70,451 5,8 1,11 4,485 Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) 164,57 86,61 4,54 94,77 Total,00,07 670,79 84,00,758,165 Non-Accident Releases HAZARD CLASS 1 Tank Car I/M All Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) Division.1 (Flammable Gases) Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) Division. (Poison Gases) Class (Flammable Liquid) Combustible Liquid Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Division 4. (Spontan. Combust.) Division 4. (Dangerous/Wet) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Division 5. (Organic Peroxides) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Class 7 (Radioactive) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Total NAR Rate per 1,000 Originations HAZARD CLASS 1 Tank Car I/M All Other Total Mixed Freight All Kinds (FAK) Division 1.1 thru 1.6 (Explosives) Division.1 (Flammable Gases) Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) Division. (Poison Gases) Class (Flammable Liquid) Combustible Liquid Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Division 4. (Spontan. Combust.) Division 4. (Dangerous/Wet) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Division 5. (Organic Peroxides) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Class 7 (Radioactive) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Total Notes: 1. Some originations and were reported with an unknown hazard class and therefore are not recorded in this exhibit or subsequent exhibits.. As of 1997 releases of carbon dioxide, argon, oxygen and other atmospheric gases through normal safety venting were no longer counted as. Formerly, they had been recorded in Division... Normalizer for intermodal rate calculations is number of containers and trailers 8

13 Exhibit 11 Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rates by Hazard Class and Major Commodity, U.S. and Canada: Tank Car Non- Accident Release Rates Hazard Class/ Tank Car Non-Accident Releases 1,000 Originations Commodity Hazard Class (Flammable Gas) LPG (490575, others) Hazard Class (Non-Flammable Gas) Ammonia (490410, others) Hazard Class (Poison Gas) Chlorine (4905) Hazard Class (Flammable Liquid) Alcohols, N.O.S. (490915, others Petroleum Crude Oil ( , others) Combustible Liquid Hazard Class (Oxidizers) Hazard Class (Poisonous Material) Hazard Class (Corrosive Material) Sulfuric Acid (49009, ) Hydrochloric Acid (4908, 4901) Phosphoric Acid (49047, others) Sodium Hydroxide (49540, others) Hazard Class (Miscellaneous) Other Hazard Classes (4.1, 4., 4., FAK) Total, U.S. & Canada Notes: 1. A specific commodity listed in italics under a given hazard class is included in the hazard class total.. The Tank Car Non-Accident Release Rate is the number of tank car non-accident releases per thousand tank car originations.. The hazard classes include hazardous waste (Hazardous Material Code 48), as well as hazardous materials (Hazardous Material Code 49). 4. NAR rates may not be reported precisely in this table due to rounding. 5. As of 1997 releases of carbon dioxide, argon, oxygen and other atmospheric gases through normal safety venting were no longer counted as. Formerly, they had been recorded in Division.. 9

14 Exhibit 1 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations by Major Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: per 1,000 Originations Class 8 Division. Combustible Liquid Class All Commodities 0. Division Year Exhibit 1 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases per 1,000 Loaded Originations for Selected Major Commodities, U.S. and Canada: per 1,000 Originations Sulfuric Acid Petroleum Crude Oil All Commodities Anhydrous, Ammonia Hydrochloric Acid Alcohols, N.O.S

15 C. Non-Accident-Release Sources and Causes Exhibit 14 shows the sources of leaks of tank car from 008 to 01. Exhibits 15 and 17 show the number of by major sources for pressure tank cars and non-pressure tank cars, respectively. Exhibits 16 and 18 show the top reported NAR causes. Exhibits 19, 0 and 1 show the number of tank car by major source and cause. Exhibits and show the number of tank car by selected source and commodity. 11

16 Exhibit 14 Sources of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: NON-ACCIDENT RELEASES (): Total in All Car Types Total Number of Tank Cars with Total Number of Intermodal with Total Number of Other Cars with Sources of Tank-Car Non-Accident Releases: Pressure Relief Valve or Vent* (Pressure Relief Valve) (Disc Ruptured) (Safety Vent - Other) Manway/Pressure Plate (Hinged & Bolted) (Pressure Plate) Fill Hole Liquid Line Without Valve With Valve Vapor Line Without Valve With Valve Gauging Device Closed Open Sample Line Thermometer Well Vacuum Relief Valve Bottom Fittings Main Valve Auxiliary Valve Stuffing Box Heater Coils Washout Sump Shell or Head Other Total Tank Car Non-Accident Releases** Tank Car Originations (thousands) 1,415 1,8 1,495 1,585 1,761,00 in Tank Cars per 1,000 Originations Figures in italics are a subset of the line immediately preceding them in the table * Values have changed slightly due to the addition of category "Vacuum Relief Valve". **Includes multiple sources of leaks from the same car. 1 U.S. & Canada

17 Exhibit 15 Number of Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Liquid line 9 (48%) Vapor line (Air inlet) 18 (%) Pressure relief valve 15 (19%) Sample line 5 (6%) Manway/Pressure plate (4%) Other 1 (1%) *Total = 81 Exhibit 16 Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Pressure Tank Cars*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve open 0 (5%) Air inlet/vapor valve - less than tool tight, valve open 8 (10%) Liquid line/liquid valve - less than tool tight, valve closed 5 (6%) Air inlet/vapor valve - less than tool tight, valve closed Liquid line - closure plug less than tool tight Reclosing pressure relief device - O-Ring deteriorated Liquid line - loose packing retainer (5%) (5%) (5%) (5%) Liquid line - mounting flange bolts/nuts less than tool tight Pressure Plate - gasket deteriorate Sample line - valve open (4%) (4%) (4%) *Total = 81 1

18 Exhibit 17 Number of Non-Pressure Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Component*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway/Pressure plate Liquid line Bottom outlet valve Vacuum relief valve Pressure relief valve Vapor line (Air inlet) Safety vent Other Fill hole Tank Heater coils Sample line Sump Thermometer well 0 (41%) 80 (16%) 66 (1%) 9 (8%) (6%) (5%) 15 (%) 15 (%) 10 (%) 6 (1%) 4 (1%) (1%) (0%) 1 (0%) *Total = 498 Exhibit 18 Top Reported Non-Accident Release Causes for Non-Pressure Tank Cars*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - Bolts/nuts less than tool tight 97 (19%) Manway - gasket deteriorated 55 (11%) Manway - gasket missing Manway - gasket misaligned Other VRV - o-ring deteriorated Safety vent - frangible disc rupture PRV - bent/broken stem VRV - valve stuck open Liquid line - mounting flange bolts/nuts less than tool tight 1 (4%) 0 (4%) 15 (%) 14 (%) 14 (%) 11 (%) 11 (%) 10 (%) *Total =

19 Exhibit 19 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Manway Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Bolts/nuts loose 97 (47%) Gasket deteriorated 55 (7%) Gasket missing 1 (10%) Gasket misaligned 0 (10%) Pressure plate bolts loose 4 (%) Gasket incorrect size (1%) Bolts/nuts - threads worn (1%) * Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 05 Exhibit 0 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Bottom Outlet Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Cap loose, valve open 9 (14%) Cap loose, valve closed 7 (11%) Valve body - other 6 (9%) Valve stem - loose packing retainer Mounting flange - gasket deteriorated 5 5 (8%) (8%) Mounting flange - bolts loose Closure plug loose, valve open 4 4 (6%) (6%) Cap - gasket deteriorated (5%) *6 Other Causes Had Each, 11 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 66 15

20 Exhibit 1 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Pressure Relief Valve Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Bent/broken stem 11 (%) Overloaded tank 7 (15%) O-ring deteriorated 6 (1%) Broken spring Valve not seating properly (6%) (6%) Valve body broken/cracked O-ring misaligned Mounting flange bolts/nuts loose Other O-ring chemical degradation (4%) (4%) (4%) (4%) (4%) *7 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 47 Exhibit Frangible-Disc-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Sulfuric acid Sodium hydroxide solution Hydrochloric acid (0%) (0%) (0%) Hydrogen peroxide, stabilized (1%) Sulfuric acid, spent Phosphoric acid solution Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions Corrosive liquids, N.O.S (7%) (7%) (7%) (7%) *Total = 15 16

21 Exhibit Pressure Relief Valve-Caused Tank Car Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Petroleum crude oil 14 (0%) Alcohols, N.O.S. 5 (11%) Petroleum gases, liquefied 4 (9%) Ammonia, anhydrous (7%) Phosphoric acid solution Methyl acrylate, stabilized Flammable liquids, N.O.S. Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid (4%) (4%) (4%) (4%) *1 Other Commodities Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 46 D. Non-Accident-Release Causes by Commodity Exhibits 4-0 show the number of tank car by major cause for selected commodities in 01. Exhibit 4 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Petroleum Crude Oil by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - bolts/nuts loose 7 1% Other - Other (Describe cause of leak) 10 8% Manway - gasket deteriorated 10 8% Manway - gasket misaligned 8 7% PRD - bent/broken valve stem Reclosing pressure relief device - Overloaded tank 7 4 % 6% Manway - gasket missing 4 % * Other Causes Had Each, 6 Other Causes Had NAR Each, 18 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 119

22 Exhibit 5 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Alcohols N. O. S. by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - bolts/nuts loose 1 (19%) VRV - O-ring deteriorated 11 (16%) Manway - gasket deteriorated 7 (10%) BOV - mounting flange gasket deteriorated (4%) PRD - bent/broken valve stem (4%) *8 Other Causes Had Each, 17 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 70 Exhibit 6 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Liquefied Petroleum Gases by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve open 1 (5%) Air inlet - closure plug loose, valve open (8%) Liquid line - closure plug loose, valve closed (8%) Liquid line - connection closure plug loose (5%) *16 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 7 18

23 Exhibit 7 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Fuel Oil by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - gasket deteriorated (16%) Liquid line - loose packing retainer (11%) Liquid line - valve less than tool tight (11%) Manway - bolts/nuts loose (11%) *10 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 19 Exhibit 8 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - bolts/nuts loose 5 (5%) Manway - gasket deteriorated 4 (0%) Manway - gasket missing (15%) Manway plate - bolts/nuts loose (10%) *6 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 0 19

24 Exhibit 9 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Hydrochloric Acid by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Fill hole - bolts/nuts loose (16%) PRD - frangible disc ruptured (11%) Air inlet - closure flange bolts missing, valve open (11%) Liquid line - closure flange bolts loose (11%) Fill hole - gasket misaligned (11%) Fill hole - bolt(s) broken (11%) *6 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 19 Exhibit 0 Number of Tank Car Non-Accident Releases for Anhydrous Ammonia by Major Cause*, U.S. and Canada: 01 Manway - pressure plate gasket deteriorated (%) PRD - o-ring deteriorated (15%) Liquid line - loose packing retainer (15%) Liquid line - loose, valve open (15%) 0 4 *4 Other Causes Had 1 NAR Each. Total = 1 0

25 E. The North American Non-Accident Release Reduction Program The AAR and its members believe that are preventable. This belief has prompted them to work with the Railway Association of Canada (RAC), major chemical shippers, other trade associations, and tank car owners to adapt a successful Canadian Non-Accident Release Reduction Program to a program for use throughout North America. Since its inception in 1991, the Canadian Program has helped reduce tank car non-accident release rates in Canada. The North American Non-Accident Release Reduction Program was formed by the railroad industry in 1995 with the active involvement of shippers, manufacturers, regulators, and tank car owners. It is primarily an awareness program involving collection, analysis, and distribution of data and statistics on NAR performance and exchange of information on best practices. Recommendations for changes to AAR tank car standards have also been accepted and more are under consideration. For more information about the Non-Accident Release Reduction Program and various helpful resources go to the website: One of the initiatives by the AAR Hazardous Materials (Bureau of Explosives) Committee was the development of the Non-Accident Release Risk Index (NARRI). Since 001, all Class 1 freight railroads in the U.S. assigned a NARRI score for every NAR report. The index is calculated based on a NAR's preventability, the potential risk involved considering the type and quantity of hazardous materials involved, and its consequences. A higher NARRI corresponds to higher risk. More details about the NARRI can be found in Elliott & Mitchell (00) 1 and the Non-Accident Release Reduction Program website. Exhibit 1 presents the average NARRI per 1,000 tank car originations by hazard class in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibit presents the average NARRI per tank car NAR incident by hazard class in the U.S. and Canada. Exhibit shows the average NARRI per 1,000 tank car originations in the U.S. and Canada for the top 5 hazardous commodities shipped in 01. Exhibit 4 shows the average NARRI per tank car NAR incident in the U.S. and Canada for the top 5 hazardous commodities shipped in 01. Exhibit 5 shows the top 10 tank car with the highest NARRI. Exhibits 1 and indicate the relative risk by hazard class and commodity due to from U.S. and Canadian hazardous material tank car transportation. Exhibits and 4 indicate the relative hazard by hazard class and commodity. The distinction between these is that Exhibits 1 and take into account the likelihood that an NAR will occur (normalized by shipment volume) and thus the effect of securement practices and the condition of the tank car and its appurtenances, whereas Exhibits and 4 reflect the relative hazard associated with different materials, given that an NAR has occurred. 1 Elliott, H.R. and T. Mitchell. Development of a Nonaccident-Release Risk Index. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No.1790, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 00, pp

26 Exhibit 1 Average NARRI per 1,000 Loaded Tank Car Originations by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 01 Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) Division. (Poison Gases) Combustible Liquid All Hazard Classes Class (Flammable Liquid) Division.1 (Flammable Gases) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Average NARRI Score per 1,000 Shipments Exhibit Average NARRI per Tank Car NAR Incident by Hazard Class, U.S. and Canada: 01 Division. (Poison Gases) Division 6.1 (Poisonous Materials) Division. (Non-Flammable Gas) Division.1 (Flammable Gases) Division 5.1 (Oxidizers) Class 8 (Corrosive Material) All Hazard Classes Class (Flammable Liquid) Class 9 (Misc. Hazmat) Division 4.1 (Flammable Solid) Combustible Liquid Average NARRI Score per NAR Incident

27 Exhibit Average NARRI per 1,000 Loaded Tank Car Originations for Top 5 Aggregated Hazardous Commodities, by Loaded Originations, in the U.S. and Canada: 01 RANK COMMODITY (DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME) Average NARRI per 1,000 Shipments 1 PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, N.O.S HYDROCHLORIC ACID AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, LIQUID, N.O.S HYDROCARBONS, LIQUID, N.O.S PETROLEUM GASES, LIQUEFIED METHANOL COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID, N.O.S PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL SULFURIC ACID ALCOHOLS, N.O.S PROPYLENE 1 14 GASOLINE STYRENE MONOMER, STABILIZED 1 16 SULFUR, MOLTEN CHLORINE DIESEL FUEL PHOSPHORIC ACID SOLUTION SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION PROPANE 9 CARBON DIOXIDE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID 6 ELEVATED TEMPERATURE LIQUID, N.O.S BUTANE VINYL CHLORIDE, STABILIZED 0 -- Note: Since 007, the average NARRI rate is not reported for commodities that did not have a NAR or a reported NARRI score.

28 Exhibit 4 Average NARRI per Tank Car NAR Incident for Top 5 Aggregated Hazardous Commodities, by Loaded Originations, in the U.S. and Canada: 01 RANK COMMODITY (DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME) Average NARRI per Incident 1 AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS CHLORINE 10 PROPANE 97 4 SULFURIC ACID PETROLEUM GASES, LIQUEFIED BUTANE STYRENE MONOMER, STABILIZED 90 8 PROPYLENE 90 9 HYDROCHLORIC ACID HYDROCARBONS, LIQUID, N.O.S METHANOL PETROLEUM CRUDE OIL GASOLINE ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, LIQUID, N.O.S FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, N.O.S ALCOHOLS, N.O.S PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID, N.O.S SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION SULFUR, MOLTEN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE LIQUID, N.O.S PHOSPHORIC ACID SOLUTION 4 56 DIESEL FUEL CARBON DIOXIDE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID 4 5 VINYL CHLORIDE, STABILIZED 0 -- Note: Since 007, the average NARRI is not reported for commodities that did not have a NAR or a reported NARRI score. 4

29 Exhibit 5 Top 10 Tank Car Non-Accident Releases with the Highest NARRI: 01 No. Incident Date Commodity Shipping Name Hazard Class Tank Car Specification Primary NAR Cause Code* NARRI Injuries Fatalities Ammonia, Anhydrous. 11J40W Cresylic Acid A100W Ammonia, Anhydrous. 11J40W Corrosive Liquids, Toxic, N.O.S A60W Petroleum Gases, Liquefied.1 105J00W Environmentally Hazardous Substances, Liquid, N.O.S A100W Alcohols, N.O.S. 111A100W Petroleum Distillates, N.O.S. 111A100W Flammable Liquids, N.O.S. 111A100W Chlorine. 105J500W * For an explanation of NARRI cause codes go to APPENDIX B in: F. Injuries due to Non-Accident-Releases Exhibits 6-9 show the number of NAR-caused injuries in U.S. and Canada from 009 to 01 Exhibit 6 shows the total number of injuries due to from 009 to 01. Exhibits 7, 8 and 9 show the NAR-caused injuries by major commodity, component, and cause, respectively. Exhibit 6 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases, U.S. and Canada: Number of Injuries

30 Exhibit 7 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Commodity*, U.S. and Canada: Hydrochloric acid Ammonia, anhydrous Sulfur, molten Flammable liquids, N.O.S. Styrene monomer, stabilized Sodium hydroxide solution Sulfuric acid Toxic liquid, corrosive, inorganic, N.O.S. Picolines Cresylic acid Injuries *5 other commodities had injuries, 8 other commodities had 1 injury each Exhibit 8 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Component, U.S. and Canada: Manway 6 Liquid line 11 Tank Reclosing pressure relief device 7 7 Bottom outlet valve Non-reclosing pressure relief device Fill hole Vacuum relief valve Air inlet/vapor valve Injuries 6

31 Exhibit 9 Injuries due to Non-Accident Releases by Cause*, U.S. and Canada: Manway - bolts loose 10 Safety vent - frangile disc ruptured Manway - gasket misaligned 6 6 Manway - gasket incorrect size Manway - gasket deteriorated 4 4 Fill hole - cover loose Tank - shell rubber lining failure Liquid line - valve closed, plug loose VRV - valve stuck open BOV - mounting flange bolts loose Injuries *9 other causes had injuries, 11 other causes had 1 injury each 7

32 Preparation of this report is sponsored by the Association of American Railroads. It was prepared by Jesus Aguilar Serrano, Matthew Radovich, Hsiao-Hsuan Liu, Chen-Yu Lin, Xiang Liu, M. Rapik Saat & Christopher P.L. Barkan from the Rail Transportation and Engineering Center (RailTEC) of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Thanks to Todd Treichel, Peter French, Robert Fronczak and Sam Chapman for their helpful suggestions and careful review of this report. This is Part Two of AAR's Annual Report on Hazardous Materials Transported by Rail (BOE 1-). Questions concerning any information contained in this report should be directed to: Bureau of Explosives Hazardous Materials Compliance & Training Transportation Technology Center, Inc DOT Road, Pueblo, CO USA

33 APPENDIX 1 Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Reporting Requirements A. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Requirements for a Hazardous Material Incident: Each carrier who transports hazardous materials shall report to the Department of Transportation any incident which occurs during the course of transportation (including loading, unloading, and temporary storage) in which, as a direct result of hazardous materials, any one (or more) of the following occurs: A person is killed, or A person receives an injury requiring admittance to a hospital, or The general public is evacuated for one hour or more, or A major transportation artery or facility is closed or shut down for one hour or more, or The operational flight pattern or routine of an aircraft is altered, or Fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected radioactive contamination occurs involving a radioactive material, or Fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected contamination occurs involving an infectious substance other than a regulated medical waste, or A release of a marine pollutant occurs in a quantity exceeding 450 L (119 gallons) for a liquid or 400 kg (88 pounds) for a solid A situation exists of such a nature (e.g., a continuing danger to life exists at the scene of the incident) that, in the judgment of the carrier, it should be reported even though it does not meet the criteria of 49 CFR (b)(1), (), (), or (4), or There is an unintentional release of a hazardous material from a package (including a tank car) or any quantity of hazardous waste has been discharged. Starting with reporting on 00 incidents, PHMSA defines serious incidents as incidents that involve: a fatality or major injury caused by the release of a hazardous material, the evacuation of 5 or more persons as a result of release of a hazardous material or exposure to fire, a release or exposure to fire which results in the closure of a major transportation artery, the alteration of an aircraft flight plan or operation, the release of radioactive materials from Type B packaging, the release of over 11.9 gallons or 88. pounds of a severe marine pollutant, or the release of a bulk quantity (over 119 gallons or 88 pounds) of a hazardous material. B. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Accident and Casualty Reporting Requirements: Any impact between railroad on-track equipment and an automobile, bus, truck, motorcycle, bicycle, farm vehicle, or pedestrian at a rail-highway grade crossing, or Any collision, derailment, fire, act of God, or other event involving operation of railroad on-track equipment (standing or moving) that results in more than $9,600* in damages to railroad on-track equipment, signals, track, track structure, or roadbed, or Any event arising from the operation of a railroad which results in: - The death of one or more persons, - Injury to one or more persons other than railroad employees, that requires medical treatment, - Injury to one or more employees that requires medical treatment or results in restriction of work or motion for one or more days, one or more lost work days, transfer to another job, termination of employment, or loss of consciousness, - Occupational illness of a railroad employees diagnosed by a physician. * Amount periodically adjusted for inflation ($9,600 was the reporting threshold in 01). 9

34 APPENDIX About the Association of American Railroads and Bureau of Explosives The Association of American Railroads (AAR) is a trade association whose membership includes freight railroads that operate 8 percent of the line-haul mileage, employ 95 percent of the workers, and account for 97 percent of the freight revenues of all railroads in the United States; and passenger railroads that operate intercity passenger trains and provide commuter rail service. For more information, visit the AAR website: The Bureau of Explosives (BOE) is part of the Transportation Technology Center Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of AAR. It is a membership organization dedicated to helping carriers, shippers, and container manufacturers continually improve hazardous materials (hazmat) transportation safety. The BOE was formed by the railroad industry in 1907 to serve as a self-policing agency to advance the safe transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles. The BOE developed the first hazardous materials transportation safety rules, which were later adopted and expanded upon by the Interstate Commerce Commission and later the U.S. Department of Transportation. Today's BOE continues to provide valuable services and products throughout North America that promote compliance with federal hazmat regulations and industry safety standards. BOE Inspectors audit compliance with FRA and AAR regulations and standards respectively. For more information, visit the BOE website: 0