Crude Oil by Rail Ron Hynes FRA Office of Safety Director, Office of Technical Oversight

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1 Spill Control Association of America Crude Oil by Rail Ron Hynes FRA Office of Safety Director, Office of Technical Oversight Number 1 Priority is Safety Rail Transportation Has Never Been Safer 2 1

2 Hazardous Materials by Rail 2,400,000 2,200, ,000,000 Hazmat originations by year 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000, ,000 North American Originations Source: AAR's Annual Report of Hazmat Transported by Rail Annual Originations 600, , , , ,000 Crude oil Ethanol 100, Year 4 2

3 F Seems E D E R like A L we R A are I L R surrounded O A D A D M by I N crude I S T R oil A T trains I O N But oil is less than 2% of freight rail traffic 5 Hazmat by Car Type Percentage of Hazmat in Tank Cars Tank cars Other than tank cars 73% 27%

4 Tank Cars of HAZMAT Shipments of HAZMAT in Tank Cars Crude Oil Eh Ethanol Oh Other Hazmat Tank kcars 88% 1% 11% 2007 Tank Cars of HAZMAT Originiation of Hazmat in Tank Cars Crude oil Ethanol All other HM 25% 60% 15%

5 FRA s Hazardous Materials Division Involved in all types of Hazardous materials, not just crude oil or ethanol but LNG, RAM, and others Quality control of tank car manufacturing and servicing facilities Loading and unloading facilities Also focused on Non Accident Releases (NARs) 9 FRA s Hazardous Materials Division Tank Car Safety: Always examining the survivability of tank cars Gaining important information on derailments and accident damage Higher risk commodities arein much tougher cars than the DOT 111 s 10 5

6 Better Tank Cars Classification and Packing Group assignment Tank car ( package ) selection (Specification and pressure relief device) Applicability to flammable liquids Current tank cars designed for forces incidental to transportation Next generation will be designed for derailment scenarios 11 Identifying Tank Cars Half Height Head Shield (CPC-1232 Non-jacketed) PRV outboard of protective housing (Old DOT111) PRV inside protective housing (CPC-1232) 12 6

7 Tank Car Safety Better tank cars in service: Tougher CPC 1232 cars are in service now, pending regulations for new tank cars Many CPC 1232 cars are not jacketed New tank car requirements will be contained in a new rule 13 Thermal Damage Occurs in tanks that survive derailment: Exposure to pool fire conditions Pressure in the tank increases and the resulting stress in the tank shell Tensile strength of the shell material decreases due to high heat Tank shell failures Thermal Tears (low energy) Separation (high energy) 14 7

8 Separation Occurs when a thermal tear propagates circumferentially from each end of the tear The tank completely or nearly fragmenting into multiple pieces. 15 Failure Modes and Mechanisms Tank Car not breached Lading act as heat sink Pressure Relief Device below liquid line Slower pressure relief Less heat sink Pressure increases Tensile strength decreases with heat Steel thins like pulled taffy Race between stress and strength Failure (fracture) initiates in vapor space With enough energy fracture propagates circumferentially from both ends of initial fracture 16 8

9 Thermal Tear longitudinal failure Shell surrounding the vapor space of the tank Tank still loaded with flammable commodity 17 Mt. Carbon, West Virginia Unit train of crude oil, 109 cars A total of 28 cars derailed Cars 2 6 derailed toward the land side; line 7 26 in a general pile up; line derailed across the tracks. All tank cars were constructed to the CPC 1232 standard (built ). Cars were not jacketed. 18 9

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11 Galena, Illinois A CN crude oil unit train with 103 tank cars of Bakken Crude derailed March 5 Train speed 23 mph The track was inspected one hour before the derailment All were CPC 1232 cars, unjacketed Bottom outlet opened and the oil caught fire, local fire department could not contain the fire

12 23 Gogama, Ontario, Derailments A CN crude oil unit train with 100 tank cars derailed on February 14 A CN crude oil unit train with 94 tank cars derailed on March 7 The cars were CPC 1232 cars Higher speed = more cars derailed in each accident The TSB is conducting tank car investigations 24 12

13 Questions? 25 Rail Transportation of Energy and Managing Risk 13