JOHN DEERE WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL & CONSUMER EQUIPMENT DIVISION Jan07 Walk-Behind Greensmower 180C, 220C, and 260C TM2379 JAN07 TECHNICAL MANUAL

Transcription

1 JOHN DEERE WORLDWIDE COMMERCIAL & CONSUMER EQUIPMENT DIVISION 2379 Jan07 Walk-Behind Greensmower 180C, 220C, and 260C TM2379 JAN07 TECHNICAL MANUAL North American Version Litho in U.S.A.

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3 INTRODUCTION Introduction Manual Description This technical manual is written for an experienced technician and contains sections that are specifically for this product. It is a part of a total product support program. The manual is organized so that all the information on a particular system is kept together. The order of grouping is as follows: Table of Contents Specifications and Information Identification Numbers Tools and Materials Component Location Schematics and Harnesses Theory of Operation Operation and Diagnostics Diagnostics Tests and Adjustments Repair Other NOTE: Depending on the particular section or system being covered, not all of the above groups may be used. The bleed tabs for the pages of each section will align with the sections listed on this page. Page numbering is consecutive from the beginning of the Safety section through the last section. Safety Specifications and Information Engine Electrical Power Train Handlebar and Controls Brakes Cutting Unit Miscellaneous We appreciate your input on this manual. If you find any errors or want to comment on the layout of the manual please contact us. All information, illustrations and specifications in this manual are based on the latest information at the time of publication. The right is reserved to make changes at any time without notice. COPYRIGHT 2007 Deere & Co. John Deere Worldwide Commercial and Consumer Equipment Division All rights reserved Previous Editions COPYRIGHT Introduction

4 INTRODUCTION Introduction

5 SAFETY Safety Recognize Safety Information Be Prepared for Emergencies This is the safety-alert symbol. When you see this symbol on your machine or in this manual, be alert to the potential for personal injury. Follow recommended precautions and safe servicing practices. Understand Signal Words A signal word - DANGER, WARNING, or CAUTION - is used with the safety-alert symbol. DANGER identifies the most serious hazards. DANGER or WARNING safety signs are located near specific hazards. General precautions are listed on CAUTION safety signs. CAUTION also calls attention to safety messages in this manual. Replace Safety Signs When you work around fuel, do not smoke or work near heaters or other fire hazards. Store flammable fluids away from fire hazards. Do not incinerate or puncture pressurized containers. Make sure machine is clean of trash, grease, and debris. Do not store oily rags; they can ignite and burn spontaneously. Be prepared if a fire starts. Keep a first aid kit and fire extinguisher handy. Keep emergency numbers for doctors, ambulance service, hospital, and fire department near your telephone. Wear Protective Clothing Replace missing or damaged safety signs. See the machine operator s manual for correct safety sign placement. Wear close fitting clothing and safety equipment appropriate to the job. Safety - 1

6 SAFETY Prolonged exposure to loud noise can cause impairment or loss of hearing. Wear a suitable hearing protective device such as earmuffs or earplugs to protect against objectionable or uncomfortable loud noises. Operating equipment safely requires the full attention of the operator. Do not wear radio or music headphones while operating machine. Park Machine Safely Service Machines Safely Tie long hair behind your head. Do not wear a necktie, scarf, loose clothing, or necklace when you work near machine tools or moving parts. If these items were to get caught, severe injury could result. Remove rings and other jewelry to prevent electrical shorts and entanglement in moving parts. Before working on the machine: 1. Lower all equipment to the ground. 2. Stop the engine and remove the key. 3. Disconnect the battery ground strap. 4. Hang a DO NOT OPERATE tag in operator station. Support Machine Properly and Use Proper Lifting Equipment Use Proper Tools Use tools appropriate to the work. Makeshift tools and procedures can create safety hazards. Use power tools only to loosen threaded parts and fasteners. For loosening and tightening hardware, use the correct size tools. DO NOT use U.S. measurement tools on metric fasteners. Avoid bodily injury caused by slipping wrenches. Use only service parts meeting John Deere specifications. If you must work on a lifted machine or attachment, securely support the machine or attachment. Do not support the machine on cinder blocks, hollow tiles, or props that may crumble under continuous load. Do not work under a machine that is supported solely by a jack. Follow recommended procedures in this manual. Lifting heavy components incorrectly can cause severe injury or machine damage. Follow recommended procedure for removal and installation of components in the manual. Safety - 2

7 SAFETY Work in Clean Area Before starting a job: 1. Clean work area and machine. 2. Make sure you have all necessary tools to do your job. 3. Have the right parts on hand. 4. Read all instructions thoroughly; do not attempt shortcuts. Illuminate Work Area Safely Illuminate your work area adequately but safely. Use a portable safety light for working inside or under the machine. Make sure the bulb is enclosed by a wire cage. The hot filament of an accidentally broken bulb can ignite spilled fuel or oil. Work in Ventilated Area respirator. If you use solvent or paint stripper, remove stripper with soap and water before welding. Remove solvent or paint stripper containers and other flammable material from area. Allow fumes to disperse at least 15 minutes before welding or heating. Avoid Harmful Asbestos Dust Avoid breathing dust that may be generated when handling components containing asbestos fibers. Inhaled asbestos fibers may cause lung cancer. Components in products that may contain asbestos fibers are brake pads, brake band and lining assemblies, clutch plates, and some gaskets. The asbestos used in these components is usually found in a resin or sealed in some way. Normal handling is not hazardous as long as airborne dust containing asbestos is not generated. Avoid creating dust. Never use compressed air for cleaning. Avoid brushing or grinding material containing asbestos. When servicing, wear an approved respirator. A special vacuum cleaner is recommended to clean asbestos. If not available, apply a mist of oil or water on the material containing asbestos. Keep bystanders away from the area. Service Tires Safely TS220 Engine exhaust fumes can cause sickness or death. If it is necessary to run an engine in an enclosed area, remove the exhaust fumes from the area with an exhaust pipe extension. If you do not have an exhaust pipe extension, open the doors and get outside air into the area. WARNING: California Proposition 65 Warning Gasoline engine exhaust from this product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. Remove Paint before Welding or Heating Avoid potentially toxic fumes and dust. Hazardous fumes can be generated when paint is heated by welding, soldering, or using a torch. Do all work outside or in a well ventilated area. Dispose of paint and solvent properly. Remove paint before welding or heating: If you sand or grind paint, avoid breathing the dust. Wear an approved Explosive separation of a tire and rim parts can cause serious injury or death. Do not attempt to mount a tire unless you have the proper equipment and experience to perform the job. Always maintain the correct tire pressure. Do not inflate the tires above the recommended pressure. Never weld or heat a wheel and tire assembly. The heat can cause an increase in air pressure resulting in a tire explosion. Welding can structurally weaken or deform the wheel. When inflating tires, use a clip-on chuck and extension hose long enough to allow you to stand to one side and NOT in front of or over the tire assembly. Use a safety cage if available. Check wheels for low pressure, cuts, bubbles, damaged rims or missing lug bolts and nuts. Safety - 3

8 SAFETY Avoid Injury from Rotating Blades, Augers, and PTO Shafts beverage containers that may mislead someone into drinking from them. Do not pour waste onto the ground, down a drain, or into any water source. Inquire on the proper way to recycle or dispose of waste from your local environmental or recycling center, or from your John Deere dealer. Live with Safety Keep hands and feet away while machine is running. Shut off power to service, lubricate or remove mower blades, augers or PTO shafts. Handle Chemical Products Safely Before returning machine to customer, make sure machine is functioning properly, especially the safety systems. Install all guards and shields. Direct exposure to hazardous chemicals can cause serious injury. Potentially hazardous chemicals used with John Deere equipment include such items as lubricants, coolants, paints, and adhesives. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides specific details on chemical products: physical and health hazards, safety procedures, and emergency response techniques. Check the MSDS before you start any job using a hazardous chemical. That way you will know exactly what the risks are and how to do the job safely. Then follow procedures and recommended equipment. Dispose of Waste Properly Improperly disposing of waste can threaten the environment and ecology. Potentially harmful waste used with John Deere equipment includes such items as oil, fuel, coolant, brake fluid, filters, and batteries. Use leakproof containers when draining fluids. Do not use food or Safety - 4

9 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Specifications & Information Table of Contents Specifications...7 Vehicle Specifications...7 Repair Information...9 Metric Fastener Torque Values...9 Metric Fastener Torque Values - Grade Inch Fastener Torque Values...11 Oils and Lubricants...12 Engine Oil...12 Transmission and Hydraulic Oil...12 Biodegradable Oil...12 Converting From HY-GARD to BIO HY-GARD...13 Grease...13 Alternative Lubricants...13 Synthetic Lubricants...13 Lubricant Storage...13 Mixing of Lubricants...13 Gasoline...14 Using Proper Fuel...14 Serial Number Locations...14 Record Identification Numbers...14 Machine Identification Number...14 Engine Serial Number...14 Carburetor Identification Number...14 Specifications & Information Table of Contents - 5

10 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Specifications & Information Table of Contents - 6

11 Specifications SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION SPECIFICATIONS Vehicle Specifications Note: Specifications and design subject to change without notice. Engine Make Honda Type Gasoline, 25 inclined cylinder Model GX120 Aspiration Natural Cylinders Displacement cm 3 (7.2 cu in.) Stroke/Cycle cycle Bore mm (2.4 in.) Stroke mm (1.7 in.) Compression Ratio :1 Slow Idle /-150 rpm Fast Idle ± 150 rpm Timing BTDC Valving Overhead valves Lubrication Splash Cooling System Forced air Air Cleaner Dual-element (silent) type Carburetor Float-type Muffler In-line Engine Oil Capacity L (0.63 qt) Type of Starter Recoil Weight kg (34.2 lb) Fuel System Fuel Tank Location On engine Fuel Tank Capacity L (0.66 gal) Fuel (Minimum Octane) Unleaded gasoline, 87 octane Fuel Delivery Gravity Carburetor Float-type side draft Fuel Filter Screen Electrical Ignition Transistorized magneto Drive Train/Traveling Device Traction Roller Smooth surface, dual aluminium Forward Traveling Speed km/h (5.5 mph) Mow Traveling Speed km/h (3.4 mph) Front Roller Machined steel, solid or grooved Brakes Park Brake Band type, lever activated Specifications & Information Specifications - 7

12 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION SPECIFICATIONS Cutting Unit 180C Cutting Width mm (18 in.) 220C Cutting Width mm (22 in.) 260C Cutting Width mm (26 in.) Cutting Height (Min, Standard 3.0 mm Bed Knife) mm (1/8 in.) Cutting Height (Min, Optional 2.5 mm Bed Knife) mm (7/64 in.) Cutting Height (Min, Optional 2.0 mm Bed Knife) mm (5/64 in.) Cutting Height (Max) mm (7/8 in.) Frequency of Clip (Standard) mm (0.182 in.) Frequency of Clip (Optional) mm (0.159 in.) Reel Diameter mm (5 in.) Reel Number of Blades (Standard) Reel Number of Blades (Optional - 220C) Reel Number of Blades (Optional - 260C) Reel Material Heat treated special alloy steel Grass Catcher Rotational molded polypropylene Weight (Less GTC and Wheels, with Grass Catcher) 180C kg (201 lb) 220C kg (220 lb) 260C kg (236 lb) Width 180C mm (33 in.) 220C mm (37 in.) 260C mm (41 in.) Length mm (49 in.) Height mm (41 in.) Wheels and Tires Size /3.5-6 (2 pr) tubeless Pressure kpa (18-20 psi) Specifications & Information Specifications - 8

13 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION REPAIR INFORMATION Repair Information Metric Fastener Torque Values Property Class and Head Markings Property Class and Nut Markings (TS1163) Class 4.8 Class 8.8 or 9.8 Class 10.9 Class 12.9 Lubricated 1 Dry a Lubricated a Dry a Lubricated a Dry a Lubricated a Dry a SIZE N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Lubricated means coated with a lubricant such as engine oil, or fasteners with phosphate and oil coatings. Dry means plain or zinc plated (yellow dichromate - Specification JDS117) without any lubrication DO NOT use these hand torque values if a different torque value or tightening procedure is given for a specific application. Torque values listed are for general use only and include a ±10% variance factor. Check tightness of fasteners periodically. DO NOT use air powered wrenches. Shear bolts are designed to fail under predetermined loads. Always replace shear bolts with identical grade. Fasteners should be replaced with the same class. Make sure fastener threads are clean and that you properly start thread engagement. This will prevent them from failing when tightening. When bolt and nut combination fasteners are used, torque values should be applied to the NUT instead of the bolt head. Tighten toothed or serrated-type lock nuts to the full torque value. Reference: JDS-G200. Specifications & Information Repair Information - 9

14 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION REPAIR INFORMATION Metric Fastener Torque Values - Grade 7 Size Steel or Gray Iron Torque Aluminum Torque N m lb-ft N m lb-ft M M M M M M Specifications & Information Repair Information - 10

15 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION REPAIR INFORMATION Inch Fastener Torque Values SAE Grade and Head Markings No Marks 1 or 2 a SAE Grade and Nut Markings No Marks (TS1162) Grade 1 Grade 2 1 Grade 5, 5.1 or 5.2 Grade 8 or 8.2 Lubricated 2 Dry b Lubricated b Dry b Lubricated b Dry b Lubricated b Dry b SIZE N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft N m lb-ft 1/ / / / / / / / / / / / / Grade 2 applies for hex cap screws (not hex bolts) up to 152 mm (6-in.) long. Grade 1 applies for hex cap screws over 152 mm (6-in.) long, and for all other types of bolts and screws of any length. 2. Lubricated means coated with a lubricant such as engine oil, or fasteners with phosphate and oil coatings. Dry means plain or zinc plated (yellow dichromate - Specification JDS117) without any lubrication. DO NOT use these hand torque values if a different torque value or tightening procedure is given for a specific application. Torque values listed are for general use only and include a ±10% variance factor. Check tightness of fasteners periodically. DO NOT use air powered wrenches. Shear bolts are designed to fail under predetermined loads. Always replace shear bolts with identical grade. Fasteners should be replaced with the same grade. Make sure fastener threads are clean and that you properly start thread engagement. This will prevent them from failing when tightening. When bolt and nut combination fasteners are used, torque values should be applied to the NUT instead of the bolt head. Tighten toothed or serrated-type lock nuts to the full torque value. Reference: JDS-G200. Specifications & Information Repair Information - 11

16 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION OILS AND LUBRICANTS Oils and Lubricants Engine Oil Use oil viscosity based on the expected air temperature range during the period between oil changes F C The following John Deere oils are preferred: TURF-GARD PLUS-4 Other oils may be used if above John Deere oils are not available, provided they meet the following specification: API Service Classification SG or higher Transmission and Hydraulic Oil Important: Avoid Damage! Machine is filled with John Deere HY-GARD (J20C) Transmission/ Hydraulic Oil at the factory. DO NOT mix oils. DO NOT use type F automatic transmission fluid SAE 10W-40 SAE 5W-30 SAE 10W-30 BIO HY-GARD HY-GARD J20C Low Viscosity HY-GARD J20D F C Use John Deere BIO HY-GARD oil when a biodegradable fluid is required. Other oils may be used if they meet John Deere standard JDM J20C or J20D. Biodegradable Oil Application Important: Avoid Damage! Biodegradable oils, other than BIO HY-GARD, are not recommended. When use of a biodegradable lubricant is desired or required, BIO HY-GARD is recommended. BIO HY-GARD may be used under normal mowing conditions. DO NOT USE biodegradable lubricants in machines for the following operations: Any machine used for scalping procedure. Any verticut operation in temperatures exceeding 32 C (90 F). If the natural color of the fluid has become black, it is possible an overheating problem exists. Change the fluid. If the fluid becomes milky, water contamination may be a problem. Investigate the source of the contamination. Take fluid level reading when system is cold. Mixing of biodegradable oil and mineral oil will reduce the biodegradability of the lubricant in the machine. Mixing of HY-GARD and BIO HY-GARD will not result in performance deterioration. Cold Weather Operation Precautions should be taken if BIO HY-GARD containers or equipment are stored for long periods of time in extremely cold temperatures. Freezing should be expected if BIO HY- GARD is subjected to the following temperatures: Stored for six months at -18 to -23 C (-1 to -10 F) Stored for seven days at -23 to -26 C (-10 to -15 F) Stored for three days at -26 to -29 C (-15 to -20 F) Stored for two days at -29 to -34 C (-20 to -30 F) Stored for one day at -34 C (-30 F) and below. Use oil viscosity based on the expected air temperature range during the period between oil changes. John Deere J20C HY-GARD Transmission/Hydraulic Oil is recommended. John Deere J20D Low Viscosity HY-GARD Transmission/Hydraulic Oil may also be used. Specifications & Information Oils and Lubricants - 12

17 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION OILS AND LUBRICANTS Important: Avoid Damage! Equipment should not be started or any operation attempted until BIO HY-GARD has reached a safe operating viscosity. If freezing of BIO HY-GARD is suspected, the container or equipment MUST be warmed to at least 0 C (32 F) and maintained for hours to ensure the fluid has reached a safe operating viscosity. Converting From HY-GARD to BIO HY-GARD Systems being converted from HY-GARD to BIO HY-GARD should follow the procedure listed below to obtain maximum lubricant biodegradability. 1. Park machine on a level surface. 2. Stop engine and lock park brake. 3. Drain gearcase. 4. Fill gearcase with BIO HY-GARD to appropriate level. 5. Start engine and bring to medium idle. 6. Cycle cutting reel several times. 7. Stop engine and check hydraulic oil level. Add BIO HY- GARD to appropriate level. 8. Operate machine under normal operating conditions for a minimum of two hours. 9. Repeat steps Follow recommended maintenance schedules. Grease Important: Avoid Damage! Use recommended John Deere greases to avoid component failure and premature wear. The recommended John Deere greases are effective within an average air temperature range of -29 to 135 degrees C (-20 to 275 degrees F). If operating outside that temperature range, contact your Servicing dealer for a special-use grease. The following greases are preferred (this may change for high speed applications such as cutting units): John Deere Multi-Purpose SD Polyurea Grease If not using any of the preferred greases, be sure to use a general all-purpose grease with an NLGI grade No. 2 rating. Wet or high speed conditions may require use of a specialuse grease. Contact your Servicing dealer for information. Alternative Lubricants Conditions in certain geographical areas outside the United States and Canada may require different lubricant recommendations than the ones printed in this technical manual or the operator's manual. Consult with your John Deere Dealer, or Sales Branch, to obtain the alternative lubricant recommendations. Important: Avoid Damage! Use of alternative lubricants could cause reduced life of the component. If alternative lubricants are to be used, it is recommended that the factory fill be thoroughly removed before switching to any alternative lubricant. Synthetic Lubricants Synthetic lubricants may be used in John Deere equipment if they meet the applicable performance requirements (industry classification and/or military specification) as shown in this manual. The recommended air temperature limits and service or lubricant change intervals should be maintained as shown in the operator s manual. Avoid mixing different brands, grades, or types of oil. Oil manufacturers blend additives in their oils to meet certain specifications and performance requirements. Mixing different oils can interfere with the proper functioning of these additives and degrade lubricant performance. Lubricant Storage All machines operate at top efficiency only when clean lubricants are used. Use clean storage containers to handle all lubricants. Store them in an area protected from dust, moisture, and other contamination. Store drums on their sides. Make sure all containers are properly marked as to their contents. Dispose of all old, used containers and their contents properly. Mixing of Lubricants In general, avoid mixing different brands or types of lubricants. Manufacturers blend additives in their lubricants to meet certain specifications and performance requirements. Mixing different lubricants can interfere with the proper functioning of these additives and lubricant properties which will downgrade their intended specified performance. Specifications & Information Oils and Lubricants - 13

18 SPECIFICATIONS & INFORMATION GASOLINE Gasoline Machine Identification Number Using Proper Fuel Use regular grade unleaded fuel with an octane rating of 87 octane or higher. Fuel blends containing up to 10% ethanol or up to 15% MTBE reformulated fuel are acceptable. Do not use fuel or additives containing methanol as engine damage can occur. Always use fresh, clean fuel that is purchased in a quantity that can be used within approximately 30 days, or add fuel stabilizer. Fuel is blended to give best seasonal performance. To avoid engine performance problems such as hard starting or vapor lock, use in-season fuel. Use fuel during warm weather that was purchased during that season, and use fuel during cold weather that was purchased during that season. Fuel can become stale in machines with engines that are used seasonally or infrequently during a season. Stale fuel can produce varnish and plug carburetor or injector components which can affect engine performance. Keep fuel storage container tightly covered and in a cool area out of direct sunlight. Fuel can break down and degrade if not sealed properly or exposed to sun and heat. Condensation may collect in the fuel tank because of a variety of operating or environmental conditions and, over time, may affect your machine s operation. Fill fuel tank at the end of daily use and store fuel in plastic containers to reduce condensation. For best year-round performance and fuel-handling, add stabilizer to fuel immediately after fuel purchase. Such practice helps prevent engine performance problems and allows fuel storage in the machine all year without draining. Serial Number Locations Record Identification Numbers When ordering parts or submitting a warranty claim, it is IMPORTANT that the machine product identification and component serial numbers are included. The location of the machine identification number and component serial numbers are shown. Engine Serial Number Carburetor Identification Number MX23515 MX6042 M83820 Specifications & Information Gasoline - 14

19 ENGINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Engine Table of Contents Specifications...17 General Specifications...17 Test and Adjustment Specifications...17 Repair Specifications...17 Tools and Materials...21 Special or Essential Tools...21 Other Materials...21 Component Location and Operation...22 External Engine Components...22 Internal Engine Components...24 Lubrication System Operation...25 Cooling System Operation...27 Diagnostics...28 Engine Cranks but Will Not Start...28 Engine Malfunctions at Low RPM...28 Engine Malfunctions at High RPM...29 Excessive Oil Consumption...30 Engine Overheats...30 Excessive Fuel Consumption...30 Tests and Adjustments...32 Check and Adjust Throttle Cable...32 Adjust Slow Idle Speed...32 Adjust Governor and Fast Idle Speed...33 Test Cylinder Compression Pressure...33 Check and Adjust Valve Clearance...34 Test Spark...35 Adjust Spark Plug Gap...36 Repair...37 Remove and Install Fuel Tank...37 Remove and Install Fuel Filter...38 Remove and Install Throttle Cable...38 Remove and Install Muffler...38 Remove and Install Engine...39 Remove and Install Air Cleaner Assembly..40 Service of Air Cleaner...41 Remove and Install Throttle Plate Assembly...42 Remove and Install Carburetor...42 Disassemble and Assemble Carburetor...44 Clean and Inspect Carburetor...45 Replace Pilot Screw and Limiter Cap...45 Adjust Float Level...46 Remove and Install Blower Housing Assembly...46 Remove and Install Recoil Starter Disassemble and Inspect Recoil Starter Assemble Recoil Starter Remove and Install Ignition Coil Adjust Air Gap Test Ignition Coil Remove and Install Flywheel Remove and Install Rocker Arm Cover Remove and Install Cylinder Head and Valves Disassemble and Assemble Cylinder Head and Valves Inspect Cylinder Head and Valves Replace Valve Guide Analyze Valves Recondition Valve Seats Lap Valves Remove and Install Crankcase Cover Replace Bearing and Oil Seal Remove and Install Camshaft and Tappets 59 Inspect Camshaft and Tappets Remove Piston and Connecting Rod Inspect Piston and Connecting Rod Disassemble Piston and Connecting Rod.. 62 Assemble Piston and Connecting Rod Inspect Piston and Connecting Rod Check Connecting Rod Side Play Check Connecting Rod-to-Crankshaft Clearance Check Piston Ring End Gap Analyze Piston Ring Wear Analyze Piston Wear Remove and Install Crankshaft Inspect Crankshaft Replace Timing-Governor Gear Analyze Crankshaft and Connecting Rod Wear Inspect Cylinder Block Inspect and Replace Bearing Replace Oil Seal Deglaze Cylinder Bore Rebore Cylinder Block Remove and Install Governor Engine Table of Contents - 15

20 ENGINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Engine Table of Contents - 16