MOTORCYCLE: 3 or less wheels Seat or saddle 150cc engine or greater. MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE: Motorcycle with engine less than 150cc

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2 MOTORCYCLE: 3 or less wheels Seat or saddle 150cc engine or greater MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE: Motorcycle with engine less than 150cc **NOTE: Under 150cc not allowed on freeways.

3 MOTORIZED BICYCLE /MOPED: 3 or less wheels 30 mph max Fully operative pedals for human propulsion Motor producing less than 4 HP Automatic transmission Or No pedals if powered solely by electrical energy ELECTRIC BICYCLE: Fully operation pedals Electric motor less than 750 watts Class 1 and 2 speeds no more than 20 mph Class 3 speeds no more than 28 mph, must be at least 16 years old, with bicycle helmet

4 MOTORIZED SCOOTER: 2 wheeled device Electric motor, handlebars, and floorboard for standing Option of having a driver seat which does not interfere with standing Option of being powered by human propulsion

5 M1 Class: Motorcycle Motor Driven Cycle Any vehicle listed under Class M2 M2 Class: Motorized Bicycle/Moped (30 mph max) Motorized Scooter Any Class: Motorized Scooter Not Required: Electric bicycle

6 Acceptations: Class C may operate a motorcycle with a side car or any 3-wheel motorcycle A person holding a valid CA license of any class may operate a short-term (48 hrs. or less) rental motorized bicycle without having an M2 endorsement All electric bicycles classes are exempt from motor vehicle financial responsibility, driver license, and license plate

7 Getting Your license Under 21: 15½ to 17; Must have driver education and behind-the-wheel driver training certificates. Parent(s) or guardian(s) signature. 15½ to 20; Certificate of Completion of Motorcycle Training. Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests (may be waived from training course). Held a motorcycle permit for at least 6 months.

8 Permit Restrictions Driving you motorcycle at night. Driving you motorcycle on the freeway. Carrying any passengers on you motorcycle.

9 Getting Your license Over 21: Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests. (not required, but encouraged to enroll in safety program) * NOTE: An observation road test is required for applicants who have never been licensed for any class of motor vehicle and apply for a motorcycle only license.

10 Must wear a helmet. Helmet must: Meet DOT and state motorcycle safety requirements Show DOT label on rear (label must not be removable) Fit snugly Not have defects (cracks, loose padding, or frayed straps) Recommended to be replaced after 5 years

11 Original Law: January 1 st, 1985 Ages 15 ½ or younger (Partial Law) Change to Universal Law: January 1 st, 1992 All riders ** A must for motorcycles, motordriven cycle, or motorized bicycle Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

12 Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

13 Source: Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety

14 At minimum, a motorcycle must be equipped with: Daytime headlight required 1978 and up Turn signals, taillight, brake light Front and rear brakes Horn Handlebars, height must keep hands no more than 6 inches above shoulders Eye protection not required Single speaker earplug allowed Right and left mirror Muffler required, max 80 dba after 1985 No age restriction on passenger Allowed in HOV lanes

15 Not illegal if done in a safe and prudent manner: No more than 10 mph faster than other traffic Not advisable with traffic flow over 30 mph More desirable between No. 1 and No. 2 lanes Be alert and anticipate possible vehicle movements Consider total environment: widths of lanes size of vehicles roadway conditions (surface, weather, lighting)

16 Rake, Trail, Wheelbase, Seat Height Rake Angle Seat Height Trail Wheelbase

17 SPORT Less comfort More agile Better handling Higher acceleration Higher performance suspension Higher performance brakes Shorter handlebars

18 CRUISER More comfort Feet more forward Back more upright Lower seat position Less agile Limited cornering ability Larger rake angle

19 TOURING Designed for comfort Much larger/heavier motorcycles Bigger engine displacement Even less agile and cornering ability Luggage area, radios, etc.

20 DUAL SPORT Street legal bikes designed to handle off-road terrain Less cornering ability on dual sport tires Taller motorcycles Much more suspension travel Typically based on dirt bike chassis.

21 MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE Smaller design with smaller wheels Typically have floorboards instead of pegs Has low power and performance Low top speed For short commute or recreational riding

22 Steering Counterweighing Posture (low speeds ~15mph) Aligned/Leaned Posture (intermediate and high speeds)

23 Steering Lean Angle Why lean when turning? Lateral forces when turning: Inertial Force (rider) Cornering Force (ground) Motorcycle must lean to balance the lateral forces.

24 How do you lean a motorcycle?? COUNTER-STEER

25 Steering Counter-steering: Turning in one direction by momentarily steering in the opposite direction. Necessary for twowheeled vehicles Needed to attain the necessary lean angle Source: Obairlann.net

26 Braking Stopping Distance Rear Brake Only Front Brake Only Both Brakes

27 Braking Rear Only Motorcycle Brake Testing; 43 mph, 201 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R

28 Braking Both Brakes Motorcycle Brake Testing; 44 mph, 75 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R

29 Both brakes ~ 0.7g Sport bikes can peak at over 1g Sport bikes will begin to pitch up rear wheel around 1g Rear only braking ~0.35g Good reference: SAE Paper#

30 Braking: Combined Braking Systems Integrated system (INT) Front brake operated independently (right hand) Rear brake applies both rear brakes and some of the front brakes Linked brake system (LBS i.e. Honda VFR800) Front brake application will apply most front caliper pistons and at least one of the rear pistons. Rear brake application will apply at least one piston in both front calipers and one to three pistons in rear caliper

31 Braking and Steering Combined: Only a given amount of friction is available. Friction is divided among turning and braking forces. Tire in Motion Rotation Friction Allocation Examples Forward Motion No friction used for turning; most friction used for braking Wide Turn Some friction used for turning Turning Friction Sharp Turn Much friction is used for turning; less friction available for braking Braking Friction

32 Braking and Steering Combined: Dependent on speed and severity of curve Typically taught to straighten bike first to fully apply brakes Not always able to straighten bike, therefore; Apply brakes lightly As you slow, reduce the lean angle, and progressively apply more brake pressure

33 Falling Terminology: High-Side

34 Falling Terminology: High-Side Typically at higher speeds when rear wheel locks/slows, allowing the bike to yaw. The rear wheel will then essentially spin back up. Inertial properties of the faster wheel spin wants to straighten the bike back up. Typically taught if the rear wheel locks to KEEP it locked and avoid any potential high-side situation.

35 Falling Terminology: Low-Side

36 Falling Terminology: Low-Side Typically at higher speeds when front wheel loses traction. Or rear wheel may initiate the fall ultimately causing front wheel to lose traction. Rider and bike will simply fall to the leaning side of the motorcycle.

37 Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up

38 Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up Typically at higher speeds under heavy front wheel braking. More common with sport bike type. Rider is vault over and ahead of motorcycle.

39 Obstacle Avoidance Study was performed: Do I brake or do I swerve? By Karl F. Shuman Sport bike comparison: Braking vs. swerving when encountering a fixed obstacle. Results: Typically lower speeds Brake Typically higher speeds - Swerve Implication: Role of time/skill/distance?? Good Reference: SAE Paper#

40 Obstacle Avoidance Literature: Motorcycle Dynamics Inst. of Police Tech. and Mgmt. Lateral distance of 3.2 ft. to avoid a barrier Skill Factor: Most Significant Low-skilled riders take more time to decide and execute maneuver they require 15%-20% more distance to avoid an obstacle.

41 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = 0.0 s

42 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

43 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

44 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

45 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

46 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

47 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

48 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

49 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

50 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

51 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

52 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

53 Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star T = s

54 Sliding Motorcycle Typical range between 0.35g 0.55g Good Reference: SAE Paper#

55

56 155 ft. 43 ft.

57 S = imp S = (155) + 10 S = S = 51

58 Emergency Braking to a Stop S = 30 d = = (. ) d = 124.

59 74 ft. short 124 ft.

60 How did you brake? Used front only, rear only, or both? Where they applied simultaneously? If rider has no recollection, what do they typically do? If the motorcycle was laid down; Was it intentional? Rider s experience; How many years licensed? Any safety courses taken? How many motorcycles owned? Ride daily, weekly, monthly, etc.? Off road experience?

61 Kawasaki specific model lines 2013-up. Need court order/warrant to access data. Manufacture typically downloads. Honda Goldwing Only if equipped with airbag option. Can-Am Spyder Manufacturer/dealer to download.

62 Kawasaki EDR (US sold) 2013; Ninja 300, ZX : Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja : Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650, Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650, Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z :???

63 Kawasaki EDR (US sold) 2013; Ninja 300, ZX : Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja : Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650, Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650, Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z :??? NO SHOWS: Ninja 650, Concours 14, Vulcan 900, Vulcan 1700, Ninja H2R

64 Kawasaki EDR Data Triggering NOT from a DTC NOT from a deceleration (M/C or wheel lock up) Not from a simple tip-over i.e. M/C rolls to a stop and falls over Has to be a specific circumstance Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear OR Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear wheel stopped after sudden deceleration

65 Kawasaki EDR Pre-shutdown Data (Ninja 300) At 10 Hz At 2 Hz Throttle position Speed RPM Gear Position Clutch In/Out Inlet Air Temperature Fuel Injector Time Coolant Temperature Timing BTDC Battery Voltage Fuel Cutout DTC (s) Total of 8 seconds of data Good Reference: SAE Paper#

66 Kawasaki EDR Number of Events Three place holders for event If first place holder is taken, data will be written to second place holder If second place holder is taken, data will be written to third place holder Events can not be overwritten, once all three events are recorded, the ECU will not record any new events

67 *** Safety + Familiarity + Skill = Performance***

68 Edward C. Fatzinger Jr., MS, PE MOMENTUM ENGINEERING CORP.

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