BLASTING OPERATIONS I

Transcription

1 BLASTING OPERATIONS I TP Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Release Version 1.5 Orica USA Inc

2 Table of Contents i. Table of Contents ii. Introduction & Prerequisites Training Record Bench Blast Audit Report Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training 1. Glossary of Industry Terms... TP Table of Commercial Blasting Explosives 2. Lightning Precautions... TP Transportation on the Bench... TP Explosive Properties... TP Water Resistance Blasting Fumes 5. Priming Explosives... TP Assembly Make Up Location 6. Detonating Cord... TP General Use Tying-In Procedure 7. EXEL Initiation... TP General Use Tying-In Procedure 8. Electric Initiation... TP General Use Blasting Wire Splices Test Instruments 9. Loading & Stemming Blastholes... TP Shot Calculations... TP Explosive Charge Weights 11. Vibration & Airblast... TP General Knowledge Seismograph Setup 12. Flyrock... TP TP-327 (i) Release Version

3 Introduction Introduction The most important resource in providing a quality Blasting Service is the personnel. Orica and our distributors need knowledgeable and skilled personnel who can provide a level of service that our customers recognize as added value. Proper training for every job and every task is the key to your personal health and safety. This training package is for the blasters and blasters helper's who perform explosives loading and shot-firing duties for shot service, rock on ground, gain sharing or other value added service contracts for Orica and our distributors. It is designed to provide a base of knowledge that will guide activities on the bench while meeting contractual requirements and minimizing exposure to risk for the employee, customer, public and our company. This training package defines the minimum Orica standard for working at a blast site. If customer, local, state Provincial or federal regulations are more stringent, then they shall apply as the minimum standard of working at a blast site. For each section, the training objectives are listed. All necessary information to achieve the objectives is given. At the end of each section, is an exercise to reinforce the learning objectives. The site manager in conjunction with the training coordinator for this material is responsible for helping each employee with both the knowledge objectives and the skills activity for this base of job competency training. Prerequisites Before beginning this training subject you must have successfully completed the following: Topic 101 Employee Induction 102 Orica Policy Review 201 SHE Induction 202A Right to Know** 202B WHMIS* 206 Drug & Substance Abuse** 208 MSHA Basic** 334 Blasting Safety Guideline 323 General Product Knowledge ** US Employees * CAN Employees TP-327 (ii) Release Version

4 Employee Name Training Record (TP-327) Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Topic Date Completed Training Instructor 1. Glossary of Industry Terms 2. Lightning Precautions 3. Transportation on the Bench 4. Explosive Properties 5. Priming Explosives 6. Detonating Cord 7. EXEL Initiation 8. Electric Initiation 9. Loading & Stemming Blastholes 10. Shot Calculations 11. Vibration & Airblast 12. Flyrock 13. On-Bench Working Practice Demonstrated TP-327 (iii) Release Version

5 Glossary Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Objectives: Glossary of Industry Terms At the completion of this section you will be able to: Describe the terms used at a blast site. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version

6 Glossary AC ACCEPTOR ADOBE CHARGE AIR BLAST ALWAYS AND NEVER AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI) AMERICAN TABLE OF DISTANCES Alternating current. A charge of explosives or blasting agent receiving an impulse from an exploding donor charge. A mud-covered or unconfined charge fired in contact with a rock surface without the use of a borehole. Synonymous with BULLDOZE, MUDCAPPING, and PLASTER. The airborne shock wave or acoustic transient generated by an explosion. List of precautions (IME Safety Library Publication No. 4) printed by the Institute of Makers of Explosives pertaining to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of explosive materials. Formerly titled DO S AND DON TS. A non-governmental organization concerned with developing safety and health standards for industry. The quantity-distance table, for storage of explosive materials to determine safe distances from inhabited buildings, public highways, passenger railways, and other stored explosive materials. AMMONIUM NITRATE The ammonium salt of nitric acid represented by the formula NH 4 NO 3. AMPERE ANFO ANSI APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY A unit of electrical current produced by 1 volt acting through a resistance of 1 ohm. A blasting agent (1.5D) containing no essential ingredients other than prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. See AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTE See COMPETENT AUTHORITY. APPROVED, APPROVAL, OR Terms which mean APPROVED, APPROVAL, or AUTHORIZED by AUTHORIZED the authority having jurisdiction. ARTIFICIAL BARRICADE ATF AUTHORIZED PERSON AUTHORITY HAVING AVAILABLE ENERGY BACKBREAK An artificial mound or revetted wall of earth of minimum thickness of three feet. See BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, AND FIREARMS. An individual approved or assigned by management to perform a specific duty or duties or be at a specific location or locations. The governmental agency, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installation, or a procedure. The energy from an explosive material that is capable of performing useful work. Rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of holes in a blast. Synonymous with OVERBREAK. TP Release Version

7 Glossary BALLISTIC MORTAR BARRICADED BARRIER BASE CHARGE BINARY EXPLOSIVE BENCH BENCH HEIGHT BLACK POWDER BLAST, BLASTING BLAST AREA BLASTHOLE BLAST PATTERN BLAST SITE BLASTER BLASTING ACCESSORIES BLASTING AGENT A laboratory instrument used for measuring the relative power or strength of an explosive material. The effective screening of a building containing explosive materials from a magazine or other building. A straight line from the top of any sidewall of the building containing explosive materials to the eave line of any magazine or other building or to a point twelve feet above the center of a railway or highway shall pass through such barrier. A material object or objects that separates, keeps apart, or demarcates in a conspicuous manner such as cones, a warning sigh, or tape. The main explosive charge in the base of a detonator. A blasting explosive formed by the mixing or combining of two plosophoric materials, for example, ammonium nitrate and nitromethane. A horizontal ledge from which holes are drilled vertically down into the material to be blasted; benching is a process of excavating where a highwall is worked in steps or lifts. The vertical distance from the top of a bench to the floor or to the top of the next lower bench. A deflagrating or low explosive compound of an intimate mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and an alkali nitrate, usually potassium or sodium nitrate. The firing of explosive materials for such purposes as breaking rock or other material, moving material, or generating seismic waves. The area of a blast within the influence of flying rock missiles, gases, and concussion. See DRILL HOLE and BOREHOLE. The plan of the drill holes laid out for blasting; an expression of the burden distance and the spacing distance and their relationship to each other. Synonymous with DRILL PATTERN. The area where explosive material is handled during loading, including an area extending 50 feet (15.2 m) in all directions from the perimeter formed by loaded holes. A minimum of 30 feet (9.1 m) may replace the 50 feet (15.2 m) requirement if the perimeter of loaded holes is marked and separated from non-blast site areas by a barrier. The 50 feet (15.2 m) or 30 feet (9.1 m) distance requirement, as applicable, shall apply in all directions along the full depth of the blasthole. In underground mines, 15 feet (4.6 m) of solid rib, pillar, or broken rock can be substituted for the 50 foot (15.2 m) distance. That qualified person in charge of, and responsible for, the loading and firing of a blast. Synonymous with SHOT FIRER. Non-explosive devices and materials used in blasting, such as cap crimpers, tamping bags, blasting machines, blasting galvanometers, and cartridge punches. An explosive material that meets prescribed criteria for insensitivity to initiation. TP Release Version

8 Glossary For storage, Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Section defines a blasting agent as any material or mixture, containing a fuel and oxidizer intended for blasting, not otherwise defined as an explosive; provided that the finished product, as mixed for use or shipment, cannot be detonated by means of a No. 8 test blasting cap (detonator) when unconfined. (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Regulation). For transportation, Title 49 CFR, Section , defines Class 1, Division 1.5 (blasting agent) as a substance which has mass explosion hazard but is so insensitive that there is very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to detonation under normal conditions in transportation. BLASTING CAP BLASTING CREW See DETONATOR. A group of persons who assist the blaster in loading, tying-in, and firing a blast. BLASTING GALVANOMETER An electrical resistance instrument designed specifically for testing electric detonators and circuits containing them. It is used to check electrical continuity. Other acceptable instruments for this purpose are Blasting Ohmmeters and Blasters Multimeters. BLASTING LOG BLASTING MACHINE BLASTING MACHINE CD TYPE BLASTING MACHINE GENERATOR TYPE BLASTING MACHINE RHEOSTAT BLASTING MAT BLASTING VIBRATIONS BLOCKHOLING BLEND BOOSTER A written record of information about a specific blast as may be required by law or regulation. An electrical or electromechanical device which provides electrical energy for the purpose of energizing detonators in an electric blasting circuit. Also used in reference to certain nonelectric systems. (Sometimes called exploder or battery). See CAPACITOR-DISCHARGE BLASTING MACHINE A hand-operated electromechanical device that provides output current to energize electric detonators. A graduated electrical resistance device used to stimulate electrical detonator resistances for testing of generator type blasting machines. A mat of woven steel wire, rope, scrap tires, or other suitable material or construction to cover blastholes for the purpose of preventing flying rock missiles. The energy from a blast that manifests itself in vibrations which are transmitted through the earth away from the immediate blast area. The breaking of boulders by loading and firing small explosive charges in small-diameter drilled holes. A mixture consisting of; (a) A water-based explosive material and ammonium nitrate or ANFO; or (b) A water-based oxidizer matrix and ammonium nitrate or ANFO. An explosive charge, usually of high detonation velocity and detonation pressure, designed to be used in the explosive initiation sequence between an initiator or primer and the main charge. See also PRIMER. TP Release Version

9 Glossary BOOTLEG BOREHOLE BOX BREAKAGE BRIDGEWIRE BRISANCE BULK MIX BULK MIX DELIVERY EQUIPMENT BULK STRENGTH BULLDOZE BULLET-RESISTANT The part of a drilled blasthole that remains when the force of the explosion does not break the rock completely to the bottom of the hole. Synonymous with SOCKET. A hole drilled in the material to be blasted, for the purpose of containing an explosive charge, also called BLASTHOLE or DRILL HOLE. An outer packaging with complete rectangular or polygonal faces, made of metal, wood, plywood, fiberboard, plastic, or other suitable material and authorized by DOT for packaging and transport of CLASS 1 materials (explosives). A term used to describe the size distribution of the rock fragments created by a blast. A resistance wire connecting the ends of the leg wires inside an electric detonator and which is embedded in the ignition charge of the detonator. The shattering power of an explosive material as distinguished from its total work capacity. A mass of explosive material prepared for use in bulk form without packaging. Equipment (usually a motor vehicle with or without a mechanical delivery device) that transports explosive materials in bulk form for mixing or loading directly into blastholes, or both. The strength per unit volume of an explosive calculated from its weight strength and density. See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with MUD-CAPPING and PLASTER. Magazine walls or doors of construction resistant to penetration of a bullet of 150-grain M2 ball ammunition having a normal muzzle velocity of 2700 feet (823 m) per second fired from a 30 caliber rifle from a distance of 100 feet (30 m) perpendicular to the wall or door. When a magazine ceiling or roof is required to be bullet-resistant, the ceiling or roof shall be constructed of materials comparable to the side walls or of other materials which will withstand penetration of the bullet described above when fired at an angle 45 degrees from the perpendicular. Tests to determine bullet resistance shall be conducted on test panels or empty magazines which shall resist penetration of 5 out of 5 shots placed independently of each other in an area at least 3 feet (.9 m) by 3 feet (.9 m). BULLET-SENSITIVE EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL Explosive materials that can be detonated by a 150-grain M2 ball ammunition having a nominal muzzle velocity of 2700 ft (823 m) per second when the bullet is fired from a.30 caliber rifle at a distance of 100 ft (30 m) and the test material, at a temperature of 70 o to 75 o F (21 o - 24 o C), is placed against a backing material of half-inch steel plate. TP Release Version

10 Glossary BUREAU OF EXPLOSIVES BURDEN A bureau of the Association of American Railroads which the U.S. Dept. of Transportation may consult for recommendations on classification of explosive materials for the purpose of interstate transportation. The distance from the borehole and the nearest free face or the distance between boreholes measured perpendicular to the spacing. Also the total amount of material to be blasted by a given hole, usually measured in cubic yards or tons. BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, A bureau of the Dept. of Treasury having responsibility for the TOBACCO, AND FIREARMS promulgation and enforcement of regulations related to the unlawful use (BATF) of explosive materials under 18 U.S.C. Chapter 40, Section 847. BUREAU OF MINES BUS WIRE CAP CRIMPER CAP SENSITIVE EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL CAPACITOR-DISCHARGE BLASTING MACHINE CARTON CARTRIDGE CARTRIDGE COUNT (STICK COUNT) CARTRIDGE PUNCH CARTRIDGE STRENGTH CASE CASE INSERT CASE LINER See U.S. BUREAU OF MINES. Expendable heavy gauge bare copper wire used to connect detonators or series of detonators in parallel. A mechanical device for crimping the metallic shell of a fuse detonator or igniter cord connector securely to a section of inserted safety fuse. May be a hand or bench tool. An explosive material which will detonate with an IME No.8 TEST DETONATOR when the material is unconfined. A blasting machine in which electrical energy, stored on a capacitor, is discharged into a blasting circuit containing electric detonators. An inner packaging, usually made of cardboard, pasteboard, or similar material and used for the packing of Class 1 materials (explosives). Cartons must be shipped in a DOT authorized outer packaging. See INNER PACKAGING. An individual closed shell, bag, or tube of circular cross section containing explosive material. The number of cartridges in a standard case. A wooden, plastic, or nonsparking metallic device used to punch an opening in an explosive cartridge to accept a detonator or a section of detonating cord. Synonymous with POWDER PUNCH. Synonymous with BULK STRENGTH. An outer shipping container used for the packaging and transport of Class 1 material (explosives). See BOX. A set of printed, precautionary instructions, including the IME Instructions and Warnings which is included in a case of explosive materials. A separate barrier inside a shipping case, used to prevent the escape of explosive materials. A liner may also restrict fumes from escaping from the case and protect the explosives materials from moisture. CAST BOOSTER A cast, extruded, or pressed solid high explosive which contains wells TP Release Version

11 Glossary or tunnels. Number 8 strength detonator or detonating cord sensitive. May contain pentolite, TNT, composition B or similar type explosives. CERTIFIED BLASTER CFM CFR CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (CMA) CIRCUIT CLASS A EXPLOSIVES CLASS B EXPLOSIVES CLASS C EXPLOSIVES CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS COLLAR COLUMN CHARGE COLUMN DEPTH/ COLUMN HEIGHT COMMERCIAL EXPLOSIVES COMPATIBILITY LETTER COMPETENT AUTHORITY CONNECTING WIRE A blaster certified by a governmental agency to prepare, execute and supervise blasting. An abbreviation for cubic feet per minute, a measure of the volume of flow. Usually refers to air flow in mining usage. See CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS. A non profit chemical trade organization of companies in the U.S. and Canada who manufacture chemicals for sale. A completed path for conveying electrical current. See SERIES CIRCUIT, PARALLEL CIRCUIT, AND SERIES IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT. A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of Transportation to describe explosives which possess detonating or otherwise maximum hazard. (Currently classified as Division 1.1 or 1.2 materials.) A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of Transportation to describe explosives which possess flammable hazard. (Currently classified as Division 1.3 materials.) A term formerly used by the U.S. Department of Transportation to describe explosives which contain Class A or Class B explosives, or both as components but in restricted quantities. (Currently classified Division 1.4 materials.) A codification of the general and permanent rules departments and in the Federal Register by the Executive published agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. The mouth or opening of a borehole or shaft. A charge of explosives in a blasthole in the form of a long continuous unbroken column. The length of each portion of a blasthole filed with explosives materials. Explosives designed, produced, and used for commercial or industrial applications rather than for military proposes. A letter assigned by DOT which follows an explosive s division number to specify the controls for the transportation, and storage related thereto, of explosives to prevent an increase in hazard that might result if certain types of explosives were transported together. A national agency responsible under its national law for the control or regulation of a particular aspect of the transportation of hazardous materials. Also referred to as APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY (Ref. 49 CFR). Wire used to extend the firing line or leg wires in an electric blasting circuit. TP Release Version

12 Glossary CONTINUITY CHECK (CIRCUIT CONTINUITY CHECK) CONTOUR BLASTING (SMOOTH BLASTING) CORE LOAD COUPLING COYOTE SHOOTING CRIMP CRIMPING CRITICAL DIAMETER CURRENT LEAKAGE CURRENT LIMITING DEVICE CUSHION BLASTING CUT OFF DATE-SHIFT CODE D'AUTRICHE METHOD DC A determination made by instrumentation where possible, and visually in all cases, to show the an initiation system is continuous and contains no breaks or improper connections that could cause stoppage or failure of the initiation process. A blasting technique used to produce smooth walls and reduce overbreak in underground blasting. The trim holes have light, well distributed charges and are fired on the last delay period of the round. The explosive core of detonating cord, expressed as the number of grains of explosive per foot, or grams per meter. The degree to which an explosive fills the cross section of a borehole; bulk-loaded explosives are completely coupled; untamped cartridges are decoupled. A method of blasting using a number of relatively large concentrated charges of explosives placed in one or more small tunnels driven in a rock formation. The folded ends of paper explosives cartridges; the circumferential depression at the open end of a fuse cap or igniter cord connector which serves to secure the fuse; or the circumferential depression in the blasting cap shell that secures a sealing plug or sleeve into electric or nonelectric detonators. The act of securing a fuse cap or igniter cord connector to a section of a safety fuse by compressing the metal of the cap against the fuse by means of a cap crimper. The minimum diameter for propagation of a detonation wave at a stable velocity. Critical diameter is affected by conditions of confinement, temperature, and pressure on the explosive. Portion of the firing current bypassing part of the blasting circuit through unintended paths. An electric or elctromechanical device that limits (1) current amplitude; (2) duration of current flow; or (3) total energy of the current delivered to an electric blasting circuit. A blasting technique used to produce competent slopes. The cushion holes, fired after the main charge, have a reduced spacing and employ decoupled charges. A break in a path of detonation or initiation caused by extraneous interference, such as flyrock or shifting ground. A code, required by Federal regulation (BTAF), applied by manufacturers to the outside shipping containers. And, in many instances, to the immediate containers of explosive materials to aid in their identification and tracing. A method of determining the detonation velocity of an explosive material by employing detonating cord and a witness plate. Direct current. TP Release Version

13 Glossary DECIBEL DECK LOADING DECK(s) DECOUPLING DEFLAGRATION DELAY DELAY BLASTING DELAY DETONATOR DELAY ELEMENT DELAY INTERVAL DELAY PERIOD DELAY SERIES DELAY TAG DELAY TIME DENSITY A unit of air overpressure commonly used to measure air blast. A method of loading blastholes in which the explosive (DECKING) charges, called decks or deck charges, in the same hole are separated by stemming or an air cushion. An explosive charge that is separated from other charges in the blasthole by stemming or an air cushion. The use of cartridged explosives products significantly smaller in diameter than the diameter of the blasthole. Decoupling or the use of decoupling charges designed to reduce the charge concentration in the blasthole and minimize stresses exerted on the walls of the blasthole. An explosive reaction such as a rapid combustion that moves through an explosive material at a velocity less than the speed of sound in the material. A distinct pause of predetermined time between detonation or initiation impulses, to permit the firing of explosive charges separately. The practice of initiating individual explosive decks, boreholes, or rows of boreholes at predetermined time intervals using delay detonators, or other delaying means, as compared to instantaneous blasting where all holes are fired essentially at the same time. An electric or nonelectric detonator used to introduce a predetermined lapse of time between the application of a firing signal and the detonation of the base charge. The device in a delay detonator that produces the predetermined time lapse between the application of a firing signal and detonation. The nominal time between the detonations of delay detonators of adjacent periods; the nominal time between successive detonations in a blast. A designation given to a delay detonator to show its relative or absolute delay time in a given series. A series of delay detonators designed to satisfy specific blasting requirements. There are basically two types of delay series: millisecond (MS) with delay intervals on the order of milliseconds, and long period (LP) with delay times on the order of seconds. A tag, band, or marker on a delay detonator that denotes the delay series, delay period, and/or delay time of the detonator. The lapse of time between the application of a firing signal and the detonation of the base charge of a delay detonator. The mass of an explosive per unit of volume, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or pounds per cubic foot. (Also see SPECIFIC GRAVITY). DEPARTMENT OF A cabinet-level agency of the Federal Government. It has the TP Release Version

14 Glossary TRANSPORTATION (DOT) DETONATING CORD DETONATING CORD DOWNLINE DETONATING CORD MS CONNECTORS DETONATING CORD TRUNKLINE DETONATION DETONATION PRESSURE DETONATION VELOCITY DETONATOR DETONATORS 1.4 DIAMETER DITCH BLASTING DITCHING DYNAMITE DONOR DOPE DO S AND DON TS DOT responsibility for the comprehensive regulation of transportation safety and issues regulations governing interstate shipments of explosives and other hazardous materials. A flexible cord containing a center core of high explosive, which may be used to initiate other high explosives. The section of detonating cord that extends within the blasthole from the ground surface down to the explosives charge. Nonelectric short-interval (millisecond) delay devices for in delaying blasts which are initiated by detonating cord. The line of detonating cord that is used to connect and initiate other lines of detonating cord. An explosive reaction that moves through an explosive material at a velocity greater than the speed of sound in the material. The pressure produced in the reaction zone of a detonating explosive. The velocity at which a detonation progresses through an explosive. Any device containing an initiating or primary explosives that is used for initiating detonation in another explosive material. A detonator may no contain more than 10 grams of total explosives by weight, excluding ignition or delay charges. The term includes, but is not limited to, electric blasting carps of instantaneous and delay types, blasting caps for use with safety fuse, detonating cord delay connectors, and nonelectric instantaneous and delay blasting caps which use detonating cord, shock tube, or any other replacement for electric leg wires. Unless specifically classified otherwise, detonators are classified 1.1 (Class A explosives). Also see DETONATORS 1.4 (CLASS C EXPLOSIVES.) Initiating devices which will not mass explode when packaged for shipment. (See MASS EXPLODE). The cross-sectional width of a borehole or an explosives cartridge. The formation of a ditch by the detonation of a series of explosive charges. A nitroglycerin type explosives especially designed to propagate sympathetically from hole to hole in ditch blasting. An exploding charge producing an impulse that impinges upon an explosive "acceptor" charge. Individual, dry, nonexplosive ingredients that comprise a portion of an explosive formation. Former name of a list of precautions (IME Safety Library Publication No. 4) printed by the Institute of Makers of Explosives pertaining to the transportation, storage, handling, and use of explosive materials and included in cases of explosive materials. Recently renamed, ALWAYS AND NEVER. See DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. TP Release Version

15 Glossary DOWNLINE DRILL HOLE DRILLING PATTERN DUMMY DYNAMITE ELECTRIC BLASTIN CIRCUIT ELECTRIC DETONATOR ELECTRIC STORM EMERGENCY PROCEDURE CARD EMULSION ENERGY EXPLODE EXPLOSION EXPLOSIVE EXPLOSIVE- ACTUATED DEVICE EXPLOSIVE CHARGE EXPLOSIVE LOADING FACTOR EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS A line of detonating cord or plastic tubing in a blasthole which transmits the detonation from the trunkline or surface delay system down the hole to the primer. A hole drilled in the material to be blasted for the purpose of containing an explosive charge, also called BLASTHOLE or BOREHOLE. The location of blastholes in relationship to each other and the free face. A cylindrical unit of clay, sand and other inert material used to confine or separate explosive charges in a borehole. A high explosive used for blasting, consisting essentially of a mixture of, but not limited to, nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and carbonaceous materials. An electric circuit containing electric detonators and associated wiring; see Series, Parallel and Series in Parallel Blasting Circuit. A detonator designed for, and capable of, initiation by means of an electric current. An atmospheric disturbance characterized by intense electrical activity producing lightning strokes and strong electric and magnetic fields. Synonymous with THUNDERSTORM and LIGHTNING STORM. Instructions carried on a vehicle transporting explosive materials and giving specific procedures in case of emergency. An explosive material containing substantial amounts of oxidizers dissolved in water droplets, surrounded by an immiscible fuel, or droplets of an immiscible fuel surrounded by water containing substantial amounts of oxidizer. A measure of the potential for the explosive to do work. To react chemically in a rapid manner to produce heat and pressure. The term encompasses both deflagration and detonation. A chemical reaction involving an extremely rapid expansion of gases, usually associated with the liberation of heat. Any chemical compound, mixture. or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion. Any tool or special mechanized device which is actuated by explosives. The term does not include propellant-actuated devices. (Also see PROPELLANT-ACTUATED DEVICE). Examples of explosive-actuated devices are jet tappers and jet perforators. The quantity of explosive material used in a blasthole, coyote tunnel, or explosive device. The amount of explosive used per unit of rock; also called Powder Factor. These include explosives, blasting agents, and detonators. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite and other high explosives,; slurries, emulsions, and water gels; black powder and pellet powder; TP Release Version

16 Glossary initiating explosives; detonators (blasting caps); safety fuse; squibs; detonating cord; igniter cord; and igniters. EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS A list of explosive materials determined to be within the converge of 18 U.S. C. Chapter 40, Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosives Materials, is issued at least annually be the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the Department of the Treasury. The U.S. Department of Transportation classifications of explosive materials used in commercial blasting operations are not identical with the statutory definitions of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Title 18 U.S.C., Section 841. To achieve uniformity in transportation the definitions of the U.S. Department of Transportation in Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations parts subdivides these materials into: DIVISION Mass exploding DIVISION Projection hazard DIVISION Fire hazard, minor blast or projection hazard DIVISION Minor explosion hazard - not mass exploding DIVISION Insensitive explosives. Very little probability of initiation or transition from burning to detonation during transport.(blasting Agents) EXPLOSIVE OILS EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH EXTRA (AMMONIA) DYNAMITE Liquid explosive sensitzers for explosive materials. Examples include nitroglycerin, ethylene glycol dinitrate, and metriol trinitrate. The amount of energy released by explosive upon detonation which is an indication of the capacity of the explosive to do work. (See also ENERGY). A dynamite in which part of the nitroglycerine is replaced by ammonium nitrate in sufficient quantity to result in the same weight strength. EXTRANEOUS ELECTRICITY Electrical energy, other than actual firing current or the test current from a blasting galvanometer, that is present at a blast site and that could enter an electric blasting circuit. It includes stray current, static electricity, RF (electromagnetic) waves, and time- varying electric and magnetic fields. FERTILIZER GRADE AMMONIUM NITRATE FIRE EXTINGUISHER RATING FIRE-RESISTANT FIREWORKS A grade of ammonium nitrate as defined by The Fertilizer Institute. A rating set forth in the National Fire Code which may be identified on an extinguisher by a number (5,20, 70, etc.) Indicating the extinguisher s relative effectiveness followed by a letter ( A, B, C, etc.) Indicating the class or classes of fires for which the extinguisher has been found to be effective. Construction designed to provide reasonable protection against fire, (For exterior walls or magazines constructed of wood, this shall mean fire resistance equivalency provided be sheet metal of not less than 26 gauge). Combustible or explosive compositions or manufactured articles designed and prepared for the purpose of producing audible or visible effects. TP Release Version

17 Glossary FIRING CURRENT FIRING LINE FLAGS-DANGER FLAMMABILITY FLARE FLASHOVER FLASH POINT FLY ROCK FORBIDDEN OR NOT ACCEPTABLE EXPLOSIVES FRAGMENTATION FREE FACE FUEL FUME CLASSIFICATION FUMES FUSE FUSE CAP, FUSE DETONATOR FUSE CUTTER FUSE LIGHTERS GAGE (WIRE) GALVANOMETER An electric current of recommended magnitude and duration to sufficiently energize an electric detonator or a circuit of electric detonators. The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the electric blasting circuit. Flags, usually red, which may or may not be imprinted with a warning and used to caution personnel around explosives operations, or displayed on trucks transporting explosives. The ease with which an explosive material may be ignited by flame and heat. A pyrotechnic device designed to produce a single source of intense light. The sympathetic detonation between explosive charges or between charged blastholes. The lowest temperature at which vapors from a volatile combustible substance ignite in air when exposed to flame, as determined in an apparatus specifically designed for such testing. Rocks propelled from the blast area by the force of an explosion. Explosives which are forbidden or not acceptable for transportation be common, contract, or private carriers, by rail freight, rail express, highway, air or water in accordance with the regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The breaking of a solid mass into pieces by blasting. A rock surface exposed to air or water that provides room for expansion upon fragmentation; sometimes called open face. Substance that may react with oxygen to produce combustion. See IME FUME CLASSIFICATION. The gaseous products of an explosion. For the purpose of fume classification of explosive materials, only poisonous or toxic gases are considered. See SAFETY FUSE. A detonator which is initiated by a safety fuse; also referred to as an ordinary blasting cap. Synonymous with BLASTING CAP, also see DETONATOR. A mechanical device for cutting safety fuse clean and at right angles to its long axis. Pyrotechnic devices for the rapid and certain lighting of safety fuse. A series of standard sizes such as the American Wire Gage (AWG), used to specify the diameter of wire. See BLASTING GALVANOMETER. TP Release Version

18 Glossary GAP SENSITIVITY GELATIN DYNAMITE GEOLOGY GRAINS GROUND FAULT GROUND VIBRATION GVW HANGFIRE HARDWOOD HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVISORY COUNCIL HERTZ (Hz) HIGH EXPLOSIVES HIGHWALL HIGHWAY HMAC HMX HOLE DIAMETER IGNITER CORD IME The maximum length of gap across which a detonation wave will travel and initiate a second or receptor cartridge. Both primer and receptor cartridge should be of the same composition, diameter, and weight. Usually refers to gap in air but other media may be used. A type of water-resistant dynamite characterized by its gelatinous or plastic consistency. A description of the types and arrangement of rock in an area; the description usually includes the dip and strike, the type and extent of preexisting breaks in the rock, and the hardness and massiveness of the rock, as these affect blast design. In the avoirdupois system of weight measurement 7000 grains are equivalent to one standard 16 once pound (.045 kg.) A grain is grams in both the avoirdupois and the troy system. An electrical path between parts of the blasting circuit and earth. Shaking the ground by elastic waves emanating from a blast; usually measured in inches per second of particle velocity. Gross vehicle weight. The detonation of an explosive charge at some nonpredictable time after its normally designed firing time. Red oak, white oak, hard maple, ash and hickory, free from loose knots, wind shakes, or similar defects. An international organization representing shippers and carriers, container manufacturers and reconditioners, (HMAC) and emergency response companies for hazardous materials. Synonymous with cycles per second. Explosives that are characterized by a very high rate of reaction, high pressure development, and the presence of a detonation wave in the explosive. A nearly vertical face at the edge of a bench, bluff, or ledge on a surface excavation. Any public street, public alley, or public road. See HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVISORY COUNCIL. An abbreviation for High Melt Explosive, commonly used in applications for military purposes; ground and used with aluminum as the reactive dust in shock tubes. The cross-sectional width of the borehole. A small-diameter pyrotechnic cord that burns it a uniform rate with an external flame and used to ignite a series of safety fuses. See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES. TP Release Version

19 Glossary IME-22 CONTAINER (COMPARTMENT) IME FUME CLASSIFICATION A container (portable), or a compartment (permanently affixed to a vehicle), which is constructed in accordance with IME SLP-22 specifications and is authorized by the Department of Transportation for the transport of certain types of detonators on the same vehicle with other explosives. A classification indicating the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide produced by an explosive or blasting agent. Explosives with positive oxygen balances are not considered as being acceptable in these classifications. Amount of poisonous gases per 1 1/4' x 8' (32mm x 203mm) cartridge of explosive material. Fume Classification 1 Less than 0.16 cu. ft. (4.53 liters) to 0.33 cu. ft. (4.52 to 9.35 liters) to 0.67 cu. ft. (9.35 to liters) INCENDIVITY INHABITED BUILDING INITIATION INITIATOR INNER PACKAGING INSTANTANEOUS DETONATOR INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES (IME) INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 TEST DETONATOR INVENTORY ISSUING AUTHORITY KELLY BAR LEADING (LEAD) LINES OR WIRES The property of an igniting agent (e.g. spark, flame or hot solid) which indicated it its of sufficient intensity to ignite flammable material or explosive gases. A building regularly occupied in whole or part as a habitation for human beings, or any church, schoolhouse, railroad station, store or other structure where people are accustomed to assemble, except any building or structure occupied in connection with the manufacture, transportation, storage or use of explosive materials. The start of deflagration or detonation in an explosive material. A detonator, detonating cord or similar device used to start detonation or deflagration in an explosive material. A packaging for which an outer packaging is required for transport. A detonator that has a firing time of essentially zero seconds as compared to delay detonators with firing times of from several milliseconds to several seconds. A non-profit, safety-oriented trade association representing producers of commercial explosive materials in the U.S. and Canada and dedicated to safety in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling and use of explosive materials. IME No. 8 test detonator has 0.04 to 0.45 grams PETN base charge pressed to a specific gravity of 1.4g/cc and primed with standard weights of primer, depending on manufacturer. A listing of all explosive materials stored in a magazine. The governmental agency, office, or official vested with the authority to issue permits or licenses. A hollow bar attached to the top of the drill column in rotary drilling; also called grief joint, kelly joint, kelly stem. The wire(s) connecting the electrical power source with the circuit containing electric detonators. See FIRING LINE. TP Release Version

20 Glossary LEAKAGE RESISTANCE LEGWIRES LIGHTNING STORM LIQUID FUELS LOADING LOADING DENSITY LOADING POLE LOW EXPLOSIVES MAGAZINE MAGAZINE KEEPER MAGAZINE, SURFACE MAGAZINE, UNDERGROUND MAIN EXPLOSIVE CHARGE MANUFACTURING CODES MANTRIP MASS DETONATE MASS EXPLODE, MASS EXPLOSION MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED FIRING CURRENT METALLIC SLITTER MILLISECOND MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION The resistance between the blasting circuit (including lead wires) and the ground. The two single wires or one duplex wire extending out from an electric detonator. See ELECTRICAL STORM. Fuels in a liquid state. They may be used with oxidizers to form explosive materials. Placing explosive material in a blasthole or against the material to be blasted. The weight of explosive loaded per unit length of borehole occupied by the explosive, expressed as pounds/foot or kilograms/meter of borehole. A nonmetallic pole used to assist the placing and compacting of explosive charges in boreholes. Explosive which are characterized by deflagration or low rate of reaction and the development of low pressure. See DEFLAGRATION. Any building, structure, or container, other than an explosives manufacturing building, approved for the storage of explosive materials. A person responsible for the inventory and safe storage of explosive materials, including the proper maintenance of explosives materials, storage magazines and areas. A specially designed and constructed structure for the storage of explosive materials on the surface of the ground. A specially designed and constructed structure for the storage of explosive materials underground. The explosive material that performs the major work of blasting. Code markings stamped on explosive materials packages, indicating among other information, the date of manufacture. A trip on which personnel are transported to and from a work area. See MASS EXPLODE. An explosion which affects almost the entire load or quantity of explosives virtually instantaneously. The highest recommended electric current to ensure safe and effective performance of an electric detonator. A device containing a sharp edge, such as a safety razor blade, used for slitting open fiberboard cases. One thousandth of a second (.001 OR 1/1000 sec). An agency of the Department of Labor concerned with promulgation and enforcement of health and (MSHA) safety regulations in the mining field. TP Release Version

21 Glossary MINIATURIZED DETONATING CORD MINIMUM RECOMMENDED FIRING CURRENT MINIMUM GAP SENSITIVITY MISFIRE MOTOR VEHICLE MS CONNECTORS MSHA MSHA APPROVAL MUCKPILE MUDCAPPING MULTIPLE PATH TRUNKLINE SYSTEM MUNROE EFFECT NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOC. STANDARDS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL (NSC) NFPA NATURAL BARRICADE Detonating cord with a core load of 5 grains or less of explosives per foot (16 grains or less per meter). The lowest recommended electric current to ensure reliable performance of an electric detonator. An air gap, measured in inches or centimeters, which determines whether the explosive material is within specific tolerances for gap sensitivity. Also see GAP SENSITIVITY. A blast or specific borehole that failed to detonate as planned. Also, the explosive materials that failed to detonate as planned. A vehicle, machine, tractor, trailer, or semitrailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power. Does not include vehicles operate exclusively on rail. Nonelectric, short-interval(millisecond) delay devices for use in delaying blasts that are initiated by detonating cord. Same as DETONATING CORD MS CONNECTORS. See MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION. A document issued by MSHA which states that an explosive or explosive unit has met MSHA requirements and which authorizes an approval marking identifying the explosive or explosive unit as approved as permissible. The pile of broken material resulting from a blast. See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with BULLDOZE, MUDCAP AND PLASTER. Duplication or repetition of trunkline elements in a blast initiation system to provide alternate paths of initiation. The concentration of explosive action through the use of a shaped charge. An independent, non profit association organized to promote the science and improve the methods of fire protection and prevention, electrical safety and other related safety goals. Standards for explosive materials and ammonium nitrate issued by the National Fire Protection Association. A non profit organization charged by Congress to provide a regular information service on the causes of accidents and ways to prevent them. See NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. Natural features of the ground such as hills, or timber of sufficient density that the surrounding exposures which require protection cannot be seen from the magazine when the trees are bare. TP Release Version

22 Glossary NITROGLYCERIN NO. 8 TEST CAP NONELECTRIC DETONATOR NONSPARKING METAL NSC OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) OFFICE OF SURFACE MINING (OSM) OVERBREAK OVERBURDEN OXIDIZER OR OXIDIZING MATERIAL OXYGEN BALANCE PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT PARALLEL SERIES BLASTING CIRCUIT PARTICLE BOARD PARTICLE VELOCITY PARTING PASSENGER RAILWAY An explosive chemical compound used as a sensitizer in dynamite and represented by the formula C 3 H 5 (ONO 2 ) 3. See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 TEST DETONATOR. A detonator that does not require the use of electric energy or safety fuse to function. A metal that will not produce a spark when struck with other tools, rock, or hard surfaces. See NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL. An agency of the Department of Labor active in eliminating occupational hazards and promoting employee health and safety. An agency of the Department of the interior regulating surface coal mining and the surface effects of underground coal mining. See BACKBREAK. Material of any nature laying on top of a deposit of material which is to be mined. A substance, such as a nitrate, that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing substances to stimulate the combustion of organic matter or other fuel. The percentage of oxygen in an explosive material or ingredient thereof in excess fo (+) or less than (-) that which is needed to produce ideal reaction products. An electric blasting circuit in which the leg wires of each detonator are connected to one of the wires from the source of firing current and the other wire from the firing current source. (Can also be used to refer to certain nonelectric systems). See SERIES-IN-PARALLEL-BLASTING CIRCUIT. A composition board made of small pieces of wood, bonded together. A measure of the intensity of ground vibration, specifically the velocity of motion of the ground particles as they are excited by the wave energy. A rock mass located between two seams of coal; a joint or crack in rock. Any steam, electric, or other railroad or railway which carries passengers for hire. PELLET POWDER Black powder pressed into cylindrical pellets 2 inches length and 1 1/4 inches in diameter. PERMISSIBLE DIAMETER (SMALLEST) The smallest allowable diameter of a particular permissible explosive, as approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). TP Release Version

23 Glossary PERMISSIBLE EXPLOSIVES (MSHA) APPROVED PERSON PETN PLACARDS PLASTER PLOSOPHORIC MATERIALS PLYWOOD PNEUMATIC LOADING POWDER POWDER PUNCH POWDER FACTOR POWER SOURCE PREBLAST SURVEY PREMATURE FIRING PRESHEARING (PRESPLITTING) PRILLED AMMONIUM NITRATE PRIMARY BLAST PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE Explosives that are approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration for use in gassy and dusty atmospheres. Permissible explosives must be used and stored in accordance with certain conditions specified by the (MSHA). Any individual, corporation, company, association, firm, partnership, society or joint stock company. An abbreviation for the name of the explosive, pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Signs placed on vehicles transporting hazardous materials (including explosive materials) indicating the type of the cargo. See ADOBE CHARGE. Synonymous with BULLDOZE and MUDCAPPING. Two or more unmixed, commercially manufactured, prepackaged chemical ingredients (including oxidizers, flammable liquids or solids, or similar ingredients) which are not classified as explosives but which, when mixed or combined, form a blasting explosive. Exterior construction-grade plywood. The loading of explosive materials into a borehole using compressed air as the loading or conveying force. A common synonym for explosive materials. See CARTRIDGE PUNCH. The amount of explosive used per unit of rock. Also called EXPLOSIVE LOADING FACTOR. The source of power for energizing electric blasting circuits, e.g., a blasting machine or power line. A documentation of the existing condition of structures near an area where blasting is to be conducted. The detonation of an explosive charge before the intended time of detonation. A smooth blasting method in which cracks for the final contour are created by firing a single row of holes prior to the initiation of the rest of the holes in the blast pattern. Ammonium nitrate in a pelleted or prilled form. A blast used to fragment and displace material from its original position to facilitate subsequent handling and crushing. A sensitive explosive which nearly always detonates by simple ignition from such means as spark flame, impact, friction, or other primary heart sources of appropriate magnitude. TP Release Version

24 Glossary PRIMER PROPAGATION PROPELLANT EXPLOSIVES PROPELLANT ACTUATED DEVICE PUBLIC CONVEYANCE PYROTECHNICS QUANTITY DISTANCE RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY (RF) RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTER RAILWAY RDX RECEPTOR (ACCEPTOR) REGULATIONS FEDERAL STATE, LOCAL RELIEF RESISTANCE ROTATIONAL FIRING ROUND A unit, package, booster, or cartridge of explosives used to initiate other explosives or blasting agents, and which contains, (1) a detonator, or (2) detonating cord to which is attached a detonator designed to initiate the detonating cord. The detonation of explosive charges by an impulse received from adjacent or nearby explosive charge. An explosive material that normally functions by deflagration and it used for propulsion purposes. It may be 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 material, depending upon its susceptibility to detonation. Any tool or special mechanized device or gas generator system which is actuated by a propellant or powder which releases and directs work through a propellant charge. Any railroad car, streetcar, ferry, cab, bus, aircraft, or other vehicle which is carrying passengers for hire. Any combustible or explosive compositions or manufactured articles designed and prepared for the purpose of producing audible or visible effects. Also see FIREWORKS. A table listing minimum recommended distances from explosive materials stores of various weights to a specific location. The energy transferred by electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency spectrum. An electronic device that radiates radio frequency waves. The transmitting device may be fixed (stationary) or mobile, and includes car telephones, citizens band radios, AM and FM radio transmitters, television transmitters and radar transmitters. Any steam, electric or other railroad or railway. British abbreviation for Research & Development Explosive. Commonly used in referring to cyclo trimethylene trinitramine, a military explosive. A charge of explosive materials receiving an impulse from an exploding donor charge. Regulations promulgated by Federal, State or local regulatory agencies governing the manufacture, transportation, storage, sale, possession, handling and use of explosive materials. The effective distance from a blasthole to the nearest free face. (Synonymous with burden). The measure of opposition to the flow of electrical current, expressed in ohms. Delay blasting system used so that the detonating explosives will successively displace the burden into the void created by previously detonated explosives in holes that fired at an earlier delay period. A group of boreholes fired or intended to be fired in a continuous sequence with the application of initiating energy. TP Release Version

25 Glossary SAFETY FUSE SAFETY STANDARD SCALED DISTANCE SEAM SECONDARY BLASTING SEISMOGRAPH SEMI-CONDUCTIVE HOSE SENSITIVENESS SENSITIVITY SEPARATION DISTANCES SEQUENTIAL BLASTING MACHINE SEQUENTIAL TIMER SERIES BLASTING CIRCUIT SERIES IN PARALLEL BLASTING CIRCUIT A flexible cord containing solid flammable material by which fire or flame is conveyed at a continuous and uniform rate form the point of ignition to a cut end. A fuse detonator is usually attached to that end, although safety fuse may be used without a detonator to ignite material such as deflagrating explosives. Suggested precautions relative to the safety practices to be employed in the manufacture, transportation, storage, handling and use of explosive materials. A factor relating similar blast effects from various weight charges of explosive material at various distances. Scaled distances referring to blasting effects is obtained by dividing the distance of concern be a fractional power of the weight of the explosive materials. A stratum or bed of coal or other material. May also refer to a crack or joint in a blast area which may be filled with mud or other material. A seam may be in any orientation. Blasting to reduce the size of boulders resulting from a primary blast. An instrument, useful in monitoring blasting operations, which records ground vibration, Particle velocity, displacement, or acceleration is generally measured and recorded in three mutually perpendicular directions. A hose used for pneumatic conveying of explosive materials, having an electrical resistance high enough to limit flow of stray electric currents to safe levels, yet not so high as to prevent drainage of static electric charges to ground. Hose of not more than 2 megaohms resistance over its entire length and of not less than 1,000 ohms per foot (3,280 ohms meter) meets the requirements. A measure of an explosive s cartridge-to-cartridge propagating ability under certain test conditions. It is expressed as the distance through air at which a primed half-cartridge (donor) will detonate an unprimed halfcartridge (receptor). Also see GAP SENSITIVITY. A physical characteristic of an explosive material classifying its ability to be initiated upon receiving an external impulse such as impact, shock, flame, friction, or other influences that can cause explosive decomposition. Minimum recommended distance from explosive materials accumulations to other specified locations. A blasting machine designed to actuate separate series of detonators at accurately timed intervals, Also called SEQUENTIAL TIMER. See SEQUENTIAL BLASTING MACHINE. An electric blasting circuit that provides one continuous path for the current through all detonators in the circuit A circuit in which electric detonators are divided into two or more balanced groups being connected together in series and the groups being connected together in parallel. TP Release Version

26 Glossary SHAPED CHARGE SHEATHED CHARGE (MSHA APPROVED SHEATHED EXPLOSIVE UNIT) SHELF LIFE SHOCK TUBE SHOCK WAVE SHORT DELAY BLASTING SHOT ANCHOR SHOT BREAK SHOT FIBER SHUNT SIGNS-EXPLOSIVES (PLACARDS) SILVER CHLORIDE CELL SLURRY SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION PRIMERS An explosive with a shaped cavity, specifically designed to produce a high-velocity cutting or piercing jet of product reaction; usually lined with metal to create a jet of molten liner material. Also see MUNROE EFFECT. A device consisting of an approve or permissible explosive covered by a sheath encased in a sealed covering and designated to be fired outside the confines of a borehole. The maximum storage period during which an explosive material retains adequate performance or physical characteristics. A small diameter plastic tube used for initiating detonators. It contains only a limited amount of reactive material so that the energy that is transmitted through the tube by means of a detonation wave is guided through and confined within the walls of the tube. A transient pressure pulse that propagates at supersonic velocity. The practice of detonating blastholes in successive intervals where the time difference between any two successive detonations is measured in milliseconds. A device that anchors explosive material charges in the borehole so that the charges will not be blown out by the detonation of other charges or, in seismic work, cannot be pulled out of the borehole by the leg wires. A space consisting of an undrilled or drilled area which may include loaded or unloaded blast holes to separate two individual blasts located on the same bench. See BLASTER. (A shot firer usually refers to an underground coal mine blaster). The shorting together of the free ends of (1) electric detonator leg wires, or (2) the wire ends of an electric blasting circuit or part thereof. The name of an electrical shorting device applied to the free ends of electric detonators by the manufacturer. Signs, called placards, placed on vehicles transporting explosives detonating the character of the cargo, or signs placed near storage areas as a warning to unauthorized personnel. A special battery of relatively low current output used in some blasting galvanometers. An explosive material containing substantial portions of a liquid, oxidizers, and fuel, plus a thickener. Any cartridge for shotgun, rifle, pistol, revolver, and cartridges for propellant-actuated power devices and industrial guns. Military-type ammunition containing explosive bursting charges or any incendiary, tracer, spotting, or pyrotechnic projectile is excluded from this definition. Small percussion-sensitive explosive charges encased in a cap or capsule and used to ignite propellant powder. TP Release Version

27 Glossary SMOKE SMOKELESS PROPELLENT (SMOKELESS POWDER) SMOOTH BLASTING SNAKEHOLE SOCKET SOFTWOOD SPACING SPECIFIC GRAVITY SPRINGING SQUIB STABILITY STATIC ELECTRICITY STEADY STATE VELOCITY STEEL STEMMING STORAGE STRAY CURRENT SUBDRILLING SUBSONIC The airborne suspension of solid particles from the products of detonation or deflagration. Solid propellant, commonly called smokeless powder in the trade, used in small arms ammunition, rockets cannons, propellant-actuated power devices etc. See CONTOUR BLASTING. A borehole drilled in a slightly downward direction from the horizontal into the floor elevation of a quarry face. Also, a hole driven under a boulder. See BOOTLEG. Douglas fir or other wood of equal bullet resistance and free from loose knots, wind shakes or similar defects. The distance between boreholes. ln bench blasting, the distance is measured parallel to the free face and perpendicular to the burden. The ratio of the weight of any volume of substance to the weight of an equal volume of pure water. The practice of enlarging the bottom of a blasthole by firing a relatively small charge of explosive material. Typically used in order that a larger charge of explosive material can be subsequently loaded in the same horehole. A firing device that burns with an external flash. Used for igniting black powder or pellet powder. The ability of an explosive material to retain chemical and physical properties specified by the manufacturer when explosive to specific environmental conditions over a particular period of time. Electric charge at rest on a person or object. It is most often produced by the contact and separation of dissimilar insulating materials. The characteristic velocity at which a specific explosive at a given charge diameter will detonate. General purpose (hot or cold rolled) low-carbon steel such as specification ASTM A366 or equivalent. Inert material placed in a borehole on top of or between separate charges of explosive material. Used for the purpose of confining explosive materials or to separate charges of explosive material in the same borehole. The safekeeping of explosive materials usually in specially designed structures called magazines. A flow of electricity outside an insulated conductor system. The practice of drilling boreholes below floor level or working elevation to insure breakage or rock to working elevation. Less than the speed of sound in air at the elevation in question. TP Release Version

28 Glossary SUPERSONIC SYMPATHETIC DETONATION SYMPATHETIC PROPAGATION TABLE OF RECOMMENDED SEPARATION DISTANCE OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND BLASTING AGENTS FROM EXPLOSIVES OR BLASTING AGENTS TACHOGRAPH TAMPING TAMPING BAGS TAMPING POLE TEMPORARY STORAGE TEST BLASTING CAP NO.8 THEFT-RESISTANCE THUNDERSTORM TOE TRUNKLINE TWO-COMPONENT EXPLOSIVE UL UNBARRICADED UNCONFINED DETONATION VELOCITY Greater than the speed of sound in air at the elevation in question. The detonation of an explosive material as the result of receiving an impulse from another detonation through air, earth or water. Synonymous with SYMPATHETIC PROPAGATION. (See also FLASHOVER). See SYMPATHETIC DETONATION. A quantity distance table designed to prevent explosion of ammonium nitrate and ammonium nitrate-based blasting agents by propagation from nearby stores of high explosives or blasting agents. It is based on a donor-receptor relationship developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. A recording device in a truck that indicated on a time basis the running and stopping times of a vehicle. The action of compacting the explosive charge or the stemming in a blasthole. Sometimes refers to the stemming material itself. Cylindrical bags containing stemming material and used in boreholes to confine the explosive material charge. A wooden or plastic pole used to compact explosive charges or stemming. Storage of explosives for less that 24 hours. See INSTITUTE OF MAKERS OF EXPLOSIVES NO. 8 TEST DETONATOR. Construction designed to deter illegal entry into facilities used for the storage of explosive materials. See ELECTRICAL STORM. In bench blasting, the distance from the free face to the blasthole, measured at the floor level of the bench. See DETONATING CORD TRUNKLINE. (Certain shock tube or gasinitiated nonelectric initiating systems also use the term TRUNKLINE). See BINARY EXPLOSIVE. See UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY. The absence of a natural or artificial barricade around explosive storage areas of facilities. The detonation velocity of an explosive material fired without confinement; for example, a charge fired in the open. (Paper tubes are generally not considered as confinement). TP Release Version

29 Glossary UNDERWRITERS LABORATORY INC. (UL) USBM U.S. BUREAU OF MINES (USBM) VOLT VOLUME STRENGTH WARNING SIGNAL WASTE ACID WATER GEL WATER RESISTANCE WATER STEMMING BAGS WATT WEATHER-RESISTANT WEIGHT STRENGTH A nationally recognized incorporated testing laboratory qualified and equipped to conduct the necessary tests to determine compliance with appropriate standards and the satisfactory performance of materials or equipment in actual usage. See U.S. BUREAU OF MINES. A former bureau of the Department of Interior active in promoting safety in coal mines and in carrying out broad programs in mining and related fields. The unit of electromotive force. It is the difference in potential required to make a current of 1 amp flow through a resistance of 1 ohm. Synonymous with CARTRIDGE STRENGTH. See BULK STRENGTH. A visual or audible signal which is used for warning personnel in the vicinity of the blast area of the impending explosion. Residual or spent acid from a nitration process. An explosive material containing substantial portions of water, oxidizers and fuel, plus a cross-linking agent. The ability of an explosive to withstand the desensitizing effect of water penetration. Water filled plastic bags with a self-sealing valve which meet the requirements of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) as specified in 30 CRF Parts 75. (See also TAMPING BAGS). A unit of electrical power equal to one joule per second. Construction designed to offer reasonable protection against weather. The energy of an explosive material per unit of weight. Often expressed a percentage of the energy per unit of weight of a specified explosive standard. TP Release Version

30 Glossary ACTIVITY NAME: DATE COMPLETE: Fill in the missing word or words. 1. Air Blast 2. An explosive material consisting of Ammonium nitrate and No. 2 diesel fuel. 3. Back Break 4. Bench 5. The area of a blast within the influence of flying rock missiles, gases, and concussion. 6. Blast Site 7. A qualified person in charge of, and responsible for the loading, firing, written record and supervision of a blast. 8. Blasting Galvanometer 9. Blasting Vibrations TP Release Version

31 Glossary 10. Booster 11. A hole drilled in the material to be Blasted, for the purpose of containing an explosive charge. 12. Burden 13. Collar 14. Critical Diameter 15. A break in a path of detonation or Initiation caused by extraneous interference, such as flyrock or shifting ground. 16. Deck Loading 17. Delay Blasting 18. The nominal time between the detonations of delay detonators of adjacent periods; the nominal time between successive detonations in a blast. 19. The mass of an explosive per unit of TP Release Version

32 Glossary volume, usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc) or pounds per cubic foot. 20. A flexible cord containing a center core of high explosive, which may be used to initiate other high explosives. 21. Detonator 22. Emulsion 23. Extraneous Electricity 24. Rocks propelled outside the blast area by the force of an explosion. 25. Free Face 26. Fumes 27. The detonation of an explosive charge at some non-predictable time after its normally designed firing time. 28. Legwires 29. Loading Density TP Release Version

33 Glossary 30. Magazine 31. One thousand of a second (0.001 sec). 32. Misfire 33. The pile of broken material resulting from a blast. 34. Permissible Explosives 35. The signs placed on vehicles transporting hazardous materials, indicating the type of cargo. 36. Preblast Survey 37. The detonation of an explosive charge before the intended time of detonation. 38. Primer 39. An electric blasting circuit that provides one continuous path for the current through all detonators in the circuit. 40. Shelf Life 41. Slurry TP Release Version

34 Glossary 42. The distance between blastholes. In bench blasting, the distance is measured parallel to the free face and perpendicular to the burden. 43. Stemming 44. The detonation of an explosive as the result of receiving an impulse from another detonation through air, earth, rock, or water. 45. Tamping Pole 46. Toe 47. The ability of an explosive to withstand the desensitizing affect of water penetration. Any definition you are not sure of, discuss it with your training instructor or site manager. TP Release Version

35 Lightning Precautions Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Lightning Precautions Objectives: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: The hazard potential of lightning What to do if it occurs while loading explosives at a blast site. To achieve the objective, read through the following information then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

36 Lightning Precautions Lightning Safety Safety is defined as the avoidance, correction or elimination of conditions, situations or activities that have a potential to cause an accident. For lightning, safety is avoidance of conditions that have the potential to cause an accident. Thunderstorms and lightning are two phenomenons, which have a direct cause and effect relationship. Lightning is a grave concern with regard to blasting operations. Lightning strikes are unpredictable, and can prematurely detonate both electric, electronic and nonelectric initiation systems and explosive materials. It is imperative that blasting operations be ceased upon the approach and progression of a thunderstorm, and the blast area cleared of personnel and secured until the storm has passed. Regulations: Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Both MSHA and OSHA have regulation standards a blaster must follow with respect to thunderstorm and lightning. MSHA has collected statistics from 1978 to 1985, which indicate that lightning caused 16 out of 80 premature detonations in mining. MSHA codifies blaster behavior in 30 CFR, Part , "Precautions during storms". It states, "During the approach and progression of an electrical storm, all blasting operations shall be suspended and persons withdrawn from the blast area or to a safe location." The blast area, not to be confused with blast site, is defined as the area within the influence of flying material from the detonation of explosives. Persons include not only the blast crew, but also other miners inside the proposed blast area such as drillers, digging equipment operators, surveyors, etc. It is important to remember that MSHA regulations are considered to be minimum regulatory standards. Thunder, the audible event caused by lightning, can be heard by the human ear for a distance of typically about 10 miles. When you see a lightning flash, count 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, and 1005, etc. until you hear the thunder. Sound travels at 1100 feet per second or approximately one mile for each 5 seconds at sea level. Therefore, if a person were to see a flash and subsequently 30 seconds later hear the thunder report, then the lightning was approximately 6 miles away (30 / 5 = 6). Heat lightning is a term used to describe lightning that is at such a distance, the thunder can't be heard. Environmental sounds and light conditions can drastically affect the distance at which the human ear and eye can perceive thunder and lightning. Regulations: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) OSHA, which regulates the construction industry, has one regulation regarding blasting operations and electrical storms. 29 CFR, Subpart U "Blasting and the Use of Explosives", (k) states that "Due precautions shall be taken to prevent the accidental initiation of explosives from current induced by radar, radio transmitter, lightning, adjacent power lines, dust storms, or other extraneous sources of electricity. TP Release Version /24/06

37 Lightning Precautions These precautions shall include the suspension of all blasting operations and the removal of all persons from the blast area during the approach and progression of an electric storm." This OSHA regulation is quite similar to the MSHA regulation. The word "Due" is a legal term meaning that every reasonable precaution should be taken. What to do - Prior to going to a blast site: Develop a rapid evacuation plan that is understood by all personnel that may be working at the blast site or in the blast area. Monitor the radio or TV for daily weather reports to determine the meteorological conditions for the proposed blasting location. What to do - While at the blast site: Monitor the sky conditions continuously during blasting operations. If the air suddenly cools, and the wind increases, look for a reason for the change. Use a lightning detection device to attain advanced warning of the approach of a thunderstorm or monitor an AM radio, tuned to an off broadcast frequency for electrical static interference. What to do - If conditions change: When you see a thunderstorm approaching -- evacuate the blast site. Ensure that the blast area is cleared of personnel and equipment, and guarded against reentry until after the thunderstorm subsides and atmospheric conditions indicate that it is safe to resume work. Be aware that the blast area could increase in size due to greater potential from flyrock from a partially loaded blast prematurely detonating. Time permitting, when blasting with electric detonators, open all electric circuit loops and leave individual detonator legwires shunted at the hole. If in imminent danger, leave the shot. If a lightning induced premature detonation occurs, refer to proper handling procedures under the misfire section. If you see a lightning flash, leave the blast site immediately! Stay in the truck during a thunderstorm or in a building. It is more dangerous to be outside. What to do - After the Storm has passed: Return to the blast site and resume blast loading. TP Release Version /24/06

38 ACTIVITY Lightning Precautions Name: Date Completed: 1. Is there any initiating system or explosive that is safe to use, load or tie-in when there is a potential for lightning near blasting operations? 2. What must you do during the approach and progression of an electrical storm? 3. How far away is a lightning flash if you heard the thunder 5 seconds after you saw the flash? 4. What should you begin doing if you see a thunderstorm approaching the blast site you are working on? 5. What should you do if you see a lightning flash and you are working at a blast site? TP Release Version /24/06

39 Transportation on Bench Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Transportation on Bench Objectives: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: The hazard of operating a mobile piece of equipment at a blast site What precautions are required to work safely? To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

40 Transportation on Bench Guidelines of Operation Explosive materials are normally delivered to the blast site by motor vehicle. The transportation route could be over the public highways, over private roadways (construction, quarry or mine sites) or a combination of these routes. Transportation over public highways is generally controlled by regulations of the Federal Department of Transportation found in 49 CFR. States, counties, and cities may have special rules regarding escort vehicles, approved routes, notification of delivery, etc. In the US, When transporting explosive materials over mining property (both surface and underground) the transportation should follow MSHA regulations prescribed in 30 CFR. Explosive materials hauled over general industry and construction sites are subject to OSHA regulations 29 CFR. In Canada Follow Federal, Provincial or Local regulations. More extensive skill training is provided for in TP #216 (HM126/HM161-USA & TDC- CAN) and respective truck operations TP #312, 313, 314, 318 and 319. When is it necessary to operate mobile equipment on the blast site, the blaster-incharge or his designated helper shall closely control every movement and setup. All regulations shall be strictly followed (Federal, State, Provincial, Local). Extreme care must be taken to see that packaged explosives, initiation legwires, shock tubing, or detonating cord downlines are not run over or damaged by equipment or personnel. No vehicle is to be driven over loaded holes if another route of travel is available. For example, when blastholes are already loaded, place initiation downlines (legwire, shock tube, detonating cord) below the collar of the blasthole such that any vehicle or equipment shall not be driven over the initiation system in a manner, which could contact the system or create another hazard. This procedure may be allowed only where there is a written procedure for safely doing so. Only vehicles essential to, and directly involved in loading and stemming activities shall be allowed on the blast site and operated according to Orica safety standards and procedures for that equipment. TP #312, 313, 314, 318, 319). Nonessential vehicles are not allowed on the blast site. The driver of an essential vehicle should signal any move to other blast crew personnel. Automatic backup alarms must be on all essential vehicles. Whenever possible, it is recommended to load a shot so that essential vehicles can enter and exit the blast site without driving past loaded holes. If a vehicle is to be used within a blast site, the equipment operator must be assisted by a ground "spotter" to direct vehicle movement so as to avoid contacting any explosive material or initiation system with the vehicle and creating a hazard. TP Release Version /24/06

41 ACTIVITY Transportation on Bench Name: Date Completed: 1. Describe what vehicles are allowed within the blast site perimeter. 2. Automatic backup alarms must be on all vehicles essential to loading a blast. TRUE FALSE 3. If a vehicle is to be used within a blast site, the vehicle operator must be assisted by a ground "spotter" to direct vehicle movement so as to avoid contacting any explosive material or initiation system with the vehicle and creating a hazard. TRUE FALSE 4. No vehicle is to be driven over loaded blastholes if another route of travel is available. TRUE FALSE 5. The blaster-in-charge or his designated helper shall closely control all movement and setup of essential vehicles within the blast site perimeter. TRUE FALSE TP Release Version /24/06

42 Explosive Properties Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Explosive Properties Water Resistance Blasting Fumes Objectives: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: An explosives' ability to detonate after its exposure to water Blasting fumes and their hazard to people. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

43 Explosive Properties Water Resistance Many types of blasting applications involve explosives remaining in water filled blastholes for a long time. The water resistance of an explosive is defined as the product's ability to withstand water penetration without losing sensitivity or efficiency. It is generally expressed as the number of hours it may be submerged in static water and still be detonated reliably. When water penetrates an explosive product, it first impairs its efficiency and, with prolonged exposure or in severe water conditions, the explosive may be desensitized to such an extent that it does not detonate. The water resistance of a product depends not only on the packaging and the type of ingredients used in manufacturing, but also on the water conditions. Static water at low pressures will not affect the explosive as quickly as fast-moving water, at high pressure. The standard water resistance test is used primarily for rating of packaged dynamite explosives within one year from time of manufacture under good storage conditions. It consists of punching a number of holes in a cartridged product, immersing the sample in a vessel of water and then testing the sample with a No. 6 strength detonator for reliable detonation. The product is then rated with regard to its ability to withstand water degradation, according to the following: Rating Hours Excellent 72 Good 24 Fair 8 Poor 1 Remember that this test is designed specifically for dynamite products When it comes to relative water resistance of various products: Non-gelatin dynamites have poor-to-good water resistance. Gelatin dynamites and water gels explosives have good-to-excellent water resistance. Emulsion explosives have excellent water resistance. ANFO has no water resistance. ANFO/emulsion blends have poor to excellent water resistance. TP Release Version /24/06

44 Explosive Properties Cast boosters made from various molecular explosives such as pentolite, PETN,TNT,RDX etc. have excellent resistance. Some boosters may contain ammonium nitrate mixtures added as a separate ingredient or as part of a combination demilitarized product. In these cases, the booster could have less resistance. Blasting Fumes Fumes or gases (toxic and nontoxic) are produced as a normal byproduct of blasting operations, regardless of the type of explosive material used. The primary nontoxic fumes include: Oxygen (0 2 ), Nitrogen (N 2 ), Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), and water vapor (H 2 0). Varying amounts of poisonous or toxic gases may also be produced; Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (N0 x ), and Hydrogen Sulphide (H 2 S). The emission of red/orange nitrogen oxide fumes from a blast indicates inefficient detonation. This could mean an incorrect formulation of ingredients that made the explosive, or more commonly signifies the need for a more water resistant explosive or package protection from water penetration or improper priming or lack of confinement, or inefficient detonation caused by product precompression before it detonates. ANFO, which is under fueled, will produce more NO x, as well as produce less energy than over fueled product. ANFO that is over fueled will produce more CO. Remember that CO is invisible. The best protection against toxic fumes is to stay out of the affected area until the all clear signal is sounded by the blaster-in-charge. IME FUME CLASSIFICATION A classification indicating the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide produced by an explosive or blasting agent. Explosives with positive oxygen balances are not considered as being acceptable in these classifications. Amount of poisonous gases per 1 1/4' x 8' (32mm x 203mm) cartridge of explosive material. Fume Classification 1 Less than 0.16 cu. ft. (4.53 liters) to 0.33 cu. ft. (4.52 to 9.35 liters) to 0.67 cu. ft. (9.35 to liters) In Canada Nox is included in Fume measurements. TP Release Version /24/06

45 Explosive Properties TP Release Version /24/06

46 ACTIVITY Explosive Properties Name: Date Completed: 1. What 3 factors affect an explosives ability to resist water degradation? 2. What is the water resistance rating for the listed hours of reliable detonation after immersed in water for dynamite products? What is the meaning of toxic blast fumes? 4. When is it safe to return to the blast site? TP Release Version /24/06

47 Priming Explosives Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Priming Explosives Assembly Make-Up Location within Blasthole Objective: At the completion of this section you will be able to: Make-up primers Place them in blastholes to be loaded with explosives. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

48 Priming Explosives Priming Explosives A primer is a unit, package or cartridge of explosives used to initiate other explosives or blasting agents, and which contains a detonator, or detonating cord to which is attached a detonator designed to initiate the detonating cord. Remember, a primer contains an initiation device, a booster does not. Inadequately primed explosives will detonate at less than rated performance levels or could fail to detonate entirely. Even when the main explosive charge is adequately primed, overall blasting performance can still be affected by the primer's location. Assembly Make-up The make-up of the primer represents the initial stage in the blasting process where the detonation device and the main explosive charge come in contact with each other. For this reason, utmost care must be taken to perform this procedure properly. Primers must only be assembled at the blast site and only just prior to loading them into the blastholes. Care must be taken to ensure that the initiating device does not detach from the primer unit. Cast boosters have a pre-formed detonator well and/or detonating cord tunnel to achieve this requirement. The detonator is passed through the tunnel from the end opposite the detonator well so that the legwires/exel tube passes through the tunnel before inserting the detonator completely into the pre-formed well (figure 1). When detonating cord is used with a cast booster, the cord is passed through the tunnel and a knot tied at the end of the cord to prevent the booster from falling off - subsequent boosters can then be slid down the detonating cord at required depths (figure 2). Ensure detonating cord is of adequate recommended core load when used to initiate a booster or cartridged explosive. Figure 1 Figure 2 TP Release Version /24/06

49 Priming Explosives When priming a cartridge of emulsion, water gel or dynamite, a hole must be made centrally in the end of the cartridge with a clean non-sparking powder punch free of sand or grit. It must be deep enough to accept and completely enclose the detonator. It is essential that the detonator not be positioned to the outside of the cartridge or a misfire may result. The detonator should be located on the longitudinal axis and at one end of the primer cartridge. It should be attached so that it cannot be pulled out of position during loading. There should be no kinks or knots in the legwire or Exel tube, which might cause a break in the initiation system path. Electric or electronic detonators can be secured to a cartridge explosive by making 2 half hitches with the legwires around the cartridge. (figure 3) Half-hitching the lead wires around the primer cartridge is simple and fast, but has two disadvantages. 1. There is a danger of damaging the insulation (or even breaking the legwires) at the half hitch if it is pulled up too tightly. 2. The half-hitch may slip off and the detonator may be pulled out of the cartridge if the cartridge is loaded with the detonator pointing away from the collar of the blasthole. Figure 3 Nonelectric detonators can be secured to a cartridge explosive by threading the Exel shock tube through or by taping the Exel shock tube to the cartridge. (figure 4) TP Release Version /24/06

50 Priming Explosives When detonating cord is used with cartridged explosives, the cord should be secured with a tight knot, supplemented by half hitches around the cartridge or firmly attached to the cartridge with tape. After the primer is lowered into the blasthole to its desired location, the initiation system (detonating cord, legwires, Exel tube) lead should be secured to a wooden stake or rock near the blasthole collar. Blastholes that cannot be primed (blocked hole) shall be reported to the blaster-in-charge and the primer assembly taken apart before proceeding to the next blasthole. Location Figure 4 In general, primer location affects: movement of the rock mass during blasting shearing of the rock mass at grade level fragmentation of any cap rock in the stemming area Bottom of the hole initiation provides a longer confinement of the expanding explosive gases and somewhat greater muckpile displacement than priming at the top of column. Exceptions to this rule may be at a coal mine, with a soft rock layer above the coal and a harder formation further up the column. In this example, the primer should be located in the harder rock formation. Bottom hole initiation also reduces the probability of blasthole cut-offs. Bottom priming in coal can cause coal damage. The blast geometry and rock hardness may dictate a particular priming location for best results. In general, blastholes are bottom-primed or multiple-primed, for the reasons listed below: Top priming will produce early movement in the stemming and upper burden areas, premature gas venting and reduced explosion pressure in the toe region. This pressure drop is greatest for long charge lengths with insufficient stemming and small burden distances. TP Release Version /24/06

51 Priming Explosives "Cut-offs" due to ground movement generally occur towards the top of the blasthole. In benching operations where sub-drill is required, locate the primer according to local recommendations. The overriding consideration must be that the primer is securely located in good, uncontaminated explosives. This generally means at a point somewhat above the bottom of the blasthole, to avoid burial in mud or drill cuttings. Where a particularly hard zone of rock exists, there may be a benefit from placing the primer within the hard zone to minimize energy loss into soft material. Under no circumstances should any attempt be made to free a "stuck" primer by pulling the legwires or shock tube as a premature explosion may result. If the primer cannot be pushed GENTLY forward, then it must remain where it is and reported to the blaster-in-charge. Primer cartridges should NEVER be slit, and care should always be taken in loading them. They should NOT be tamped but just lowered into position or pushed by means of an approved loading pole. Multiple Priming "Double-priming" (near the top and the bottom of the charge) is common practice in relatively long blastholes, to provide insurance against misfires. Law in certain areas also may require it. It is Orica s recommendation to double prime all explosive charges over 30 ft. long. Multiple priming is recommended where there is perceived risk of ground movement, damage to downlines, groundwater dilution of explosives or contamination or separation of the in-hole charge. Multiple priming is effective for safety reasons as well as considerations of total hole cost. Multiple point priming is often required to avoid cut-off failures of the initiation system and explosive column or poor performance of the explosive because of loading problems, wet sections and pre-compression effects of adjacent blastholes. Where multiple primers are initiated in a blasthole using in-hole delay detonators, the use of the identical delay numbers will mean that approximately half the charges will initiate from top and half from the bottom. This is due to "scatter" in delay detonator firing times. If true bottom initiation is required, the top primer in each hole should contain a detonator delay, which is one number higher than that in the bottom primer. This makes the top primer an "insurance" unit only, and the entire explosives column should detonate before the top primer functions. TP Release Version /24/06

52 Priming Explosives Deck Priming The major objective is to locate the primer in good uncontaminated explosives. This generally means at a point somewhat above or below the stemming material that is separating the explosive charges in the blasthole, to avoid burial in the drill cuttings, mud, or crushed stone. TP Release Version /24/06

53 ACTIVITY Priming Explosives Name: Date Completed: 1. Explain the difference between a primer and a booster: 2. When and where is it proper to make-up primer assemblies for use? 3. In benching operations, where sub-drill is required, describe where the primer should be located and why? 4. If a primer should become "stuck" in a blasthole, what procedure is to be followed by the person assigned to this job? TP Release Version /24/06

54 Priming Explosives 5. What is Orica s recommendation on multiple priming of an explosive charge? TP Release Version /24/06

55 Detonating Cord Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Detonating Cord General Use Tie in Proceedures Objective: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: General use application Recommended knotted connections for using detonating cord at a blast site. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, then complete the exercise at the end of this section.. TP Release Version /24/06

56 Detonating Cord General Use Orica manufacturers a variety of detonating cords for initiating commercial explosives. When initiated, it detonates along its entire length at a velocity of approximately 23,000 feet per second (7,000 meters/second) and initiate any number of charges hooked up in a planned sequence to obtain the blasting results required. As a trunkline (18 gr/ft - 4g/m or larger) it will initiate any number of additional lengths, extensions or branch lines through the recommended knot connections. As a downline (9gr/ft - 1.9g/m or larger), it will either detonate all explosives in which it comes in contact or destroy a percentage of those explosives, which will reduce the effect of the explosives performance. Basic Construction Detonating cord consists of two main components: Explosive Core: The center of detonating cord is an explosive known as PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate). For normal blasting applications, coreloads of 9 to 50 grains of explosive per foot (1.9 to 10.6 grams per meter) is standard. Once initiated, it explodes with great violence. Core Encasement: The PETN core is covered by a plastic tape surrounded by various combinations of textile yarns, plastics, and wax finishes. These provide the qualities required to satisfy various blasting applications for general use with commercial explosives. The difference between the several standard types of detonating cord is the degree of protection provided by the textile and plastic encasements. Factory Splices The majority of the detonating cord Orica manufactures does not have any splices. However, when it is necessary to include a factory splice, the individual lengths are marked on the side of the spool and the outside of the case, (figure 1) so that splice locations are known and can be kept out of blastholes. TP Release Version /24/06

57 Detonating Cord Cordtex 18 Spool and Case w/ Splice Markings Figure 1 Orica uses three types of splices in manufacturing, depending on the coreload and the physical characteristics of the detonating cord. Square knot splice is used to join two lengths of flexible cord with a coreload (18 to 50 gr/ft) of sufficient power to shoot through the knotted connection. Overlap Splice String Splice Figure 2 Figure 3 Overlap splice is used to join two lengths of cord that are too stiff to join together with a square knot and of sufficient power to shoot through the lapped connection ( figure 2 ). TP Release Version /24/06

58 Detonating Cord String splice is used to join two lengths of cord with a coreload (less than 15 gr/ft) not of sufficient power to shoot through a knotted connection ( figure 3 ). WARNING: This type of detonating cord will not eliably initiate itself or other detonating cords through a knot connection. Cutting Technique Orica detonating cords can be cut using a sharp knife or an anvil-type pruning shear. Never attempt to cut detonating cord with a blow from an axe, wrench or other object, or by sawing it; it may explode and cause injury or death. Never use scissor type (wire cutters) or diagonal (side-cut pliers). Initiation of Detonating Cord Orica detonating cord is designed to be initiated with an Exel Lead-in Line detonator, Exel T&D detonator, electric detonator or a safety fuse and cap assembly. Exel LIL w/ detonator Exel T&D Figure 4 Figure 5 Electrical Tape Detonating Cord Electric Detonator Figure 6 The Exel Lead-in Line detonator (figure 4) and Exel T&D detonator (figure 5) have as part of their assembly a plastic component for attaching the detonator to the detonating cord. The method of attaching either an electric detonator or safety fuse and cap assembly is to place either device alongside the detonating cord and wrap the cord and the detonator securely together with electrician's tape. (figure 6) Care should be taken to assure that the loaded or explosive end of the detonator is pointed in the direction the detonating cord is to detonate. This is very important, because of the directional affect of the detonator, initiation TP Release Version /24/06

59 Detonating Cord may not occur in the reverse direction on the detonating cord. It is equally important that the core of the detonating cord be dry at the point of initiation. If the coreload (PETN) of detonating cord becomes wet due to damage to the outside jacket or from end penetration of water, it cannot reliably be initiated by a detonator secured alongside the detonating cord or by a knotted connection. Initiating wet detonating cord is only reliable by: 1). end priming, or 2). using a high velocity booster, such as a Pentex AP or equivalent cast booster. (See Orica Detonating Cord Handbook for specific procedures of this method of initiation). Selecting Detonating Cord Type Detonating cord is available in a wide range of coreloads. The choice of which to use will depend on blasting conditions, method of initiation, what the detonating cord is to initiate and, the type of explosives used as the blasting charge. A wax finish with textile counterings (Cordtex TM provide added abrasion resistance and knot-tying characteristics as compare to a plastic jacket detonating cord (B-LINE or TRUNKLINE). Higher coreload detonating cords generally have higher tensile strength and will withstand more abrasion abuse of ragged boreholes than smaller coreload detonating cords. All Orica detonating cords have similar resistance to end penetration from water and oil. The function of detonating cord is to transport an initiation signal. Low coreload cords do this as well as higher coreload cords with less disruption of the explosive column. A general rule is to use the lowest coreload that will satisfy the required conditions. Detonating cords with coreloads 18 grains and greater per foot (3.6 grams per meter) will initiate themselves and other detonating cords through recommended knotted connections. Anoline TM and Cordtex TM 7.5 and 15 can be initiated by any 18 grain per foot (3.6 grams per meter) or greater, but will not reliable initiate itself or any other detonating cord. Explosives vary in their sensitivity to the various types of detonating cords that Orica manufacturers. Consult the manufacturer's data/fact sheet of the explosive for compatibility with detonating cord for reliable initiation of that explosive. TP Release Version /24/06

60 Detonating Cord Millisecond delay connectors and other nonelectric delay devices vary in their method of use and sensitivity. Consult the manufacturer's data/fact sheet for recommended minimum coreload detonating cord for reliable initiation of that explosive device. Loading Blastholes For ease of use, a spool holder that allows the detonating cord to unreel from the spool without twisting is the most convenient method of lowering a primer down a blasthole or extending a trunkline. After the primer is in position and before the loading of any explosives on top of the primer, the downline must be cut from the rest of the spool of cord. Allow at least three feet (one meter) of detonating cord to extend out of the blasthole for easier tying-in to the trunkline and to allow for some settling within the blasthole. The loose end of the detonating cord should be secured to a stick or other object at the blasthole collar to prevent it from being pulled down the hole and lost during loading. A single downline is usually adequate for most blasting applications. However, multiple downlines can be used in large diameter blastholes when adverse loading conditions exist. When more than one downline is used in a blasthole the downlines should be separated in the blasthole to minimize the adverse affect on the explosive column charge. It is Orica policy to avoid placing knots in a detonating cord downline whenever possible. However, there may be a condition that requires the blaster to extend the downline. When this is necessary, only a square knot connection should be used. The free end "tails" of each detonating cord section should be no less than 12 inches (30 cm) long to compensate for any end penetration of water or oil into the core of the cord and wrapped with tape to protect the knot during loading. Downline and Trunkline Connections After all blastholes have been loaded, stemmed, and the blast site cleared of unnecessary equipment and personnel, the blast can be tied-in/hooked-up. When detonating cord is to be used as a trunkline, it should be unreeled so that it lies across the collar of each blasthole without creating any loops or kinks that would cause a misfire and laid out in a design plan so as to provide two paths of initiation to each blasthole to be tied-in. When it is necessary to extend a trunkline, the two pieces are connected together using a square knot. TP Release Version /24/06

61 Detonating Cord 1. Make a loop at the end of one of the pieces. 2. Insert the other end piece through the loop around and back through the looped end. 3. Pull the knot tight. After the trunkline is in position over a blasthole collar, the downline can be attached using either of the recommend knots (clove hitch or double wrap clove hitch) and that the knot forms a 90 angle of the downline to the trunkline to avoid angle cut-offs. (figure 7) Figure 7 1. Make loop around the trunkline with downline. 2. Cross over 1st loop, and loop around trunkline 3. again bringing end under the cross over. 4. Pull knot tight. When tying-in multiple rows of blastholes, cross-ties of detonating cord trunklines should be utilized between rows to ensure blast design initiation sequence. The recommended knotted connections (90 angle) is the same as for attaching downlines to trunklines. (figure 7) TP Release Version /24/06

62 Detonating Cord Millisecond Delay Initiating The timing sequence for a detonating cord blast may be provided by: 1) Exel MS connectors in the trunkline. 2) Exel T&D units connected between downlines 3) Exel SHD or MS down the hole delays. The choice of the delay device or combination of delay devices for any blast will depend on local conditions and blast requirements. Exel TM MS Connectors Millisecond delay connectors are used in trunkline hook- ups where Cordtex detonating cord is connected to both ends of the delay device. The MS connector accepts detonation from one end and initiates the detonating cord at the opposite end after the predetermined millisecond delay time. This delay device functions in two directions, and makes trunkline delay hook-ups simple and reliable to accomplish. (figure 8). See Exel initiation TP-327-7) for tie-in procedures. Figure 8 Exel TM T&D Sometimes it is desirable to use detonating cord downlines in blastholes and eliminate the use of a trunkline. This can be done by attaching a Exel T&D to the downline of one blasthole and extend it to the next blasthole in the design sequence. This delay device functions in one direction only, and makes timing TP Release Version /24/06

63 Detonating Cord designs less noisy and simple to accomplish. (figure 9) See Exel initiation (TP ) for tie-in procedures. Figure 9 Exel TM SHD The advantage of using an in-hole delay with a detonating cord downline is to delay the detonation of the blasthole for a time period after the trunkline or Exel T&D network has functioned. This can be achieved by attaching an Exel SHD to the bottom of the downline with the recommended knot as the primer assembly is prepared for loading (figure 10). See Exel initiation (TP-327-7) for tie-in procedures. Figure 10 Exel MS TP Release Version /24/06

64 Detonating Cord The advantage of using an Exel MS in-hole delay with a detonating cord trunkline is to delay the detonation of the blasthole for a time period after the trunkline has functioned. In-addition the Exel tubing downline has the advantage of not disrupting the explosive column. The Exel tubing easily clips to the detonating cord trunkline at the blasthole collar for quick reliable hook-ups. (figure 14) See Exel initiation (TP-327-7) for tie-in procedures. MS w/cord Figure 14 TP Release Version /24/06

65 Detonating Cord ACTIVITY Name: Date Completed: 1. Which of the following is one of the brand names for Orica detonating cord? a. Cordeau detonating fuse b. Cordtex c. Primacord 2. When initiated, detonating cord detonates at a velocity of approximately 23,000 ft/sec (7000 m/sec). a. True b. False 3. The core of general purpose detonating cord is which of the following explosives? a. PETN b. HMX c. TNT d. RDX 4. List the three types of factory splices that could be used on a spool of detonating cord and the reason for using that type of splice by manufacturing. 5. Orica recommends which two tools for cutting detonating cord? a. b. TP Release Version /24/06

66 Detonating Cord 6. Which of the following detonating cords should never be knotted together or used as a trunkline to initiate other detonating cords. a. Cordtex15 b. PRIMAFLEX c. POWERCORD 100 d. Cordtex 25 e. B-LINE f. Cordtex 7.5 g. Anoline 7. When initiating detonating cord with a detonator, what precaution must a individual be aware of before attaching the detonator to the detonating cord? 8. If the coreload of detonating cord becomes wet due to damage to its outside jacket or from end penetration of water, which of the following methods are recommended for reliable initiation of the wet cord? a. End prime with a detonator b. Side prime with a detonator c. Use a high velocity booster d. Tie a big knot in the cord. 9. After a primer has been lowered into position in a blasthole on a detonating cord downline, what should the individual do before loading any explosives on top of the primer? TP Release Version /24/06

67 Detonating Cord 10. Which type of knot is recommended when it is necessary to extend a trunkline of detonating cord? a. timber hitch knot b. square knot c. improved cinch knot d. stop knot 11. Which two types of knots are recommended for attaching a downline to a trunkline of detonating cord? a. b. 12. The knot used to attached the downline to a trunkline at 90 is used to avoid what potential problem. 13. What are the two types of Orica nonelectric surface delay devices normally used with detonating cord? a. Exel MS Connectors b. Exel T&D c. Fuse and Cap assembly d. Exel SHD TP Release Version /24/06

68 Exel Initiation Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Exel TM Initiation General Use Knowledge Tying-In Procedures Objective: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: General use applications of Exel initiation components normally used in bench blasting. Hookup / tying-in system components. To achieve the objective, read through the following information then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

69 Exel Initiation General Use Exel is the brand name of the Orica shock tube utilized in the manufacturing of its nonelectric detonator assemblies used for initiating commercial explosives. It can be described as a flexible, hollow tube that contains a thin layer of explosive. When initiated, a reaction occurs within the tube that produces a shock wave that propagates along the tubing at a velocity of 6600 feet per second (2000 meters/sec) to the detonator(s) attached to the end(s) of the tubing. As a surface delay detonator (HTD, T&D, Handidet, MS Connector) it will initiate other Exel shock tubes and/or detonating cords. HTD & Handidet will not initiate detonating cord trunklines/downlines. As an in-hole delay detonator (MS, SHD, LP, Handidet) it will initiate all detonator sensitive explosives when properly assembled as a primer. Basic Construction Exel shock tubing is a flexible abrasion resistant plastic tube that is coated internally with an even distribution of a very small quantity of HMX explosive and aluminum. Attached to the end is of the shock tubing is a delay detonator that functions as either an out-of-hole delay sequencing connector or a high strength in-hole delay detonator for priming explosives. Tying-in Procedures (SHD) Exel SHD is a short shock tube length delay detonator designed primarily for use within a blasthole in combination with a detonating cord downline. The SHD detonator can be attached to the end of a Cordtex 7.5 or Cordtex15 detonating cord downline (figure 1) or utilized in a sliding primer assembly (figure 2). Except for Exel SHD, all other Exel in-hole detonators (MS, LP, Handidet) do not require a tying-in procedure within the blasthole, because the shock tube is intended to extend from the collar of the blasthole in normal applications. To attach the Exel SHD shock tube to the end of a 7.5 or Cordtex 15 detonating cord downline requires tying a double wrap square knot (figure 1) with the detonating cord around the loop of Exel shock tube before making up the primer assembly and lowering it into the blasthole. TP Release Version /24/06

70 Exel Initiation 1. Insert the Cordtex detonating cord through the factory loop in the Exel shock tube, 2. Wrap the Cordtex around the shock tubing loop twice, 3. Insert the Cordtex back through the loop on the same side as it started, 4. Make knot tight. (figure 1) Figure 1 When using Exel SHD detonators in slider primer applications, use only a cast booster specifically designed for this priming application. 1. Insert the Exel SHD detonator through the outside attached detonating cord tunnel, 2. Continue through the central tunnel of the booster, 3. Insert the SHD detonator in the boosters' detonator well, 4. Remove slack Exel tubing from primer assembly, 5. Insert Cordtex 15, 18 or 25 detonating cord downline through the outside slider tunnel, 6. Slide primer assembly down detonating cord downline with Exel SHD loop up. (figure 2) TP Release Version /24/06

71 Exel Initiation Figure 2 Tying-in Procedures (Connectadet) Connectadet is a one-way trunkline and delay detonator assembly designed for use with Exel MS and Handidet detonators. After all blastholes have been loaded with explosives and stemmed, the tying-in procedure can begin. 1. At each blasthole place up to 6 Exel downline and surface delay shock tubes into the plastic connector block (figure 3) of the incoming Connectadet unit, 2. Proceed with the outgoing Exel Connectadet to the next blasthole of the delay sequence, 3. Repeat step 1 and 2. TP Release Version /24/06

72 Exel Initiation Figure 3 Handidet is a combination one-way trunkline and delay with an in-hole detonator. After all blastholes have been loaded with explosives and stemmed, the tying-in procedure can begin. 1. At each blasthole, place up to 6 Exel downline and surface delay shock tubes into the plastic connector block (figure 3) of the incoming Handidet unit, 2. Proceed with the outgoing Handidet surface delay connector block to the next blasthole of the delay sequence (figure 4), 2. Repeat step 1 and 2. TP Release Version /24/06

73 Exel Initiation Figure 4 Tying-in Procedures (T&D) Exel T&D is a one-way trunkline and delay detonator assembly designed for use with a Cordtex detonating cord downline or with Exel MS shock tube downlines. After all blastholes have been loaded with explosives and stemmed, the tying-in procedure can begin. Detonating Cord Downline (Cordtex 15 or larger) 1. At each blasthole, place the detonating cord downline into the block connector of the incoming T&D unit so that the detonator points down the detonating cord, 2. Close and lock the hinged lid of the T&D block connector over the detonating cord, 3. Tie a knot in the tail end of the detonating cord to keep it from pulling loose from the incoming T&D block connector, 4. Connect the outgoing T&D shock tube(s) to the detonating cord downline with the clip connector as close to the blasthole collar as possible, TP Release Version /24/06

74 Exel Initiation 5. Adjust and hold down the position of the outgoing shock tube(s) so that they proceed straight away from the detonating cord and incoming T&D block connector for several feet (figure 5), 6. Cover the incoming T&D block connector with drill cuttings to eliminate shrapnel cutoff of the outgoing Exel shock tubes, 7. Check tie-in to assure at least 12 inches is between the incoming T&D block connector and the outgoing Exel clip connection, 8. Repeat steps 1 thru 7. K N O T IN D E T C O R D T A IL C O R D T E X D O W N L IN E O U T G O IN G T & D IN C O M IN G T & D 1 7 B L A S T H O L E F ig u re 5 NEVER allow the Exel shock tube to loop over or run adjacent to any detonating cord. NEVER place shock tube and detonating cord in the same T&D block connector. (figure 6) TP Release Version /24/06

75 Exel Initiation Figure 6 Exel MS downline Tie-In 1. At each blasthole place up to 8 Exel MS shock tube downlines and outgoing trunklines into the block connector of the incoming T&D unit so that the detonator points down the shock tubes, 2. Close and lock the hinged lid of the T&D block connector over the shock tubes, 3. Adjust and hold down the position of the Exel shock tube downline(s) and outgoing trunkline(s) so that they proceed straight away from the T&D block connector for several feet (figure 7), 4. Cover the incoming T&D block connector with drill cuttings to eliminate shrapnel cutoffs of the outgoing Exel shock tubes, 5. Proceed with the outgoing Exel T&D trunkline to the next blasthole of the delay sequence, 6. Repeat steps 1 thru 5. TP Release Version /24/06

76 Exel Initiation Figure 7 NEVER attempt to initiate shock tube by tying or clipping it to another shock tube. Exel MS Connector Exel MS Connector is a two-way delay detonator assembly designed for detonating cord trunklines (Cordtex 18 or larger coreload). After all blastholes have been loaded with explosives, stemmed and the downlines connected to the detonating cord trunkline, the placement and tie-in can begin. 1. Cut the detonating cord trunkline into two separate ends where the MS connector is to be inserted into the trunkline, 2. Insert one of the detonating cord ends into one of the plastic connectors, 3. Wrap the "tail" of detonating cord around the top of the plastic connector twice so that the cord clips under the retaining mechanism (figure 8), 4. Repeat the procedure with the other section of detonating cord trunkline in the other plastic connector. TP Release Version /24/06

77 Exel Initiation Note: trim excess "tails" of detonating cord from lying across the Exel shock tube between the two plastic connectors. Figure 8 TP Release Version /24/06

78 ACTIVITY Exel Initiation Name: Date of Completion: 1. When initiated, Exel shock tubing detonates at what velocity? 2. What are the reactive materials that form the explosive dust inside an Exel shock tube? 3. What are the two reasons to cover Exel T&D connector blocks with drill cuttings? 4. What is the maximum shock tube capacity of the Handidet or Exel HTD surface delay connector block? 5. What is the maximum shock tube capacity of the Exel T&D connector block? 6. Which Exel initiation devices can be used with detonating cord? TP Release Version /24/06

79 Exel Initiation 7. Which Exel initiation devices should never be used with detonating cord? _ TP Release Version /24/06

80 Electric Initiation Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Electric Initiation General Use Knowledge Blasting Wire Splices Test Instruments Objective: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: General use application of an electric initiation system at a bench blast site. Making proper blasting circuit wire splices. Electric blasting test instrument use. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

81 Electric Initiation General Use An electric initiation system utilizes an electrical power source with an associated circuit to convey the impulse to the electric detonators, which in turn fire and initiate the explosives charge. ElectricMS is the brand name of the Orica electric detonator normally utilized in bench blasting applications, in surface coal mines, open pit and underground mines, surface and underground quarries, and on construction projects. Basic Construction Electrical energy flows from the power source through the circuit wiring to the electric detonator. Inside the electric detonator, the electrical energy is converted into heat energy by passing the firing current through a high-resistance bridgewire in the match head. (figure 1) The heat energy ignites the pyrotechnic that surrounds the bridgewire of the match assembly (Figure 1). The resulting flash or flame ignites the delay element. The delay composition then burns for a designated amount of time and ignites the primer charge, which then detonates the base charge. (figure 1) All Orica electric detonators have a static protection feature called static tape incorporated into the bridgewire assembly design. This static tape feature allows static energy to short across the assembly, thus protecting the bridgewire from that static energy and potential accidental detonation. Figure 1 TP Release Version /24/06

82 Electric Initiation ElectricMS electric detonators have nominal delay times for flexibility of blast design (figure 2). E lectric M S D etonato rs N om inal Tim e D elay P eriod N ominal Tim e D elay P eriod MS MS Blasting Wire Splices Nominal Delay Times (ms) Figure 2 The reliability of every circuit is dependent on the number and quality of the wire splices in the circuit. Their importance is very significant in the overall reliability of the circuit. These splices are easy to make and provide a strong and reliable connection. A. Small gauge wire to small gauge wire (legwire to legwire or connecting wire) (figure 3a) 1. Strip approximately 3 inches of insulation from each of the two wires that are to be spliced together, 2. Hold both bare wire ends together and fold the wires over to form a loop, 3. Twist the loop several times to create the splice. Figure 3a TP Release Version /24/06

83 Electric Initiation B. Small gauge wire to heavy gauge wire (legwire or connecting wire to bus wire or firing line). (figure 3b) 1. Strip approximately 3 inches of insulation from the section of the bus wire to be spliced, 2. Wrap the small gauge wire twice around the bared bus wire, 3. Cross the small gauge wire over itself and wrap the bus wire several more times in the reverse direction. Figure 3b C. Small gauge wire to heavy gauge wire (legwire or connecting wire to firing line end: (figure 3c) 1. Strip approximately 4 inches of insulation from the ends of the small and heavy gauge wire, 2. Fold the heavy gauge wire over to form a hook, 3. Wrap the small gauge wire around the shank of the hook several times, 4. Cross over the bend of the hook with the small gauge wire, 5. Wrap the open end of the hook with the small gauge wire twice. TP Release Version /24/06

84 Electric Initiation Figure 3c To prevent leakage or the shorting of a circuit between two wires, the bare wire at the splices should be insulated by supporting the splices in the air by propping up the wire splices and staggering their location so they cannot accidentally short the circuit between two splices. (figure 4) Figure 4 Aluminum wire is not recommended for use in electric blasting circuits, since an aluminum oxide coating can form on the wire surface that will cause the contact resistance to increase. Test Instruments Two types of electrical instruments are used for performing tests associated with electric blasting. These two electrical instruments are the Blasting Galvanometer and the Blaster's Multimeter. If the instrument does not say Blasting or Blaster's DO NOT USE IT. Blasting Galvanometer This instrument is a single or dual range blasting test instrument that can be used to make continuity checks and resistance measurements on a firing line, a single electric detonator, a detonator circuit and the complete blasting circuit. To make a measurement, touch the wire ends to the two terminals on the instrument and then read the resistance on the scale of the instrument face. (figure 5) Consult the manufacturers' instruction manual for an instrument's specific specifications. TP Release Version /24/06

85 Electric Initiation Figure 5 Blasters' Multimeter The Blaster's Multimeter is a multi purpose test instrument for making voltage and resistance measurements associated with electric blasting. A selector switch on the front of the instrument is turned to the desired voltage or resistance range and the measurement made is by attaching the two test leads that plug into the instrument to the wire ends. Each Blasters' Multimeter is provided with an instruction manual from the manufacturer that lists the instruments specifications and procedures for performing such tests as current leakage, stray current, and circuit resistance. For more information on these types of electrical tests and calculation of circuit resistance, see TP-329 electric initiation. (figure 6) TP Release Version /24/06

86 Electric Initiation Figure 6 Detonator Testing Procedure At the blast site the blaster or blaster's helper will only utilize a Blasting Galvanometer or Blaster's Multimeter to check for continuity of the electric detonator. This is done prior to stemming any blasthole charge containing an electric detonator. To make a continuity check of the electric detonator, place in contact the legwire ends to the two terminals on the Blasting Galvanometer or the two test leads of the Blaster's Multimeter and then read the resistance on the scale of the instrument face. This reading should correspond to the nominal resistance of the detonator (figure 7). If there is no measurement value or different from the nominal value of the detonator, then a problem exists that must be corrected before initiation. TP Release Version /24/06

87 Electric Initiation Resistance of Copper Wire AWG Ohms/1000 feet No No No N No No Resistance of Orica Detonators Legwire Length Nominal Resistance (ohms) Feet Meters Copper Iron Figure 7 TP Release Version /24/06

88 Electric Initiation ACTIVITY Name: Date Completed: ElectricMS 1. Inside the ElectricMS electric detonator, electric energy is converted into heat energy by passing the firing current through a high-resistance? a. conversion wire b. bridgewire c. match head e. 20 AWG twinplex 2. What safety feature is utilized in Orica electric detonators to provide protection from static energy? a. the match head b. static tape c. static cup 3. How many nominal delay times are there for the ElectricMS electric detonator? a. 31 b. 26 c Insulated wires that extend out from an electric detonator are? a. connecting wire b. firing wires c. legwires 6. Is aluminum wire recommended for use in an electric blasting circuit? a. Yes b. No 7. What type of splice is used to connect a legwire to a legwire or connecting wire (wires of similar size)? a. twisted loop b. box twist TP Release Version /24/06

89 Electric Initiation c. flip and twist 8. What instrument measures for resistance and checks for continuity? a. Atlas TBS-5 b. Orica TBS-5 c. Blasting Galvanometer 9. What is the nominal delay time of an Electric MS #8 delay? a. 175 ms b. 200 ms c. 225 ms 10. To prevent current leakage or the shorting between two wires, the bare wire at the splices should be: a. insulated from ground by propping them up in air b. staggered, so the splices do not touch c. all the above 11. When should electric detonators be tested at the blast site? TP Release Version /24/06

90 Loading & Stemming Blastholes Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Loading & Stemming Blastholes Objectives: At the completion of this section you will knowledgeable in: Procedures to load blastholes with explosives and stemming. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

91 Loading & Stemming Blastholes Loading and Stemming Procedures Tools normally required include: Blasting Galvanometer or Blaster's Multimeter Electronic blasting system control equipment Nonmetallic measuring tape equipped with nonsparking weight Burden Pole Lowering rope with nonsparking hook Nonsparking retrieving tools Nonsparking powder punch Tamping pole (s) Nonsparking Orica approved safety knife Mirror Electrical tape Connecting wire Shovel 5-gallon plastic bucket Before loading of blastholes all equipment not required for the loading operation should be moved off the blast site. Personnel on the blast site should be kept to a minimum and limited to the powder crew (or other authorized personnel familiar with the handling and use of explosive materials) who work under the direction of the blaster-in-charge. Before any explosive material is approved to be loaded into a blasthole, the blaster-incharge must personally inspect the bench face for abnormalities, determine minimum face burden and toe burden of all open face blastholes, measure the bench height and review all blasthole depths, conditions, and any drilling logs for abnormal or unexpected conditions. The blaster-in-charge can assign to helpers how blastholes are to be loaded within the body of a blast. However, because blastholes along an open face have a greater potential for creating flyrock, the blaster-in-charge must directly supervise how each is to be loaded with explosives. Loading The primer is generally loaded first. However, when relatively small primers (1-5 lb) are used in large-diameter blastholes, it is recommended that a cartridge or a small amount of free-flowing explosive material be loaded into the blasthole before the primer to prevent the primer from being buried in drill cuttings or mud, and being separated from the main charge. After the primer has been loaded, the detonator leads should be anchored at the collar of the blasthole to a wooden stake or rock, providing enough tension to keep the leads TP Release Version /24/06

92 Loading & Stemming Blastholes against the wall of the blasthole. If detonating cord is used, the cord should be cut from the spool and the loose end anchored at the collar of the blasthole, away from any explosive materials. The primer must be protected before dropping additional cartridges on top of it. This is done by lowering the first cartridge or by pouring a few feet of free- flowing explosive material on top of the primer. During loading, the explosive column should be checked with a measuring tape or loading pole to make sure that the powder rise is consistent and that the hole is not blocked or there are no openings where free-running explosive might be diverted to cause a concentrated buildup. To unknowingly load into one of these voids could cause blowouts or flyrock. Rotary drills normally produce smooth-walled, well-aligned blastholes that allow for easy loading of cartridged explosives and blasting agents. However, when blastholes are drilled through badly fractured strata, the result is often irregular walls, or when drilling through clay seams, the tendency is for the blasthole to squeeze and reduce the diameter. When loading cartridged materials in either of these conditions, it may be prudent to use a loading rope and lower the cartridges to prevent hang-ups. If a cartridge becomes lodged or stuck, it may be possible to dislodge or retrieve it with a lowering hook or a special retrieving hook. The cartridge might also be freed by bumping it with a tamping pole. Under no circumstances should any attempt be made to use a drill rod to push or drill through the cartridge of explosive materials. Drill steel, steel pipe, or a heavy weight is never to be used to dislodge cartridges. When emulsion or water gel explosives are dropped any distance onto water, they have a tendency to mushroom when they hit the water line. Generally, they will sink through the water if enough time is allowed before loading another cartridge. If mushrooming is a problem, it may be necessary to lower the cartridges to the water line before releasing them. In certain instances, due to lack of burden, weak material, crevices, clay seams, etc., the loading of a full column of explosive materials might result in overloading the blasthole and, that could produce air blast or flyrock. To achieve a more desirable and safer distribution of explosives in the blasthole, "deck loading" or the loading of alternated increments of explosive materials and inert stemming, allows for reducing the charge weight. The exact amount and location of each deck of explosive material and inert stemming must be determined and logged as it is loaded into the hole. Since each deck of explosive material is an independent charge separated from other charges by inert stemming, it is necessary that each explosive deck be primed. When a blasthole intersects a natural cavity in the rock, that area of the blasthole should be backfilled with inert stemming and the blasthole reprimed above the void before continuing the explosive loading process. For multiple priming under other conditions, see TP When wet blastholes cannot be dewatered, water resistant explosives must be used. When cartridge explosives are used to build the explosive column out of the water, it is necessary to "seal off" the water before changing over to a free-flowing explosive TP Release Version /24/06

93 Loading & Stemming Blastholes (ANFO). Adequate tine should be allowed for a cartridge to sink and ensure coupling. To "seal" the last cartridge, the practice is to cut lengthwise one or two cartridges of emulsion and drop them on top of the last cartridge. This practice will prevent slumping of ANFO and ANFO/emulsion blends from sifting down into the water or water wicking up around the previously loaded cartridges and becoming desensitized. Sealing off with a cartridge is cost effective in preventing loss of ANFO and No x generation. Stemming After all the blastholes have been loaded, the electric detonators, nonelectric system or electronic detonator downlines must be checked before any stemming is introduced into the blasthole. A blaster's galvanometer must be used to check the electric detonators. An i-kon Logger or UNI Tronic network tester must be used to check the electronic detonators. Since a test instrument cannot be used to check nonelectric systems, these systems can be checked by visual inspection or by tugging lightly on the downlines to make sure that they have not been severed or damaged during the loading operation. If there is any evidence that the primer or initiating system has been damaged, a backup or "insurance" primer should be introduced to reprime the blasthole before stemming. (At some operations individual blastholes are stemmed as soon as they are loaded. When this practice is followed, the initiating system must be checked immediately after loading all explosives and before any stemming is placed in the blasthole.) Subsidence of the explosive column may cause excessive tension on the initiation system downlines. While stemming the blasthole, caution must be taken to assure that the legwires, Exel tube or detonating cord downlines are not damaged. Stemming material should be relatively clean, and free-flowing. Drill cuttings are not ideal for stemming, particularly in wet holes and in stemming decks in wet holes. Large rocks should be avoided since they may cut the legwires and downlines or bridge or choke in the blasthole. Empty cartridges, paper or plastic bags, powder boxes, or other types of combustible materials should not be used for stemming blastholes. After the blastholes are stemmed, the blaster-in-charge should make sure that all excess explosive materials and empty packaging materials (bags, boxes, etc.) are removed from the blast site. This should be done before the actual hookup of the blast starts to prevent damage by personnel walking over the blasting circuit. Unused explosives should be loaded in the powder truck and returned to the storage magazine. Empty packaging material should be disposed of or hauled to an authorized disposal area. Under no circumstance should the empty packaging material be burned on or near the blast site. Also, the packaging material should be checked before burning or disposal to make sure that there are no explosive materials in the packaging. TP Release Version /24/06

94 Activity Loading & Stemming Blastholes Name: Date Completed: 1. Before any explosive material is loaded into a blasthole, what should be inspected, examined and determined. 2. How should the first cartridge of explosives (4 inch diameter & larger) be loaded after the primer is placed at its proper location in the blasthole. 3 Explain the purpose of using a measuring tape or loading pole during the loading of explosives into a blasthole. 4. When a blasthole intersects a void area in the rock, explain what should be done to keep from overloading explosives. TP Release Version /24/06

95 Loading & Stemming Blastholes 5. Explain the process of "sealing off" the water in a blasthole after loading the required amount of cartridge explosives. 6. What should be checked before stemming any loaded blasthole. TP Release Version /24/06

96 Shot Calculations Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Shot Calculations Explosive Charge Weights Objectives: At the completion of this section you will be able to: Properly calculate weight of explosives per blasthole charge. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version /24/06

97 Shot Calculations Explosives Distribution The distribution of explosives within a rock mass is one of the most important factors for successful blast results. When bulk explosives, such as Amex, emulsion/anfo blends or Handi-Bulk are loaded to completely fill the cross section of the borehole, the explosives are referred to as being fully coupled to the borehole. When cartridge explosives are used, such as Magnum or Apex Ultra, they must be of smaller diameter than the borehole for ease of loading. Normally, the cartridge explosive diameter is 1 to 2 inches smaller than the borehole diameter, depending on borehole conditions (i.e., wet, fractured, muddy, etc.). In this instance, the explosive column is decoupled from the borehole walls. Calculating Explosive Column Weight The explosive column weight per borehole is a function of the density of the explosive, its diameter and the length of the column. If you are loading cartridge explosives, the column charge weight can be calculated by adding together the weight of each cartridge loaded. For example, if you load 5 cartridges of 3 X 16 inch Magnum Ultra into a blasthole, the charge weight is calculated as follows: Case Weight Magnum Ultra = 55 lbs. 3 x 16 inch cartridges per case = 16 Average cartridge weight = 55 lbs 16 ctgs = 3.4 lbs / ctg Explosive Charge WT = 5 ctgs / blasthole X 3.4 lbs / ctg = 24 lbs / blasthole If bulk explosive is being used, the explosive charge diameter is the same as the borehole, and the column charge weight can be calculated by using the following formula: TP Release Version /24/06

98 Shot Calculations lbs/ft = 0.34 X (De) 2 X d 0.34 = conversion factor De = explosive charge diameter (inches) d = explosive density This formula has been used to develop the following column loading table for determining Orica products charge weights. Explosives Column Load at a density of 1.0 g/cc Explosives Column diameter Explosives Load Explosives Column Diameter Explosives Load inches lb/ft inches lb/ft 3/4 7/ /8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/ /4 2 1/2 2 3/ /4 3 1/2 3 3/ /4 4 1/2 4 3/ /4 5 1/2 5 3/ /4 6 1/2 6 3/ /4 7 1/ / /4 8 1/2 8 3/ /4 9 1/2 9 3/ /4 10 1/2 10 3/ /4 11 1/2 11 3/ /4 12 1/2 12 3/ / / / TP Release Version /24/06

99 Shot Calculations Figure 1 Example: What is the explosive column loading factor for a 4 inch diameter borehole loaded with bulk explosive that has a product density of 1.0 g/cm 3? Refer to Table 1; look for the explosive column diameter of 4 inches; then look to the right for the explosive column (lb/ft) loading factor. For this example, the answer is 5.44 lb/ft. If the same borehole is now loaded with explosives with a product density of 1.3 g/cm 3, what is the explosive column loading factor? 5.44 lb/ft X 1.3 = 7.07 lb/ft If the same borehole is now loaded with explosives with a product density of 0.84/cm 3, what is the explosive column loading factor? 5.44 lb/ft X 0.84 = 4.57 lb/ft These same answers can be calculated directly with the explosives column load formula used to develop table 1 (lbs/ft = 0.34 X (De) 2 X d ). lb/ft = 0.34 x (4) 2 X 1.3 lb/ft = 0.34 x (4) 2 X 0.84 = 0.34 x 16 X 1.3 = 0.34 x 16 X 0.84 = 7.07 lb/ft = 4.57 lb/ft To calculate the total charge weight, multiply the loading factor by the height of the charge. Total Charge Weight = Loading Factor (lb/ft) X Height of Charge (ft) Example: If the explosive charge is 30 feet in length, the total charge weight would be calculated as follows: 7.07 lb/ft X 30 ft = lbs 4.57 lb/ft X 30 ft = lbs TP Release Version /24/06

100 Shot Calculations In metric, the same principles apply but the calculation is simpler The formula for figuring kgs per meter of borehole is: Kg/m = x de x d 1000 Remember De is diameter of explosives in millimeters d is density of explosives in g/cc Given a 102 mm blasthole loaded with 8 meters of explosives at a density of.84 g/cc would load at x x = = 6.86 kgs per meter of borehole 6.86 meters x 8 meters = kgs per hole or about 121 lbs per hole. TP Release Version /24/06

101 ACTIVITY Shot Calculations Name: Date Completed: 1. When bulk explosives are loaded into boreholes, the fully coupled explosive charge diameter is the same as what? 2. What 3 factors must you know to calculate the charge weight of a bulk loaded blasthole? 3. What is the cartridge weight of an explosive that has 10 cartridges per case that weighs 55 lbs? 4. What is the charge weight of one (1) foot length, 5 inches diameter and a product density of 1.0 g/cc? TP Release Version /24/06

102 Shot Calculations 5. What is the charge weight of 20 foot length, 3.5 inches diameter and a product density of 1.25 g/cc? 6. What is the charge weight of 55 ft length, inches diameter and a product density of 0.85 g/cc? TP Release Version /24/06

103 Vibration & Airblast Blaster & Blaster s Helper Competency Training Subject: Vibration & Airblast General Knowledge Seismograph Setup Objectives: At the completion of this section you will be knowledgeable in: What creates blasting vibration and airblast. How vibration and airblast waves travel. How to setup a seismograph to record blasting vibration and airblast. To achieve the objective, read through the following information, and then complete the exercise at the end of this section. TP Release Version 1. 05/24/06

104 Vibration & Airblast General Knowledge Blasting vibration and air blast are something the general public is aware of, but unfortunately, rarely understands. Even when exposed to low levels of vibration or air blast, the typical homeowner sometimes reacts by assuming that damage must be occurring to his or her property. These levels, however, must be extremely high and are not normally generated by controlled blasting. The federal government as well as many state and local governments have imposed blasting vibration limits of 2.0 inches per second (in/sec) peak particle velocity or less to prevent any type of damage to residential structures. Research conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines has revealed that normal activities around a home such as slamming a door can produce vibration levels as high as 1.3 in/sec, a person jumping can produce up to 1.8 in/sec, and just walking across the floor can produce vibration levels of up to 0.16 in/sec. Typical ground vibration levels produced by blasting, therefore, are no higher than what an average home is exposed to every day in the normal course of living activity. Always remember to take property owner concerns and complaints seriously. Public pressure can cause unrealistic blasting constraints to be imposed, or even total closure of an operation. Also, for seismograph recordings to be accepted as accurate, the instrument must be calibrated annually. How is Blasting Vibration Generated? When explosives are detonated in rock, energy is released. Most of this energy performs useful work such as breaking and heaving rock. Due to the elastic nature of all rocks, however, a small amount of this energy is absorbed by the rock and transmitted through the ground in the form of a seismic wave. Generally, if an explosive column is heavily confined, more energy is released in the form of ground vibration and less is available for breaking and heaving the rock. How Do Blasting Vibration Waves Travel? Two modes of seismic wave propagation have been identified. One is called a body wave that propagates through the earth. The other is called a surface wave that propagates along the surface of the earth following the contour of the land. Body and surface wave propagation are illustrated in Figure 1. Body waves radiate in a spherical pattern away from their source. Surface waves are generated whenever body waves reach the earth's surface. As a seismic wave travels outward from its source, ground particles become excited by the passing wave. These particles move back and forth ever so slightly, quickly returning back to their original rest position after the seismic wave passes. This particle motion caused by the passing seismic wave is called ground vibration and its magnitude is expressed as peak particle velocity in inches per second (in/sec) or millimeters per second (mm/sec). This can occur from a direct travel path from the source or can result from body waves reaching the surface after being reflected or refracted along joints, bedding planes or other discontinuities within the earth. TP Release Version 1. 05/24/06

105 Vibration & Airblast Figure 1 How is Air Blast Generated? Another undesirable effect produced from blasting is that of air blast or air overpressure. Air blast is normally produced by the detonation of unconfined or underconfined explosives. While air blast rarely causes damage, its control is very important because high noise levels can be the basis for originating many blasting complaints. Air blast is defined as a temporary pressure pulse above the normal atmospheric pressure level. Air blast levels can be expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or decibels (db). (Figure 2 illustrates the correlation between psi and db) Air blast that is audible is called noise while air blast at frequencies below 20 Hz is called concussion because it is inaudible to the human ear. Both audible and inaudible air blast have the potential to cause damage and generate homeowner complaints. Figure 2 TP Release Version 1. 05/24/06

106 Vibration & Airblast How Do Air Blast Waves Travel? Air blast disturbances are propagated through the atmosphere via a compression wave and under certain weather conditions and poor blast design, can travel considerable distances. Air blast waves normally travel through the atmosphere at approximately 1,100 feet per second (335 meters per second), which is the typical speed of sound in air at sea level. Atmospheric conditions such as surface winds and temperature inversions can affect air blast travel considerably. Wind speed and direction can affect wave travel by focusing the air blast wave in the direction of the wind. Because wind speed is usually lower at ground level than higher in the atmosphere, the air blast wave can even be directed back to the earth's surface. A temperature inversion, which is defined as warmer air situated above cooler air, can also direct the air blast wave back toward the earth's surface. If the proper wind speed and direction and temperature inversion conditions are present at a blast site, their effects may combine to produce a high air blast focal point many miles away from the actual blast. This is often reported as a vibration complaint, when it is really the result of air blast focusing. Seismograph Recording Blasting vibration and air blast are measured in the field with a seismograph (Figure 3). Blasting seismographs utilize a geophone which contain three sensors arranged in mutually perpendicular directions to measure blasting vibration while air blast is measured with an attached microphone. Figure 3 TP Release Version 1. 05/24/06