MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI
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1 MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI QUESTION BANK Sub. Code : EE2402 Semester : VII Subject : PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Unit : IV PART A 1. What is resistance switching? It is the method of connecting a resistance in parallel with the contact space(arc). The resistance reduces the restriking voltage frequency and it diverts part of the arc current. It assists the circuit breaker in interrupting the magnetizing current and capacity current. 2. What do you mean by current chopping? When interrupting low inductive currents such as magnetizing currents of the transformer, shunt reactor, the rapid deionization of the contact space and blast effect may cause the current to be interrupted before the natural current zero. This phenomenon of interruption of the current before its natural zero is called current chopping. 3. What are the methods of capacitive switching? Opening of single capacitor bank Closing of one capacitor bank against another 4. What is an arc? Arc is a phenomenon occurring when the two contacts of a circuit breaker separate under heavy load or fault or short circuit condition. 5. Give the two methods of arc interruption? High resistance interruption:-the arc resistance is increased by elongating, and splitting the arc so that the arc is fully extinguished Current zero method:-the arc is interrupted at current zero position that occurs100 times a second in case of 50Hz power system frequency in ac. 6. What is restriking voltage? (nov/dec 2011) It is the transient voltage appearing across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being extinguished. 7. What is meant by recovery voltage? (nov/dec 2011) The power frequency rms voltage appearing across the breaker contacts after the arc is extinguished and transient oscillations die out is called recovery voltage. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 1
2 8. What is RRRV? It is the rate of rise of restriking voltage, expressed in volts per microsecond. It is closely associated with natural frequency of oscillation. 9. What is circuit breaker? It is a piece of equipment used to break a circuit automatically under fault conditions. It breaks a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions and under fault conditions. 10. What is the main problem of the circuit breaker? When the contacts of the breaker are separated, an arc is struck between them. This arc delays the current interruption process and also generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker itself. This is the main problem. 11. Mention the details circuit breaker rating Rated voltage & rated current Rated Frequency Rated breaking capacity, symmetrical & asymmetrical Rated making capacity Rated short time current Rated operating duty 12. What are the factors the ARC phenomenon depends upon? The nature and pressure of the medium The external ionizing and de-ionizing agent present Voltage across the electrodes and its variation with time The nature shape & separation of electrodes The nature and shape of vessel and its position in relation to the electrodes 13. What are the factors the arc resistance depends upon? Degree of ionization Length of the arc Cross section area of the arc 14. What is breaking current? The breaking current of a circuit breaker of a circuit breaker is the current in that pole at the instant of contact separation. 15. What is symmetrical breaking current? R.M.S Value of the A.C component of the current in the pole at the instant of contact separation 16. What is asymmetrical breaking current? R.M.S Value of the A.C & D.C component of the current in the pole at the instant of contact separation PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 2
3 17. What are breaking capacities? The symmetrical value of breaking capacity is the value of the symmetrical breaking current which the circuit breaker is capable of breaking at the stated recovery voltage and restriking voltage under prescribed condition 18. What are the factors the recovery voltage depends upon? (nov/dec 2011) Power factor, Armature reaction & Circuit condition 19. What is rated making current? The making current a circuit breaker when closed on a short circuit is the RMS value of the total current which is measured from the envelope of the current wave at the time of its first major peak. 20. What is the basic requirement of DC circuit breaking? Lengthening of the arc is basic requirements of D.C circuit breaker. Loss of energy increases with increasing length of arc and more power will be required to maintain the arc. 21. What are the problems associated with DC circuit breakers? Natural current zero does not occur as in the case of A.C circuit breakers The amount of energy to be dissipated during the short interval of breaking is very high as compared to conventional A.C circuit breakers. 22. What is the purpose of protective spark gap? A protective spark gap can be used across the circuit breaker to reduce the size of commutation capacitor. The spark gap acts as an energy dissipating device for high frequency currents 23. What is the purpose of arc chute? By breaking the arcs into number of smaller arcs and by increasing the space between two walls of arc chute the deionization of the arc can be increased 24. What are the factors RRRV depends upon? Active recovery voltage & Natural frequency of oscillation 25. Differentiate between the static and dynamic characteristics of the arc? If the current changes rapidly with time the characteristics are known as dynamic characteristics. If the rate of change of current is small the characteristics are known as static characteristics. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 3
4 PART B 1)Explain Double Frequency Transient. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 4
5 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 5
6 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 6
7 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 7
8 6) Explain Resistance switching with circuit diagram. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 8
9 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 9
10 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 10
11 7)Explain Arc Extinction and types of Extinction. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 11
12 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 12
13 8)Explain air break circuit breakers. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 13
14 All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low voltage circuit breakers this is usually done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the trip opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are selfcontained with current transformers, protective relays and an internal control power source. Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself. Small circuit breakers may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs. The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit. Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other highly conductive materials. Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current. Miniature and molded-case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable contacts. When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas or oil as the medium the arc forms in. Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc including: Lengthening / deflection of the arc Intensive cooling (in jet chambers) Division into partial arcs PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 14
15 Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing occurs at twice the line frequency, i.e. 100 times per second for 50 Hz and 120 times per second for 60 Hz AC) Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits. Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to restore power to the interrupted circuit. Arc interruption Low-voltage MCB uses air alone to extinguish the arc. Larger ratings have metal plates or non-metallic arc chutes to divide and cool the arc. Magnetic blowout coils or permanent magnets deflect the arc into the arc chute. In larger ratings, oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil through the arc. Gas (usually sulfur hexafluoride) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field, and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) to quench the stretched arc. Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small amount (less than 2 3 mm ( in)). Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern mediumvoltage switchgear to 38,000 volts. Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the escaping of the displaced air thus blowing out the arc. Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current very quickly: typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms after the mechanism has been tripped, depending upon age and construction of the device. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 15
16 Short-circuit current: Circuit breakers are rated both by the normal current that they are expected to carry, and the maximum short-circuit current that they can safely interrupt. Under short-circuit conditions, a current many times greater than normal can exist (see maximum prospective short circuit current). When electrical contacts open to interrupt a large current, there is a tendency for an arc to form between the opened contacts, which would allow the current to continue. This condition can create conductive ionized gases and molten or vaporized metal, which can cause further continuation of the arc, or creation of additional short circuits, potentially resulting in the explosion of the circuit breaker and the equipment that it is installed in. Therefore, circuit breakers must incorporate various features to divide and extinguish the arc. In air-insulated and miniature breakers an arc chute structure consisting (often) of metal plates or ceramic ridges cools the arc, and magnetic blowout coils deflect the arc into the arc chute. Larger circuit breakers such as those used in electrical power distribution may use vacuum, an inert gas such as sulfur hexafluoride or have contacts immersed in oil to suppress the arc. The maximum short-circuit current that a breaker can interrupt is determined by testing. Application of a breaker in a circuit with a prospective short-circuit current higher than the breaker's interrupting capacity rating may result in failure of the breaker to safely interrupt a fault. In a worst-case scenario the breaker may successfully interrupt the fault, only to explode when reset. MCB used to protect control circuits or small appliances may not have sufficient interrupting capacity to use at a panel board; these circuit breakers are called "supplemental circuit protectors" to distinguish them from distribution-type circuit breakers. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 16
17 9)Explain T-1 series circuit Breaker. T-1 Series Circuit Breakers SftMt 25 Amp ~ 150 Amp 5000 Ampere interrupt capacity meets primary circuit protection requirements for large DC systems. Vapor Proof (conforming to SAE J1171) safe for installation aboard gas-powered boats Weatherproof Combines switching and circuit breaker functions into one unit Trip Free designed to trip when subjected to a fault current, even if the reset lever is held in the ON position. Agency Specifications Meets SAE J553 & J1625 Circuit Breaker Standards for Surface Vehicles. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 17
18 Meets SAE J1171 Marine Circuit Breaker Standards Including External Ignition Protection PN Description 7120 T-1 Circuit Breaker 25 Amp 7121 T-1 Circuit Breaker 30 Amp 7122 T-1 Circuit Breaker 35 Amp 7123 T-1 Circuit Breaker 40 Amp 7124 T-1 Circuit Breaker 50 Amp 7125 T-1 Circuit Breaker 60 Amp 7126 T-1 Circuit Breaker 70 Amp 7127 T-1 Circuit Breaker 80 Amp 7128 T-1 Circuit Breaker 90 Amp 7129 T-1 Circuit Breaker 100 Amp 7130 T-1 Circuit Breaker 110 Amp 7131 T-1 Circuit Breaker 120 Amp 7132 T-1 Circuit Breaker 135 Amp 7133 T-1 Circuit Breaker 150 Amp PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 18
19 Specifications Circuit Breaker Class Type III Switchable / Manual Reset Trip Free Type Thermally Responsive Bi-Metal Blade Body Material Thermoset Polyester UL Rated 94V-0, 338 F (170 C) Amperage Range 25 to 150 Amperes Voltage Rating 48 Volt DC Maximum Interrupt Rating DC 5, Volts 3, Volts 1, Volts Weight 0.50 Lb / 0.23 Kg Panel Mount PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 19
20 0.58 Lb / 0.26 Kg Surface Mount T-1 Series Circuit Breakers Panel Mount 25 Amp ~ 150 Amp 5000 Ampere interrupt capacity meets primary circuit protection requirements for large DC systems Vapor Proof (conforming to SAE J1171) safe for installation aboard gas-powered boats Weatherproof Combines switching and circuit breaker functions into one unit Trip Free designed to trip when subjected to a fault current, even if the reset lever is held in the ON position. PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 20
21 Agency Specifications Meets SAE J553 & J1625 Circuit Breaker Standards for Surface Vehicles. Meets SAE J1171 Marine Circuit Breaker Standards Including External Ignition Protection PN Description 7020 T-1 Circuit Breaker 25 Amp 7021 T-1 Circuit Breaker 30 Amp 7022 T-1 Circuit Breaker 35 Amp 7023 T-1 Circuit Breaker 40 Amp 7024 T-1 Circuit Breaker 50 Amp 7025 T-1 Circuit Breaker 60 Amp 7026 T-1 Circuit Breaker 70 Amp 7027 T-1 Circuit Breaker 80 Amp 7028 T-1 Circuit Breaker 90 Amp 7029 T-1 Circuit Breaker 100 Amp 7030 T 1 Circuit Breaker 110 Amp 7031 T 1 Circuit Breaker 120 Amp 7032 T 1 Circuit Breaker 135 Amp 7033 T 1 Circuit Breaker 150 Amp PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 21
22 Specifications Circuit Breaker Class Type III Switchable / Manual Reset Trip Free Type Thermally Responsive Bi-Metal Blade Body Material Thermoset Polyester UL Rated 94V-0, 338 F (170 C) Amperage Range 25 to 150 Amperes Voltage Rating 48 Volt DC Maximum Interrupt Rating DC 5, Volts 3, Volts 1, Volts Weight 0.50 Lb / 0.23 Kg Panel Mount PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Page 22
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