Lab Safety & Energy Optimization. Introduction & Agenda
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1 Lab Safety & Energy Optimization Determining Appropriate Airflow Specifications for VAV Fume Hoods Thomas C. Smith Introduction & Agenda Thomas C. Smith President, BSME (NCSU), MSEE Industrial Hygiene (UNC-CH) Chair, AIHA/ANSI Z9 Health and Safety Standards Chair, ASHRAE TC 9.10 Laboratory Systems Vice Chair, ASHRAE/ANSI 110 VAV Fume Hoods Purpose of a Fume Hood Design and Operation of VAV Fume Hoods Establishing Appropriate Operating Specifications Testing and Verifying Performance Managing Performance Copyright
2 Services for Research Facilities Lab Ventilation Consulting Support Energy and GHG Reduction Laboratory Hood Testing & Commissioning Support Lab Ventilation Management Programs Laboratory Hood Products A Division of ECT, Inc. Fume Hood Upgrades Hood Testing Equipment Testing Software Common Objectives for Research Facilities Attract & retain top research talent Promote high quality research Provide safe & productive environments Minimize energy use & operating costs Maximize environmental sustainability Comply with codes & standards Manage & mitigate risk Copyright
3 Safe, Energy Efficient & Sustainable Labs Optimize Safety & Energy Efficiency Safe & Productive Efficient & Sustainable Common Objectives Realistic Goals Teamwork Laboratory Hoods & Ventilation Systems DUCTS FILTER Fume hoods are the predominant devices used to protect laboratory personnel STACK FAN Laboratory Utilities $5 to $20 per sq. ft. Fume hoods typically require the most airflow THINK SAFETY 15% - 30% of fume hood systems may not meet ANSI standards for performance LAB HVAC 60% ROOF Lab HVAC AIR $3 to $9 per cfm-yr SUPPLY DOE estimates 50% of building energy is wasted by inefficient and ineffective HVAC OFFICE Lights 10% 30% Plug/Misc. Copyright
4 Airborne Hazards in Laboratories Potential for Adverse Health Effects Inhalation Hazards Types of Materials Toxicity Generation Rate Concentration Duration of Exposure Physical Hazards Dermal Exposure Fire & Explosion Purpose of a Fume Hood: Protect People Contain, Capture and Remove Hazardous Airborne Effluent Copyright
5 Laboratory Ventilation Standards ANSI/AIHA Z ASHRAE (ASHRAE ?) NIH, EPA SEFA, NEBB PWGSC, EN14175 Evaluating Fume Hood Safety & Performance ANSI/ASHRAE 110 Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods Evaluate Operating Conditions Hood and Lab Inspection Face Velocity Measurements Cross Draft Velocity Tests VAV Response and Stability Tracer Gas Ejector Mannequin Tracer Gas Detector Computer & DAQ Evaluate Performance (Containment ) Flow Visualization Smoke Tests Tracer Gas Containment Tests Face Velocity Probe Cross Draft Probe Copyright
6 Laboratory Hood Safety & Performance ECT, Inc. has conducted more than 30,000 ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas Containment Tests Results Demonstrate 15% - 30% Failure Primary Factors Affecting Performance Hood design - 20% Lab Design System Operation 55% Work practices - 25% Lab Ventilation Airflow Specifications Safety Hood Exhaust Flow Laboratory Pressurization Dilution (ACH) Comfort & Productivity Temperature Demand for Ventilation Minimum Flow and Range of Modulation Required to Meet the Functional Requirements of the Lab Humidity Occupancy & Utilization Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems modulate flow to meet the changing demand for ventilation Copyright
7 12:00:00 AM PDT 6:00:00 AM PDT 12:00:00 PM PDT 5:30:00 PM PDT 11:00:00 PM PDT 5:00:00 AM PDT 11:00:00 AM PDT 5:00:00 PM PDT 11:00:00 PM PDT 5:00:00 AM PDT 11:00:00 AM PDT 5:00:00 PM PDT 11:00:00 PM PDT 5:30:00 AM PDT 11:30:00 AM PDT 5:00:00 PM PDT 11:00:00 PM PDT 5:00:00 AM PDT 11:00:00 AM PDT 4:30:00 PM PDT 10:30:00 PM PDT 4:30:00 AM PDT 10:30:00 AM PDT 4:00:00 PM PDT 10:00:00 PM PDT 4:00:00 AM PDT 10:00:00 AM PDT 3:30:00 PM PDT 9:30:00 PM PDT 3:30:00 AM PDT 9:30:00 AM PDT 3:30:00 PM PDT 9:30:00 PM PDT 3:30:00 AM PDT 9:30:00 AM PDT 3:00:00 PM PDT 9:00:00 PM PDT Flow - cfm Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Lab Ventilation Airflow Specifications Gex High = 500 cfm System operation & modulation of flow is based on the Demand for Ventilation Gex Low = 0 cfm Sash Open = 1000 cfm Sash Closed = 200 cfm Supply High = 500 cfm Supply Low = 100 cfm Lab Ventilation System - VAV Flow Specifications Max Exhaust Min Exhaust Max Supply Min Supply BAS Trend of Combined Flow for AHUs 11&12,13&14,15&16,19&20 (Week September 1 - September 9, 2012) Max Flow Average Flow Min Flow Copyright
8 Laboratory VAV Flow Specifications VAV Lab Exhaust Max Exhaust Min Exhaust VAV Lab Air Supply Max Supply Min Supply VAV Fume Hood VAV General Exhaust CAV Transfer Air Fume Hood VAV Airflow Specifications VAV Fume Hood Exhaust Max Exhaust Min Exhaust VAV Fume Hood Copyright
9 100 Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Types of Laboratory Fume Hoods Bench-Top Traditional Bypass Low Velocity / High Performance VAV Restricted Bypass Retrofitted Traditional Bypass Distillation Floor Mounted (Walk-in) VAV Fume Hood Components VAV Terminal Outlet Duct Bypass Light Monitor Controller Velocity Sensor Sash(s) Sash Sensor Baffles Airfoil Work Surface Copyright
10 Fume Hood Operation and Specifications Sash Opening Configuration 100% Full Open Design Opening User Opening Average Face Velocity 100 fpm (0.51 m/s) Traditional 60 fpm (0.3 m/s) High Performance Exhaust Flow CAV VAV o Minimum Flow ( ACH) Unobstructed Flow Into Hood Top View Baffle & Slots Airfoil Sill Side View Copyright
11 Fume Hood Sash Types Combination Sash Vertical Opening Combination Sash Horizontal Opening Effect of Person at Hood Opening Top View of Hood Vortex Baffle Operator Copyright
12 Low Pressure & Reverse Flow Regions Low Pressure Reverse Flow Region Extends 6-8 inches (15-20 cm) from body Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Open No Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape Copyright
13 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Open Mannequin at Hood Reverse Flow at Bottom Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Partially Closed No Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape Copyright
14 Effect of Baffle and Slot Position Top Slot Partially Closed Mannequin at Hood No Visible Escape Effect of Sash Movement on Internal Airflow Patterns High Concentrations Behind Sash In Vortex Region Possible Escape When Raising Sash Copyright
15 VAV Fume Hood Flow Modulation Sash Open Flow (Qex) = Velocity (Vf) x Area (Af) Flow Terminal Sash Closed Flow (Qex) Minimum =? Airflow Specifications 1. Velocity (Vf) at Sash Open 2. Qex Min at Sash Closed? 3. Containment Performance Sash Open Sash Closed Sash Movement 4. Dilution 60 fpm fpm 0.3 m/s 0.5 m/s 5. Response Time 6. Flow Stability 7. Removal & Transport Flow Monitors and VAV Controls Hood Monitors (Flow Measuring Device) Flow Velocity Pressure Flow Control Types Through the Wall Velocity Sash Position Occupancy Manual VAV Modes Two State Full VAV VAV Hybrid Monitors are required on all fume hoods TTW Velocity Sensor and Hood Monitor Copyright
16 Flow Response Escape - ppm Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 VAV Flow Response and Stability Min and Max Flow Response Time Flow Stability Sash Open VAV Response To Sash Movement Sash Closed VAV Terminal < 5 Seconds Sash Open < 20% Variation Sash Closed Escape Time - Seconds Flow Response Tracer Gas - ppm VAV Flow Response and Stability Good Control & Containment DAQ Poor Control & Containment Copyright
17 Minimum Flow Specs for VAV Fume Hoods Containment Dilution Removal 1990s - EPA 50 cfm / ft of Wh Duct Conc. (Cd) NFPA cfm / sq. ft. ws Defers to ANSI Z ANSI Z9.5 (must be appropriate) - Internal ACH (150 ACH to 375 ACH) ACH ~ 10 cfm / sq. ft. ws Internal Conc. (Ci) ACH ~ 25 cfm / sq. ft. ws Caution: Minimum Flow is Hood & System Dependent Minimum Flow Specs for VAV Fume Hoods Minimum Flow Depends on the Hood, System and Application System Design & Operation VAV Flow Control Flow Measurement Duct Velocity Hood Design Hood Containment Hood Dilution (Dilution Factor - DF) Application Chemical Properties / Hazards Generation Rates Ci DF Ci DF Copyright
18 Evaluate Fume Hood Use to Determine Appropriate Airflow Specifications Laboratory Ventilation Risk Assessment Survey Laboratories and Hoods Evaluate Hazards & Processes Apply Lab Ventilation Control Bands Determine Theoretical Airflow Specifications Laboratory Hood Airflow Specifications Lab Hood Control Band Factors Airborne Hazard (LOC) OSHA Global Harmonized Standards Generation Rate Quantity of Material Vapor Pressure Heat / Energy Flammability Lower Explosion Limit ( LEL ) Corrosives Type & Quantity Process/Heat Generation Location Inside Hood Hood Dilution Factor Dynamic Nature of Work Copyright
19 Fume Hood Inventory & Fume Hood Control Bands The University of California - Irvine: ARP Airflow Exposure Hazard (LOC) Gen. Dilution Corrosive Possible Gen. Rate Location Action Factor Building Fume Hood LEL Weighting Manufacturer Hood Size Number Control Band Summary ARP Band Biological Sciences III 2300A Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Biological Sciences III 3400A Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Hibernate or Remove Biological Sciences III 3400B Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Biological Sciences III 3400C Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Biological Sciences III 2300C Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Min. Flow 15 for Containment Biological Sciences III 3300B Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Biological Sciences III 2400A Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' (? 15< 1505 ACH) Biological Sciences III 2400B Kewaunee Supreme Air 6' Engineering Hall 2110 Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 2130 Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' ACH ACH Engineering Hall 2140 Jamestown Isolator 5' Engineering Hall 3110A Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 3110B Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' ACH 5375 ACH Engineering Hall 3120 Jamestown Isolator 5' Engineering Hall 3130A Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 3130B Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' ACH Engineering Hall 3121A Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 3121B Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 3131A Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Operate 0 as 0 CAV Engineering Hall 3131B Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' (no reduction) Engineering Hall 2120A Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 2120B Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Engineering Hall 2121 Kewaunee Supreme Air 5' Fume Hood Containment and Dilution Tests VAV System Response Test Fume Hood Containment Test Fume Hood Dilution Test G G G S1 36" S5 S1 S5 S1 S5 G 36" S 36" S2 24" S6 S2 S6 S2 S6 G G G S 24" G S3 18" S7 S3 18" S7 S3 S7 S 18" S4 6" G WS S8 S4 G WS S8 S4 G WS S8 S 6" G WS 6" Midpoint Sash to Baffle Depth Copyright
20 Test Results - Containment & Dilution 6 ft - Labconco 5 ft - Jamestown 6 ft - Fisher Hamilton 5 ft - Kewaunee Design ACH Potential Min ACH Dilution Factor (DF) Potential Flow Reduction - cfm Fume Hood Optimization Process Minimum Flow Specifications Inventory Fume Hoods Determine potential value of flow reduction Evaluate and Determine Potential Flow Reduction Lab Ventilation Risk Assessment (Control Bands) Identify appropriate fume hoods Consider impact on Agency standards Test Fume Hood Containment & Dilution Sample of Hood Types Determine Minimum Safe Flow VAV control Containment Fume Hood Dilution TAB & Re-Commission Hoods & Ventilation Systems Inventory Control Band Test Implement Copyright
21 Summary of Fume Hood Airflow Specifications Operating Specification and Performance Criterion Traditional VAV Fume Hood High Performance VAV Fume Hood Retrofitted Traditional VAV Fume Hood Opening Configuration Max Opening Max Opening Max Opening Average Face Velocity Minimum Flow 100 fpm (+/- 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment 60 fpm ( 5 fpm, + 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment 65 fpm ( 5 fpm, + 10 fpm) 375 ACH Subject to Assessment Hood Static Pressure ( w.g.) < 0.5 < 0.5 < 0.5 Minimum Duct Velocity Subject to Assessment Subject to Assessment Subject to Assessment VAV Response <5 seconds <5 Seconds < 5 Seconds VAV Stability < 20% CO < 20% CO < 20% COV Cross Draft Velocity <50% of FV <50% of FV <50% of FV Smoke Test No Escape No Escape No Escape ASHRAE 110 Tracer Gas AI < 0.1 ppm AI < 0.1 ppm AI < 0.1 ppm Maintaining Performance of VAV Controls Copyright
22 Average Face Velocity (fpm) Safe, Dependable and Energy Efficient Laboratories December 2014 Quality Data - Accuracy and Precision Not Accurate and Not Precise Precise but not Accurate Accurate and Precise VAV Controls Can degrade 30-50% within 5 years Pre Optimization Flow Sensors = 20% to 65% Error Post Optimization Flow Sensors = 5% Error Fume Hood Face Velocity Tests 140 Syngenta Fume Hood Average Face Velocity Low 39% High 34% Average Face Velocity (fpm) Min fpm = Avg - 10% Max fpm = Avg + 10% 0 Fume Hood ID Copyright
23 Safe, Energy Efficient and Sustainable Operation Lab Ventilation Management Program (LVMP) Organization and Responsibilities Collaboration & Communication SOP s for Testing and Maintenance Metrics, Monitoring & BAS Utilization Design & Commissioning Standards Management of Change Personnel Training Required By ANSI Z Ventilation Maintenance and Test Schedule Copyright
24 Lab Safety & Energy Optimization Train Personnel Lab Personnel Facility Maintenance Building Operators Conclusions and Recommendations Airflow specifications are based on the demand for ventilation VAV systems provide the ability to modulate flow to meet the changing demand for ventilation Energy reduction is achieved by improving efficiency of the ventilation systems and reducing total airflow Establishing airflow specifications for VAV fume hoods requires a process to evaluate the hood, the system and the application Protecting lab personnel and ensuring proper performance of laboratory hoods requires maintaining and possibly updating the operating specifications as conditions change A Lab Ventilation Management Program provides the tools necessary to manage change and ensure safe, energy efficient and sustainable laboratories. Copyright
25 Lab Safety and Energy Optimization High Performance Laboratory Buildings ECT, Inc. Future Webinar Topics Establishing Airflow Specifications and Minimum ACH for Laboratories Predicting Energy Savings from Flow Reduction Implementing a Lab Ventilation Management Program Advanced Methods for Testing and Maintaining VAV Systems Improving safety and energy efficiency of traditional fume hoods with a LabHoodPro Fume Hood Retrofit Kit End Questions & Discussion Thomas C. Smith tcsmith@labhoodpro.com Copyright
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F. VAV hoods shall have a restricted bypass plate.
1.01 SUMMARY A. Section Includes: 1. Laboratory fume hoods. B. Related Sections: 1. Section 6500 Laboratory casework 2. Section 15 Mechanical: Furnishing and installation of plumbing utilities and final
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