THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR

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1 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR 2015 Law ley Pub li ca tions. All Rights Re served. VOL 29, NO 9 NO VEM BER 27, 2015 Los An geles to Hire Art ist to Help Re duce Traf fic Deaths Designs Aimed at Pro tect ing Pedes tri ans, Bicy clists The city of Los Angeles hopes art can make the city s streets safer for pedes tri ans and bicy clists. The city has launched an art ist-in-res i - dence pro gram through its Depart ment of Cul tural Affairs. These art ists will work with var i ous city depart ments on inno va - tive ways to con nect Los Angeles res i - dents with Mayor Eric Garcetti s vision for a safer, more sus tain able, and dynamic Los Angeles. The Depart ment of Trans por ta tion is the first agency to receive an art ist in res i - dency. The art ist will be charged with design ing a cam paign that engages res i - dents with Vision Zero, a city wide goal to elim i nate all traf fic deaths within 10 years. Out side-the-box-think ing is essen tial, accord ing to the mayor. Art has the power to trans form our per - cep tions, atti tudes, and behav iors," the mayor said. We have an impor tant mes - sage to deliver: traf fic deaths and inju ries are not inev i ta ble, and we can save lives through better plan ning, design, and enforcement. The Creative Catalyst Artist in Res i dence Pro gram will help engage and edu cate Angelenos by pair ing the cre - ative genius that thrives in Los Angeles with crit i cal ini tia tives to improve qual ity of life in Los Angeles. The first Cre ative Cat a lyst Art ist in Res i dence will serve as an ambas sa dor for L.A. s vibrant cre ative workforce, while work ing within the Depart ment of Trans - por ta tion to make its ser vices more Inside Sur veys....page 11 Re quests for Pro pos als....page 16 Con fer ences...page 17 appeal ing, enjoy able, safe, and per son - able. Art has the abil ity to star tle peo ple out of their every day to remind them that they are Green Trips Reduce Con ges tion, Pol lu tion Around Chattanooga Par tic i pants Are Rewarded for Not Driv ing Solo Another suc cess ful MoveRight Chal lenge has been com pleted in the Chat ta nooga, Tenn., where local busi nesses are doing their part to ease traf fic con ges tion and help the envi ron ment. The chal lenge is part of GreenTrips, the Chat ta nooga-ham il ton County Regional Plan ning Agency s (RPA) award-win ning trans por ta tion pro gram that rewards par - tic i pants for avoid ing sin gle occu pant vehi cle trips. Twenty local employ ers com peted to see whose workforce could log the most Green Trips between Aug. 1 and Sept. 30. Green Trips help reduce the num ber of cars being used to trans port only one person. GreenTrips uses pub lic out reach and edu ca tion, along with fun con tests and prizes, to encour age par tic i pants to walk, bike, carpool, use pub lic tran sit, telecommute or work flex i ble sched ules. Mem bers log their Green Trips to earn points that can be redeemed for rewards. Qual i fy ing trips begin or end in a four-county area com prised of all of Ham - il ton and Catoosa coun ties and the north - ern part of Walker and Dade counties. The MoveRight Chal lenge is one of the high lights of the GreenTrips pro gram, which was awarded the 2015 Gov er nor s Envi ron men tal Sustainability Award for trav el ing through the heart of a neigh bor - hood and to spark their imag i na tion no mat ter how they move through our city, Please turn to Page 9 Envi ron men tal Edu ca tion and Out reach. Dur ing this year s com pe ti tion, over 800 indi vid u als at com pet ing com pa nies logged nearly 14,000 alter na tive trips. Please turn to Page 9 Winners of the Chattanooga MoveRight Challenge. (Photo: Courtesy of Green Trips )

2 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29, NO. 9 Page 2 New Per sonal Rapid Tran sit Sys tem Be ing Tested MagLev Tech nol ogy Ap plied A new high-speed per sonal rapid tran sit (PRT) named skytran is be ing tested in Tel Aviv, Is rael. The system employs magnetic levitation tech nol ogy that al lows it to move pas - sen gers in a fast, safe, green and eco nom i - cal manner. For the past five years, the Moun tain View, Ca lif. - based com pany de vel op ing skytran (also named skytran), has been pre par ing a test track which will run for about 900 feet on the cam pus of Is rael Aero space In dus tries (IAI). IAI part nered with skytran to de velop the PRT sys tem. The first dem on stra tion will be com pleted in De cem ber this year, and the sys tem will be op er a tional in Jan u ary 2016, ac cord ing to skytran CEO Jerry Sanders. Just one car will run on the track to start, al though skytran hopes to add sev eral more cars to the pilot project. The use of maglev tech nol ogy makes skytran unique said Sanders. He added that SkyTran s sys tem is more eco nom i cal com pared to other sys tems, cost ing about $10 mil lion a mile, in con trast to about $1 bil lion per mile for the Chi nese maglev sys tem. SkyTran ve hi cles can travel up to 150 miles per hour, and while cars can hold two or four pas sen gers, most will hold two. The car run ning dur ing the pi lot pro ject in Is rael will hold four pas sen gers and travel up to 60 mph. Sanders has said that if all goes well with the pi lot pro ject, skytran will be ex panded to at least three other Is - raeli cit ies and some cit ies in the United States by Pas sen gers just jump into a pod and en - joy the ride. There are no driv ers to talk to, no dis cuss ing routes or des ti na tion. Basi - cally, it is just like an el e va tor - get in, push your floor but ton and ride, ac cord ing to Sanders. The sys tem is driven by a ded i cated pro - pri etary com mand and con trol sys tem, the back-bone of which has been in use in Morgantown, W.Va., for 30 years with out accident, Sanders said. On-board batteries sup ply the power but an al ter na tive for grid A SkyTran car. (Photo: Cour tesy of skytran) pow ered ve hi cle could be made avail able. The sys tem will start out at a min i mum head way of one sec ond be tween ve hi cles but will drop down to half-sec ond spac ing in a year or two, Sanders said. SkyTran al - lows switch ing of lines. If the sys tem breaks down or there is an - other emer gency, the ve hi cles can be towed or lifted off the track, or pas sen gers can be ex tracted with a cherry picker. Ad di tion - ally, the aux il iary power sys tem in each ve - hi cle is ad e quate to get it to the next clos est station. As for costs, ba sic pods will cost about $30,000, and can be cus tom made and tai - lored to in di vid ual spec i fi ca tions. The av - er age equip ment cost per sta tion will de - pend on lo cal re quire ments, reg u la tions and cus toms. As an ex am ple, small sta tions with hard ware only cost $250,000 to $500,000. SkyTran be lieves sta tions should be in side build ings wher ever pos si - ble, and pref er a bly, sta tions should be no more than 800 feet apart. As for the cost of run ning the sys tem, Sanders puts it at about 25 per cent of rev e nue com pared to 85 per - cent of rev e nue for other public transportation systems. To help vi su al ize the sys tem, Sanders com pared it to the Ul tra PRT sys tem at Lon don s Heathrow Air port. He said the airport system is basically an elevated au - to mated golf cart. With a max i mum speed of 30 mph, me chan i cal sys tems and small rub ber tires, it s good for an air port or a cor po rate cam pus but it can t get you to London. By com par i son, skytran is a next gen - er a tion PRT sys tem Sanders claims, that ben e fits from the les sons of other sys tems, like the ones in Morgantown and Heathrow. SkyTran be lieves that the use of wheels is a ma jor tech ni cal weak ness in PRT de sign be cause of main te nance costs and lim its on the saf est max i mum speed. That s where skytran s maglev tech nol ogy has an advantage. In skytran s maglev sys tem there is no physical contact between the vehicles and the guideway so there is noth ing to wear out or fail, ac cord ing to the com pany s website. When com bined with a tested and proven high per for mance lin ear syn chro - nous mo tor, skytran s maglev sys tem makes safe, re li able high speed travel pos - si ble at up to 150 mph. This speed makes it pos si ble for large lo cal, re gional, and na - tional net works to be built. For more in for ma tion, visit: The Urban Trans por ta tion Mon i tor, ISSN , is pub lished monthly, except dur ing Jan u ary and August (10 issues per year), by Law - ley Pub li ca tions, 6813 Jer e miah Ct., Fairfax Sta - tion, VA 22039, Tel: (703) , Fax: (703) , edi tors@lawleypub lications.com. Sub scrip tions $295 per year. Peri - od i cals post age paid at Fairfax, VA. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to The Urban Trans por ta tion Mon i tor, P.O. Box 12300, Burke, VA The Urban Trans por ta tion Mon i tor pub lishes cur rent news on all modes and aspects related to urban trans por ta tion. Law ley Pub li ca tions is an inde pend ent and pri vately owned orga ni za tion. Copy right 2015, Law ley Pub li ca tions. All Rights Reserved. Repro duc tion, includ ing pho - to copy ing and fac sim ile or elec tronic trans mis - sion, in whole or in part with out writ ten per mis sion from the Edi tor is expressly pro hib ited. Law ley Pub li ca tions assumes no respon si bil ity or lia bil ity of any kind for the accu racy or com - plete ness of the infor ma tion herein, or for addi - tional or changed infor ma tion sub se quent to the date the mate rial was received and/or pub lished. Publisher/Editor: Dan iel B. Rathbone, Ph.D., P.E. Man ag ing Edi tor: Clarissa Reeves, M.Ed. Senior Edi tor/writer: Lori K. Weinraub

3 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 3 Product and Industry News Using Technology to Avoid Pedestrian Accidents Bosch de vel op ing sys tem to help mo tor ists You re driv ing down the road when sud - denly a pe des trian steps into your path. Too of ten, you can t stop in time to avoid hit ting the per son. Now tech nol ogy is be - ing de vel oped to help driv ers pre vent such collisions. Bosch Group, a lead ing sup plier of tech nol ogy and ser vices, is de vel op ing a pe des trian pro tec tion sys tem that helps driv ers brake and take eva sive ac tion to avoid col li sions with pe des tri ans. Bosch says the goal is to pro tect pe des tri ans more effectively and help make the goal of in - jury- and ac ci dent-free driv ing a re al ity. If brak ing alone can t pre vent a col li - sion, the driver as sis tance sys tem in stan ta - neously com putes an eva sive ma neu ver. As soon as driv ers start tak ing eva sive ac - tion, the sys tem kicks in to sup port the steer ing ma neu ver. Pro vided the driver re - acts at least half a sec ond be fore a po ten tial collision, the assistance system can help avoid an ac ci dent in 60 per cent of cases, says Lutz Bürkle, the pro ject man ager. The re search is be ing con ducted at Bosch s re search cam pus in Renningen, Ger many. Bosch plans to start pro duc tion of the sys tem in Ac ci dents in volv ing pe des tri ans are a prob lem in both Ger many and the United States. Bosch de scribes pe des tri ans as the most vul ner a ble road us ers. In 2014, 523 pe des tri ans died on Ger man roads, ac - count ing for 15.5 per cent of all road deaths in Ger many, ac cord ing to Bosch. In the United States, the Na tional High way Traf - fic Safety Ad min is tra tion said 4,735 pe - des tri ans were killed in crashes in 2013, ac count ing for 14 per cent of all traf fic fa - tal i ties, with another 66,000 pedestrians injured. Bürkle s team has built a re search ve hi - cle to test the tech nol ogy. Its cen tral com - po nent is a Bosch ste reo video cam era of the kind al ready in use. Mounted be hind the wind shield near the rear-view mir ror, the cam era pro vides a 3D im age of the area to the front of the ve hi cle and can de tect pe des tri ans and on com ing traf fic as well as ob sta cles on the road ahead. A com puter in the trunk of the re search ve hi cle an a lyzes The pedestrian protection system. (Photo: Courtesy, Bosch Group) the in for ma tion. If a pe des trian sud denly ap pears in the ste reo video cam era s field of vi sion, the sys tem com putes the like li - hood of a col li sion as well as the route that must be taken to avoid it. All this happens at lightning speed. The correct interpretation of the images from the cam era and the spe cific driv ing situation is particularly complex, according to Bosch. To plan the new tra jec tory as pre cisely as pos si ble, we have to do things such as pre dict where the pe des trian is likely to be in a sec ond s time, Bürkle ex plains. The team s work fo cuses on de - vel op ing the algorithms this requires. Bosch re search ers also are heavily in - volved in the de vel op ment of au to mated driv ing. By 2020, it is ex pected that the Bosch high way pi lot will en able highly au - to mated free way driv ing with out the need for con stant driver su per vi sion. Among other things, this au to ma tion will be based on var i ous sen sors that pro vide a pre cise im age of the ve hi cle s surroundings. Ac cord ing to Bosch, an es ti mated 1.3 mil lion peo ple world wide are killed in road ac ci dents each year, with 90 per cent of these ac ci dents caused by hu man error. Bosch will launch a range of driver as - sistance systems, including image analysis and the abil ity to com pute new tra jec to ries that could be used in an as sis tance sys tem that guides ve hi cles through tight spaces. That would be of par tic u lar use in cit ies where roads are of ten clogged by cars parked on both sides and a de liv ery truck dou ble parks. The im ages from the ste reo video cam era can pro vide cru cial in for ma - tion that al lows the as sis tant to con trol the power steer ing and en able the car to pass by with out mishap, even when there is little room. The ex am ples show how Bosch is us - ing sen sors, soft ware, and ex per tise in im - age pro cess ing to make mo bil ity safer, says Mi chael Bolle, head of cor po rate re - search and ad vance engineering. For more in for ma tion, visit: ex.php Please turn to Page 4

4 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 4 Con tin ued from Page 3 Product and Industry News (continued) Eng land, Neth er lands Co op er ate To Mod ern ize Traf fic Man age ment; Kapsch TrafficCom To Sup ply Ad vanced Traf fic Man age ment Sys tems Eng land and the Neth er lands se lected Kapsch TrafficCom to mod ern ize and con - sol i date traf fic man age ment on their high - ways. Kapsch has been awarded two con - tracts to sup ply the Ad vanced Traf fic Man - age ment Sys tem (ATMS), DYNAC for the Com mon High ways Agency Rijkswaterstaat Model (CHARM). CHARM is a collaboration between High - ways Eng land, and Rijkswaterstaat, the Dutch na tional roads au thor ity. The CHARM pro gram aims to move to - ward an open, mod u lar ATMS for mat that is integrated, flexible and scalable. High - ways Eng land and Rijkswaterstaat seek to im prove cus tomer ser vice and pro vide faster, richer travel in for ma tion by im ple - ment ing a fu ture-proof traf fic man age ment sys tem that makes roads safer and en ables a quicker re sponse to real-time events. Kapsch says High ways Eng land and Rijkswaterstaat have cho sen DYNAC be cause of its proven, highly configurable ATMS capabilities. DYNAC helps op er - a tors work more ef fi ciently and low ers main te nance costs, while improving the safety of road users. Kapsch will de liver and in stall DYNAC in two na tional traf fic man age - ment cen ters, one in Eng land and one in the Netherlands, with installation to be completed in a lit tle over two years from the start date. CGI, the fifth larg est in de pend - ent in for ma tion tech nol ogy and busi ness pro cess ser vices firm in the world, has been se lected as the main part ner in this pro ject. CGI is re spon si ble for the de sign, build, test and im ple men ta tion of in ter face soft ware that al lows High ways Eng land and Rijkswaterstaat to re use ex ist ing in ter - faces and de vices in com bi na tion with the DYNAC software. In ad di tion to the na tional cen ters, DYNAC sys tems will be in stalled in seven re gional cen ters in Eng land and five re gional cen ters in the Neth er lands. The to - tal con tract is val ued at around $66.7 mil - lion. That in cludes the pro vi sion of prod - uct-level sup port ser vices for a pe riod of up to 13 years af ter the suc cess ful in stal la tion of the DYNAC Ad vanced Traf fic Man - agement System. Installation is expected to be gin in 2016 and com pleted in Rijkswaterstaat and High ways Eng - land are mov ing to ward a new gen er a tion of traf fic man age ment sys tems in or der to in te grate a wide range of func tions and man age the ex ist ing large quan tity of dif - fer ent de vices. Fur ther more, the open, scal able and mod u lar ar chi tec ture of DYNAC al lows the ad di tion of new ap - pli ca tions, re sult ing in a sin gle sys tem which has the ca pa bil ity of in cor po rat ing fu ture solutions that have not yet been implemented. We want to make our traf fic man age - ment cen ters more ef fi cient and in no va - tive, said Perry van der Weyden, Chief In - formation Officer at Rijkswaterstaat. The im ple men ta tion of this ex ist ing, proven sys tem DYNAC is part of our in for ma - tion strat egy that aims to re place doz ens of applications with an integrated system. Neil Widdop, Ser vices Pro cure ment Team Leader at High ways Eng land, said: The new sys tem will al low us to im prove our op er a tional ef fi cien cies through use of a mod ern, na tional, in te grated sys tem. As we im prove our op er a tional ef fi ciency, we can ex pect road us ers to ben e fit from quicker re sponses to in ci dents lead ing to im proved safety and greater con ve nience for our cus tom ers. In each coun try, Kapsch will be re spon - sible for the delivery, installation and test - ing of one new traf fic man age ment center. Fu ture traf fic man age ment is all about integration, said Georg Kapsch, CEO of Kapsch TrafficCom. Whether align ing traffic management across borders, different tech no log i cal so lu tions or dif fer ent trans por ta tion ar eas like high ways and cit - ies road users will ultimately experience more safety, more ef fi ciency, and more con ve nience along their whole route. DYNAC is an in te grated soft ware suite that will mon i tor and con trol traf fic, passenger safety, and facilities manage - ment as sets and pro cesses. The soft ware al lows op er a tors to de tect and re spond to con ges tion, in ci dents, emer gency sit u a - tions, and other con di tions. Kapsch s ATM ser vices in clude more than 40 sys - tems based on DYNAC, rang ing from sys - tems that pro vide a com plete over view of traf fic sit u a tions to those that aid decision makers during emergencies. Kapsch TrafficCom is a pro vider of in - telligent transportation systems in the so - lu tion seg ments of road user charg ing, ur - ban ac cess and park ing, traf fic man age - ment, road safety en force ment, com mer - cial vehicle operations, electronic vehicle reg is tra tion and V2X cooperative systems. For more in for ma tion, visit: The DYNAC incident response manager display. (Photo: Cour tesy of Kapsch)

5 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 5 App Lets Us ers Hold Up Their iphones to Get SF Bus Information A Swiss soft ware com pany has been hon - ored for de vel op ing an iphone app to help pub lic trans por ta tion us ers get around the San Fran cisco Bay area. Taktil Soft ware Ltd. of Zu rich took the $10,000 grand prize in the Hack My Ride 2.0 in ter na tional com pe ti tion. In ad di tion to the grand prize, Taktil won awards for the best data visualization application and ridership and retention. The De par tures SF Bay app uses augmented reality, which uses tech nol ogy to over lay dig i tal in for ma tion on an im age of some thing be ing viewed through a de - vice such as a smartphone cam era. The app dis plays real-time de par ture times of pub lic trans por ta tion in and around San Fran cisco. By sim ply hold ing up an iphone, a vir tual view of the near est trans por ta tion sta tion ap pears on the dis - play panel. Us ers can then make their way to a stop by fol low ing the route on the built-in map. Routes can also be im me di - ately changed dur ing times of peak traf fic with out the has sle of typ ing in a des ti na - tion. And just for fun, us ers can track the near est rocket in space by hold ing the iphone up to the sky. De par tures SF Bay is not only per - sua sive for its real-time fea tures, prac ti cal - ity and play ful el e ments, the app is also con ve niently linked to the city s var i ous trans port sys tems, in clud ing VTA, Caltrain and Bart, said Tobias Gemperli, co-founder of Taktil Software. De par tures SF Bay fol lows Taktil s suc cess with its pre vi ous iphone apps, De par tures NYC and De par tures Swit - zer land. Ac cord ing to the com pany s website, De par tures NYC shows the de - par ture times for all bus stops in New York City in an in no va tive and at trac tive 3D view, while De par tures Swit zer land shows de par ture times for all pub lic trans - por ta tion net works in the coun try. No typ - ing is nec es sary to use the app. Us ers are told to hold their iphone in the di rec tion of the de sired sta tion or stop and the re spec - tive des ti na tion board will be dis played. The ser vice pro vides live in for ma tion about de lays and ser vice alerts and works on iphone 4S and later models as well as on ipads. By sim ply hold ing up an iphone, a vir tual view of the near est trans por ta tion sta tion ap pears on the dis play panel. Us ers can then make their way to a stop by fol low ing the route on the built-in map. (Photo: Courtesy, Taktil Software, Ltd.) The Hack My Ride 2.0 com pe ti tion challenged contestants to create technology that trans forms how com mu ters get around in Sil i con Val ley. Microsoft, the Santa Clara (Calif.) Valley Author ity and the Knight Foun da tion were among the spon sors of the con test, which asked com pet i tors to help us cre ate work - ing apps and tools that will make it eas ier for peo ple to plan trips, con nect with their sur round ings, and en rich their transportation experience. En trants were asked to go be yond tran - sit trip plan ners there are al ready many apps out there that help peo ple plan their trips and cre ate in no va tive user ex pe ri - ences that have n t been tried be fore. Think about bea cons, wearables, mash ing up VTA data with other non-tran sit data, and bril liant data visualizations. We were im pressed by De par tures SF Bay s one-of-a-kind user in ter face and we think aug mented re al ity has a good chance of help ing us grow our tran sit ridership, one of our ma jor goals at VTA, said Codi Kraatz, VTA administrator of digital commu ni ca tions and man ager of Hack My Ride 2.0. It s an en gag ing and fun way to dis cover tran sit op tions, with a wow fac - tor that will ap peal to many peo ple. We look for ward to pro mot ing De par tures SF Bay to our cus tom ers and ex plor ing ways this ap proach could be in cor po rated into apps VTA is considering building. Gemperli said to his knowl edge, De - par tures is the only app that dis plays pub - lic trans por ta tion stops and de par ture times in aug mented re al ity. We be lieve our app has been suc cess ful due to the sheer con ve nience of this aug mented re al - ity fea ture. There s true added-value for the user, he said. We don t know of many aug mented re al ity apps that have been able to re tain its us ers for long. For more in for ma tion, visit: or

6 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 20015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 6 Na tional League of Cit ies Ex plore Tech nol ogy s Role in Trans por ta tion Plan ning for 2020, Beyond Driverless Cars Seen as Hav ing Big Im pact Look ing at the fu ture of trans por ta tion, cit - ies have moved from Deloreans to driverless cars in what seems like the blink of an eye, ac cord ing to a re port from the Na tional League of Cit ies (NLC) that ex - plores trends in mo bil ity and tech nol ogy and what cit ies can do to move seamlessly and ef fi ciently into the fu ture. The re port finds wid en ing gaps be - tween in no va tion in the pri vate sec tor, the expressed preferences of citizens and the vi sions of city plan ners when it co mes to in vest ing in transportation. City of the Fu ture: Tech nol ogy & Mo - bil ity, ex plores how trans por ta tion will change in 2020 and then again in 2030 and be yond with com ing tech no log i cal dis rup - tions. It draws on knowl edge from lead ing ex perts in the field and delves into city and re gional trans por ta tion plan ning doc u - ments from the 50 most pop u lous cit ies, as well as the larg est cities in every state. The re port re veals how tech nol ogy is rap idly shak ing things up, and how this will impact cities future decision making about land use and in fra struc ture planning. Spe cif i cally, while 50 per cent of cit ies sur veyed have ex plicit plans for new high - way and infrastructure construction and main te nance, only 6 per cent take into ac - count the po ten tial ef fects of driverless technology. Additionally, only 3 percent are con sid er ing the im pact of pri vate trans - portation network companies such as Uber and Lyft, de spite the fact that they op er ate in 60 of the 68 mar kets in cluded in the study. is critical for our cit - ies, said Clar ence E. An thony, CEO and Executive Director of the National League of Cit ies. By ex plor ing mo bil ity and the im pact tech nol ogy is hav ing on how we all get around, NLC is high light ing spe cific is sues that will help cit ies an tic i pate changes in the ur ban land scape and prepare accordingly. While 50 per cent of cit ies plan new high way con struc tion, oth ers are cut ting back. Twenty per cent of cit ies plan road di ets or other plans for re duc ing road ca - pac ity or long-term main te nance costs, while 12 per cent clearly state that no new high ways are un der consideration. The re port also out lines a fore cast for 2020 and be yond. By 2020, the au thors pre dict ex ten sive de mo graphic and workforce changes that will im pact trans por ta tion net works, mainly driven by Millennials who es chew cars and con tinue to show pref er ences for other modes of trans por ta tion. Cit ies will have to adapt to chang ing com mut ing choices and fac tor those into of fice lo ca - tion and workspace changes. As tra di - tional nine-to-five jobs are in creas ingly re - placed by con tract jobs and white-col lar jobs trend to ward telecommuting, there will be sig nif i cant changes in travel and com mut ing pat terns and a likely re dis tri - bu tion of demand away from rush hours. The au thors also fore see a con tin ued de crease in ve hi cle miles trav eled. As a re - sult, Ve hi cle Miles Trav eled (VMT) fees will con tinue to gain trac tion to re place the strug gling gas tax, and more cit ies will turn to paid road models. In the year 2020 the idea of pay ing for road us age will be more readily ac cepted, the re port states. Also, more states will es tab lish in fra - struc ture banks to help fund pro jects and pub lic-pri vate part ner ships to fi nance mo - bility projects. Cit ies will have more modal and tran sit op tions avail able, such as op ti mized bus lines and in te gra tion of apps and fare pay - ment systems. Trans por ta tion net work com pa nies will en joy con tin ued growth and be come main stream modes of per sonal and freight trans por ta tion in cit ies of all sizes. The au thors say cit ies are be gin ning to re - gard these com pa nies as sig nif i cant parts of their trans por ta tion networks. And fi nally, they pre dict that driverless cars will be on the road and an in crease in electric cars. The au thors point out that five years may not seem like a long time, and that the ba sic trans por ta tion in fra struc ture of Amer ica s cit ies will re main largely un - changed. How ever, five years ago the iphone was not nearly ubiq ui tous as it is to - day, and Uber was not a verb, re mind ers that it is easy to for get that many of the trans por ta tion and tech nol ogy norms we live by to day are rel a tively re cent and it is dif fi cult to imag ine how new tech nol ogy will change mobility. As they look to 2030 and be yond, the au - thors ex pect driverless ve hi cles to be a sea change in trans por ta tion. One of the most transformative, exciting and potentially disruptive technologies almost certain to be deployed by 2030 will be the driverless ve hi - cle, the re port said. As they come on line, cit ies of all sizes should ac tively con sider that driverless tech nol ogy will not only challenge their transportation policy, but their ex ist ing zon ing, land use and reg u la - tory frame works as well. One pre dic tion is that pub lic trans por ta - tion will be gin to go driverless. The au thors see con tin ued growth in ur - ban areas, chang ing com mut ing pat terns fu - eled by youn ger gen er a tions and their pref er - ence for alternative transportation. Rush hours will be dis persed over lon ger pe ri ods of time. Cit ies also will see a re duc tion in sin gle oc cu pancy ve hi cles. Com mut ing by bi cy - cle will be come more at trac tive, thanks to elec tric as sist tech nol ogy. And high-speed rail sys tems will be con structed along the East and West Coasts. Ad di tion ally, in - ner-city rail and air travel will expand. A na tional in fra struc ture bank and other pub lic/pri vate fi nanc ing op tions will change the way trans por ta tion pro jects are evaluated. Our col lec tive thoughts on the fu ture of trans por ta tion have moved from Deloreans to driverless cars in what seems like the blink of an eye, said Brooks Rain - wa ter, one of the au thors of the re port and di rec tor of the NLC Cen ter for City So lu - tions and Ap plied Re search. With the mo - bil ity en vi ron ment rap idly chang ing, cit ies are cen tral and lead ing the ef fort to ward better, more seam less and eq ui ta ble transportation systems. For more in for ma tion, visit: City%20Solutions/Research%20Innovati on/city%20of%20the%20future/city%2 0of%20the%20Future%20FINAL%20W EB.pdf

7 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 7 Solar Carport Estimated to Save $30k Annually Made Use of Con nect i cut Leg is la tion That Provides Access To a New Form of Financing for Energy Upgrades. The Jew ish Com mu nity Cen ter (JCC) of Greater New Ha ven, Ct., has in stalled a so - lar park ing car port to cut en ergy costs and help the en vi ron ment. The larg est so lar car port in the state of Con nect i cut was in - stalled by Solaire Gen er a tion, which claims to be the mar ket leader for in no va - tive so lar park ing so lu tions. The JCC will see im me di ate sav ings in its elec tric bill from the 750 kw sys tem, with no upfront cost. Ac cord ing to Solaire, park ing can o pies were the ideal so lu tion for the JCC, which has lim ited space for a roof top pho to vol - taic (PV) sys tem. The Solaire 360 D and Long Span 360 D mod els at the JCC will gen er ate roughly 900,000 ki lo watt hours of clean elec tric ity per year about half of the build ing s an nual elec tric ity re quire - ments or the equiv a lent used in 90 homes - with out re duc ing the num ber of available parking spaces. We are very ex cited to be able to save money and cut down on our en ergy con - sump tion, said Scott Co hen, Chief Op er - at ing Of fi cer of the JCC of Greater New Ha ven. If elec tric ity pur chase rates con - tinue to rise, the car ports and so lar pan els will sig nif i cantly re duce our costs over their lifetime. This is the first car port pro ject to take ad van tage of the Con nect i cut Green Bank s low-cost C-PACE-se cured PPA struc ture, ac cord ing to Solaire. In 2012, Connecticut passed legislation that gives prop erty own ers ac cess to a new form of fi - nanc ing for build ing en ergy up grades. Com mer cial & In dus trial Prop erty As - sessed Clean En ergy (C-PACE), is a fi - nanc ing pro gram that al lows Con nect i cut build ing own ers to ac cess cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable energy. The Connecticut Green Bank, for merly known as the Clean En ergy Fi nance and In vest ment Au thor ity, was em pow ered by leg is la tion to ad min is - ter the pro gram. Al though the JCC is a non - profit en tity, by us ing C-PACE fi nanc ing it was able to ben e fit from the full range of avail able in cen tives, in clud ing the fed eral so lar in vest ment tax credit. Solaire Gen er a - tion ini tially se cured a Zero Emis sions Re - new able En ergy Credit con tract for the pro - ject be fore part ner ing with Bullrock Deut - sche Eco So lar Ventures, who further facilitated the agreement with the JCC and the Connecticut Green Bank. An im por tant con sid er ation for New Eng land win ters, Solaire s pat ented dual in cline can opy de signs pre vent snow and ice from slid ing onto peo ple or cars be low by di rect ing the snow to ward the cen ter of the struc tures where it safely melts. The canopies feature a corrosion resistant, marine grade paint fin ish and are struc tur ally de signed to out last the 25-year pro duc tion guar an tee of the PV panels they support. The so lar car port is an out growth of the JCC s ef forts to find cre ative ways to save on util ity costs and re duce its car bon foot - print. The JCC also has ne go ti ated fa vor able util ity rates and in stalled en ergy ef fi cient lighting systems and a co-generation unit. The JCC ex pects to see mod est sav ings in the first year of the sys tem, while it an - tic i pates sav ings could av er age out to ap - prox i mately $30,000 a year over 20 years. The JCC will pur chase the en ergy that the sys tem gen er ates at a dis count from its cur rent rate as part of its agree ment with the Clean En ergy Fi nance and In vest ment Au thor ity (CEFIA) of the State of Con - nect i cut. The JCC would have had to pur - chase the elec tric ity at a higher rate from its elec tric com pany if it had not erected the solar carport. The JCC chose a car port de sign over a roof top so lar ar ray in part be cause fund ing for the pro ject was con tin gent on a larger ar ray than the roof top could ac com mo - date. The size of the car port is the larg est al lowed un der the funding scheme. The JCC says the car port will be lit un - der neath for safety pur poses and main - tained by a com pany hired by CEFIA, at no cost to the JCC. For more in for ma tion, visit: The solar carport in New Haven, CT, that is estimated to save $30,000 per year in energy costs. (Photo: Cour tesy of JCC)

8 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 8 Asian Cit ies Home to the World s Busi est and Big gest Met ros Ridership Con tin ues to Grow World wide Cit ies around the world are turn ing more and more to metro sys tems to move peo ple in a way that eases con ges tion and helps the en vi ron ment. That is the con clu sion of a new re port, World Metro Fig ures, com piled by the In ter na tional As so ci a tion of Pub lic Trans - port (UITP). The re port is a com pre hen - sive study on the cur rent state of the world s metro net works and high lights po - ten tial future developments. Based on 2014 fig ures, 156 cit ies have metro sys tems, and Asian cit ies dom i nate the rank ing of the world s big gest and busi est metro sys tems. Nearly two-thirds of the sys tems are in Asia and Europe. The world s busi est metro sys tem is in the To kyo met ro pol i tan area, with al most 3.6 bil lion pas sen ger trips per year. That is a 10 per cent in crease since the last re port in Chi nese metro sys tems also have seen sig nif i cant growth, with Beijing and Shang hai com ing in at sec ond and third re - spec tively. Beijing re ports 3.4 bil lion pas - sen ger trips, an in crease of 39 per cent since 2012, and Shang hai re ports 2.8 bil lion trips, an increase of 25 percent. Round ing out the top five are Se oul, with 2.6 bil lion jour neys and 8 per cent growth, and Mos cow with 2.4 bil lion trips, but that is a 1 per cent de crease from Met ros carry more than 160 mil lion pas sen gers per day, an in crease of 7.9 per - cent since 2012, with Asia ac count ing for nearly half the world total. Asian cit ies also are on top when it co - mes to the world s lon gest metro net works. Shang hai is num ber one with 340 miles of lines, fol lowed by Beijing with 330 miles of lines. Lon don is third with 270 miles. In 2014 alone, more than 300 miles of new lines were added around the world, the re - port finds. The re port also finds that nearly a quar - ter of the world s metro sys tems have at least one fully au to mated line. There are 454 miles of au to mated metro lines in 35 cit ies around the world, with Dubai (50 miles), Van cou ver (42 miles) and Sin ga - pore (40 miles) one, two and three. Cit ies have al ways been at the core of growth and de vel op ment and will con tinue to be the main en gine of eco nomic ac tiv ity, en tre pre neur ship and cre ativ ity, said UITP Sec re tary Gen eral Alain Flausch. To fully reach this po ten tial, we need to make sure peo ple move seamlessly and can both ac cess and con trib ute to the Metro networks in world regions. (Photo: Cour tesy of UITP) wellbeing of their cit ies. Met ros play an in - stru men tal role in help ing cit ies to achieve their po ten tial in today s fast-changing world. UITP de fines met ros as high ca pac ity ur ban guided trans port sys tems, mostly on rails, run ning on an ex clu sive right-of-way with out any in ter fer ence from other traf fic or level cross ings and mostly with some de gree of drive au to ma tion and train pro - tec tion. These de sign fea tures al low high ca pac ity trains to run with short head ways and high com mer cial speed. Met ros can carry many pas sen gers and con sti tute the back bone of many pub lic trans port sys - tems. Metro lines in cluded in the re port run with trains com posed of min i mum two cars and with a total capacity of at least 100 passengers Cit ies are turn ing more and more to - wards met ros as a con ges tion-bust ing so lu - tion due to their abil ity to carry large amounts of peo ple in a space and en ergy ef fi cient way, said UITP spokes man An - drew Can ning. At UITP we pre dict, that with rap idly in creas ing ur ban iza tion around the world, this trend will only con - tinue to growetro sys tems and in fra struc - ture have ex panded con sid er ably in the last 15 years, ac cord ing to the re port. A to tal of 194 metro lines have been in au gu rated, with 53 of those systems being new. In 2014 alone, 319 miles of new metro in fra struc ture and 355 new metro sta tions were put into ser vice. New metro sys tems were opened in Sal va dor, Brazil, Mumbai, In dia, Shi raz, Iran, Pan ama City, Pan ama, and the Chi nese cit ies of Changsha, Ningbo and Wuxi. While the four busi est metro sys tems are in Asia, Mos cow is the busi est net work out side Asia. In North Amer ica, the high - est ridership is in New York City, with 1.8 bil lion pas sen ger trips daily. Mex ico City is the busi est net work in Latin Amer ica, with 1.6 bil lion jour neys. Paris metro has the high est ridership in Eu rope, with over 1.5 bil lion trips. For more in for ma tion, visit:

9 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 9 Con tin ued from Page 1 Los An geles to Hire Art ist to Help Re duce Traf fic Deaths said Seleta Reynolds, gen eral man ager of the city s De part ment of Trans por ta tion. Vi sion Zero is a bold goal: zero traf fic fa - tal i ties by 2025, which will re quire con - ven tional tools like en gi neer ing and en - force ment, as well as un con ven tional tools like art and sto ry tell ing. We plan to in fuse art into the de sign and func tion of the pub - lic realm to cre ate safe, beau ti ful, great streets." While the goal of Vi sion Zero is to re - duce all traf fic fa tal i ties within 10 years, its suc cess de pends on the city s abil ity to shift pub lic per cep tion, at ti tudes, and be - hav iors that ac cept traf fic deaths as an ac - cept able out come of the trans por ta tion sys - tem, ac cord ing to the ap pli ca tion guide lines for the Cre ative Cat a lyst Art ist in Res i - dence. Ini tially, the fo cus will be on the most vul ner a ble us ers: peo ple walk ing and bik ing, particularly the elderly and children. Reynolds told the Los An geles Times that the city is not look ing for some one to redesign existing materials. Rather, it s go ing much deeper into the way we think about de sign ing the streets, add ing, We can in fuse un ex pected el e ments into the de sign of the streets and the way of mov - ing through the streets. About 100 pe des tri ans and bi cy clists are killed on Los An geles streets each year, ac cord ing to DOT. The Cre ative Cat a lyst Art ist in Res i - dence will get a two-year con tract with DOT and re ceive a $20,000 sti pend. For more in for ma tion, visit: or Con tin ued from Page 1 Green Trips Re duce Con ges tion, Pol lu tion Around Chat ta nooga These trips rep re sent over 154,000 miles trav eled by al ter na tive modes or avoid ing trips by telecommuting or work ing a com - pressed work week. This year s win ners were City of Chat - ta nooga em ploy ees in the large workforce cat e gory, Coy ote Lo gis tics in the me dium cat e gory and Rock/Creek in the small cat e - gory. Coy ote Lo gis tics is the lo cal of fice of a na tional trans por ta tion and lo gis tics com pany and Rock/Creek is an out door cloth ing and gear re tailer. The win ners logged over 5,400 Green Trips in two months. As our com mu ni ties con tinue to im - plement safe and more easily-accessible multimodal facilities, GreenTrips contin - ues to pro mote, incentivize, and as sist us - ers in the use of ex ist ing fa cil i ties with no user fees, said Me lissa Tay lor, di rec tor of RPA s Stra te gic Long Range Plan ning de part ment, which runs GreenTrips. Tay lor said the greater Chat ta nooga area has miles of na tion ally rec og nized bi - cy cle friendly streets, the Bike Chat ta - nooga bi cy cle tran sit sys tem, pub lic tran sit ser vices with onboard Wi-Fi and a real-time track ing smartphone app, and plenty of beau ti ful places to walk. The chal lenge has grown since the first one in 2014, in which in di vid u als at 13 par - tic i pat ing com pa nies logged over 12,000 green trips. This ac counted for over 152,000 fewer miles driven by sin gle drivers. These num bers were a great ac com - plish ment in and of them selves, but it is es - pe cially re ward ing to see the im pact grow from year to year with 7 new com pa nies join ing the Chal lenge and a 60% in crease in the num ber of par tic i pants, said Amy Mor - ris, who co or di nates the pro gram along with Jonathan Gibbons. GreenTrips was launched in June 2013 un der a Con ges tion Mit i ga tion and Air Qual ity im prove ment grant from the Ten - nes see De part ment of Trans por ta tion. Since its in cep tion, GreenTrips has grown to nearly 1,300 mem bers who have logged more than 155,000 Green Trips. Ac cord - ing to GreenTrips, these sav ings trans late to nearly $300,000 saved on au to mo tive wear and tear and fuel and 11.5 mil lion calories burned. Par tic i pants re ceive points for each trip taken by walk ing, bik ing, carpooling, mass tran sit or telecommuting. Us ers can use their points to en ter ran dom con tests, pur chase prizes or get au to matic mile - stone re wards. Prizes range from gift cer - tificates for local restaurants and retailers to Am a zon gift cards. Win ners of the MoveRight Chal lenge also re ceived additional prizes. As we plan for a healthy fu ture and consider travel demand management an in te gral part of a more ef fec tive trans por - ta tion sys tem, I hope ev ery one will be able to walk out of their home or busi ness and eas ily choose a Green Trip, said Tay lor, di rec tor of the de part ment that runs GreenTrips. For more in for ma tion, visit:

10 THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION MONITOR, NOVEMBER 27, 2015, VOL. 29 NO. 9 Page 10 Tort Liability: Case in Review Su preme Court of Hawaii Dis cusses Two Con no ta tions of Neg li gence Plain tiffs-ap pel lants in this case ap pealed the trial court s or der grant ing sum mary judg ment in fa vor of de fen dant-ap pel lee City and County of Ho no lulu, af ter a girl was in jured cross ing an in ter sec tion where all the lights were stuck on red, ex cept for the lights on one side of one of the cross - roads. Some ve hi cles were pro ceed ing through the in ter sec tion against the red lights. Plain tiff had reached me dial strip when she first no ticed the traf fic light mal func - tion. Af ter sev eral min utes of wait ing, she at tempted to cross where the traf fic ap - peared light est, but mid way across the lanes, she was struck by a ve hi cle whose driver had not re al ized that the traf fic lights were mal func tion ing. Rachelle Shields and her par ents sued the City, among oth ers, for dam ages aris - ing from the ac ci dent. Plain tiffs the ory of li a bil ity against the City was based on plain tiffs al le ga tion that the City s neg li - gent fail ure to prop erly main tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box at the in ter sec tion was the prox i mate cause of the ac ci dent. After informal requests by plaintiffs at tor ney, plain tiffs filed and served on the City a for mal writ ten re quest for pro duc - tion of the traf fic sig nal con trol box. How - ever City in structed a pri vate con trac tor to re move and de stroy the traf fic sig nal con - trol box with out plain tiffs knowl edge or con sent. A judge of the First Cir cuit Court im - posed sanc tions against the City, in clud - ing: find ing City neg li gent in that it had a mal func tion ing traf fic sig nal con trol box at the in ter sec tion which caused the traf fic lights to mal func tion on the day of the ac ci dent; bar ring City from claim ing that the traf - fic sig nal con trol box was de fec tive in de sign or man u fac ture or that any such al leged de fec tive con di tion was the cause of the mal func tion; and pro hib it ing City from as sert ing its claims as to prox i mate cause, com par a - tive neg li gence, as sump tion of risk or other de fenses against any other party in this ac tion. City moved for re con sid er a tion of this or - der. At a sub se quent hear ing the judge granted this mo tion and mod i fied the prior or der by or der ing that the find ing of neg - li gence per se be omit ted. The new find ing ruled sim ply that the City failed to prop erly main tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box at the sub ject in ter sec - tion, caus ing the traf fic lights to mal func - tion. In view of this, the judge granted City s mo tion for sum mary judg ment, hold ing that even had City failed to prop erly main - tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box, there was no le gal ba sis upon which it could be found li a ble for the ac ci dent. Plain tiffs ap - pealed. The Ap peal Court found that it was only fair that sanc tions be im posed so that the City did not ben e fit from its de struc tion of potentially significant evidence. It rea - soned that if the con trol box had been pro - duced, plain tiffs would have had the op - por tu nity to prove through their ex perts that the traf fic light mal func tion was caused by the City s im proper main te - nance of the con trol box. The court noted that two dif fer ent con - no ta tions could be placed on the word neg li gence. In the nar row sense, it is the fail ure to do what a rea son able and pru dent per son would or di narily have done un der given cir cum stances, as well as not do ing what such a per son would nor mally do. In the broad sense, it in cludes the no - tion of prox i mate cau sa tion i.e. the ex is - tence of a duty on the part of the de fen dant to pro tect the plain tiff from in jury; the fail - ure of the de fen dant to per form that duty; and in jury to the plain tiff from such fail ure of duty by the de fen dant. In the trial court judg ment grant ing sanc tions, neg li gence was ap par ently used in the nar row sense, in that it found that the City had failed to do what it or di - narily should have done, that is, to main - tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box. The Su preme Court find ing changed the word neg li gence to one where the City had failed to prop erly main tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box and con se quently was re spon si ble for the traf fic light mal - func tion on the date of the ac ci dent. The Ap peal Court held that un less there were co gent rea sons to sup port the sec ond court s ac tion, any mod i fi ca tion of a prior rul ing will be deemed an abuse of dis cre - tion. It found no co gent rea son for the mod i - fi ca tion of the prior or der of sanc tions. There fore, since the first or der was not er - ro ne ous and there were no other co gent rea sons to jus tify a de par ture from the gen - eral rule of co mity, it re versed the or der grant ing City s mo tion for re con sid er a - tion. Re gard ing the City s mo tion for sum - mary judg ment, the Ap peal Court found that the City s breach of its duty could not be dis puted, nor that the traf fic lights were mal func tion ing at the time of the ac ci dent be cause of the City s fail ure to prop erly main tain the traf fic sig nal con trol box. There fore, the only re main ing is sue con cern ing the City s neg li gence was whether its breach of its duty was the prox - i mate cause of the ac ci dent. In this case, it found that rea son able per sons could have dif fered on the is sue of prox i mate cause: it was pos si ble that a rea - son able jury could have de ter mined that the City s im proper main te nance of the traf fic sig nal con trol box and the re sult ing traf fic light mal func tion was a sub stan tial fac tor in caus ing the ac ci dent. How ever, it was also pos si ble that a rea son able jury could have de ter mined that in ter ven ing acts by the other orig i nal de fen dants e.g. the driver of the ve hi cle which struck ap - pel lant, and the man u fac turer and dis trib u - tor of the traf fic sig nal con trol box, did not re lieve the City from li a bil ity. Since rea son able per sons could have dif fered on the is sue of prox i mate cause in this ac tion, the court ac cord ingly re versed the trial court s or der grant ing the City s mo tion for sum mary judg ment.