The Industrial Revolution and the Transition to the Modern Energy System. Lecture 6 GEOS 24705/ ENST 25500

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1 The Industrial Revolution and the Transition to the Modern Energy System Lecture 6 GEOS 24705/ ENST Copyright E.J. Moyer 2010

2 Textile production in England was first sector to be mechanized (after milling, that is, that had been mechanized for centuries) Jersey Spinning Wheel. From: The Story of the Cotton Plant, Frederick Wilkinson, 1912, via Gutenberg.org Source: unknown Extremely repetitive motions well suited to mechanization

Textile production in England was first sector to be mechanized Spinning first: Spinning jenny, 1764 Water frame 1769 Spinning mule, 1779 (all before significant use of steam)

3 Textile production in England was first sector to be mechanized Spinning first: Spinning jenny, 1764 Water frame 1769 Spinning mule, 1779 (all before significant use of steam) Looms followed later and led to major social disruption home weaving could no longer compete, and rural livelihoods were cut off, forcing migration Power looms, 1844 Source: Getty Images

4 Rapid depopulation of countryside, move to cities 1696: 1/10 th population urban / 1881: 70% urban Source: Data from Toynbee, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England, 1884, in turn drawn from a. Macaulay's History of England c. 3. b. Defoe's Tour (1725) c. Arthur Young (1769) d. Macpherson's Annals of Commerce (1769) e. Levi's History of British Commerce

5 Textile production in England was first sector to be mechanized Social disruption included pulling women out of the home (women were cheap labor, small hands were valuable in operating machinery, and strength not required) Looms, England, early 1800s, source unknown

The backlash against industrialization was strong Machine-breaking criminalized in England as early as 1721 (penalty = transportation to colonies) (Note from above that industrialization began under

6 The backlash against industrialization was strong Machine-breaking criminalized in England as early as 1721 (penalty = transportation to colonies) (Note from above that industrialization began under water power 50 years before steam. Ned Ludd breaks two knitting frames in 1779, becoming a folk hero Luddites began organized acts of sabotage of industrial system, Luddites smashing a loom ( framebreaking ), ca. 1812, source unknown Frame-Breaking Act of 1812 made frame-breaking punishable by death

7 Much of mill labor was performed by children Children were sent to the mills by their parents, because of: lack of money, lack of child care, or (speculation): new urban life produced new costs and desires (source unknown)

8 Even after first child labor laws, most factory workers are children (First law: Labor in Cotton Mills Act, 1811, Britain, limits to 12 hours /day) Source: "Report from Dr. James Mitchell to the Central Board of Commissioners, respecting the Returns made from the Factories, and the Results obtained from them." British Parliamentary Papers, 1834 (167) XIX. (from Burnette, Joyce, EH.net)

9 In U.S., too, much of mill labor was performed by children Lewis Hine, 1912, Addie Card, 12 years, Spinner in N. Pownal Spinning Mill Lewis Hine, 1911, Breaker boys working in Ewen Breaker of Pennsylvania Coal Co.

10 U.S. industrialization came later than for Britain Why? First was colony of Britain, then independent but little internal capital, no readily available coal, technology IP owned by Britain Route to industrialization = industrial espionage Francis Cabot Lowell, 1812 DOE data Boulton and Watt founded Luddites, Child Labor Laws for British Mills, 1812 First major U.S. mills in Lowell, MA, 1830s Lewis Hine photos for U.S. Natl. Child Labor Bureau

11 Several things to consider 1) What does mill layout tell you about the economics of industrial production? 2) What trends in political and economic thought conditions occurred in mid-1800s Britain? 3) Why are these two things related?

12 1800s: Mills get larger Spinning mill, likely mid-late 1800s (source unknown)

13 1800s: Mechanization comes to other industries German machine shop driven by single steam engine ( Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz)

14 1800s: Mechanization comes to other industries Machine shop, likely late 1800s (source unknown)

15 Several things to consider 1) What does mill layout tell you about the economics of industrial production?

16 Belts transport rotational motion over long distances Mills at Lowell, MA, 1850s

17 Belt and chain drives in modern life

18 Belt and chain drives in modern life

19 Belt and chain drives in modern life

20 Belt and chain drives in modern life

21 Why do we use fewer belt drives now? Because we don t carry kinetic energy directly anymore - we turn kinetic energy into electrical energy and transport that instead.

22 Several things to consider 1) What does mill layout tell you about the economics of industrial production? 2) What trends in political and economic thought conditions occurred in mid-1800s Britain? 3) Why are these two things related?

23 Several things to consider 1) What does mill layout tell you about the economics of industrial production? 2) What trends in political and economic thought conditions occurred in mid-1800s Britain? 3) Why are these two things related?

24 What did the absence of electricity mean for economic organization in the 1800s? No hand-worker could compete with mechanization and use of industrial power. All production in factories. Because kinetic energy can t be carried over long distances, every factory had to have its own power source Therefore: to be a producer you had to own your own power plant Therefore: capital required to start a business was extremely high. High labor productivity only possible with big capital investment.

25 Can electric motors reduce the terrible capital requirements of the 19 th century? Pre-electrification must own power plant, all workers in one place, power = power Post-electrification dispersed work possible, and workers now own the means of production (if utilities are public). Main use of electricity is take rotational motion in one place and move it somewhere else

26 Power to the people. Communism is Soviet power plus the electrifica>on of the whole country. - - V. I. Lenin Lenin to the 8 th All- Russian Congress of Soviets, Dec Soviet poster, 1925

Early dynamos and generators Physics principles: 1) Turning something (in the presence of a magnetic field) can make electricity (i.e., convert kinetic energy to electrical energy).

27 Early dynamos and generators Physics principles: 1) Turning something (in the presence of a magnetic field) can make electricity (i.e., convert kinetic energy to electrical energy). 2) Electrical energy (given the presence of a magnetic field) can turn something (i.e. convert electric energy to kinetic energy) Westinghouse dynamos exhibited in the Hall of Machinery, Chicago World s Fair of Similar dynamos also lit the building. Photographer unknown.

Early dynamos and generators History principles: 1) The inventor is largely forgotten 2) The commercializer gets in the textbooks (Tesla,Watt) 3) The guy who provides the

28 Early dynamos and generators History principles: 1) The inventor is largely forgotten 2) The commercializer gets in the textbooks (Tesla,Watt) 3) The guy who provides the capital makes all the money (Westinghouse, Boulton) 4) Technology takes decades to go from first commercial use to market dominance Westinghouse commercial AC generating station, 1888

29 How to make rotational motion to turn an electrical generator? With a heat engine... We ve seen 2 kinds of engines already really there are three common ones

30 How to make rotational motion to turn an electrical generator? With a heat engine Piston (reciprocating engine) Impelling rotation by force of steam ejected through a nozzle

high pressure to produce linear motion (+ some drives blades to produce

31 Three major types of engines Reciprocating engine Expanding gas drives piston up in cylinder, giving linear motion Jet engine Most gas ejected at high pressure to produce linear motion (+ some drives blades to produce rotation and drive compressor) Turbine Expanding gas drives blades to produce rotation

Lecture 8 GEOS Industrial Revolution and transformation to the modern energy system

Lecture 8 GEOS Industrial Revolution and transformation to the modern energy system Lecture 8 GEOS24705 Industrial Revolution and transformation to the modern energy system Copyright E. Moyer 2014 Textiles were a home industry in the mid-1770s (only milling had been mechanized) but extremely