6/21/12 THE GILDED AGE AND THE COPPER REVOLUTION: A BIOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDED QUESTION MOVING FORWARD FROM YESTERDAY

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1 THE GILDED AGE AND THE COPPER REVOLUTION: A BIOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDED QUESTION Guiding Question: What significance did Montana play in the electrification of the nation? Thinking back to what we have discussed over the course of this week, there are MANY ways we can connect our local history to what is happening nationally and globally. In fact, Montana was essential. MOVING FORWARD FROM YESTERDAY After the Civil War, the United States underwent a massive economic and social transformation that involved the maturing of its industrial economy, the rapid expansion of big business, and the development of large-scale agriculture. The unintended consequences related to Gilded Age industrialization, immigration, urbanization, and labor conflicts between 1870 and 1900 indeed led to Progressive Era movements that sought to address the problems that arose out of this transformation. 1

2 GILDED AGE TIMELINE 1876 End to Reconstruction Thomas Doolittle invents copper wire strong enough to be strung overhead Thomas Edison invents 1200 hour light bulb 1881 Marcus Daly begins the Anaconda Copper Mining Company Pearl Street Generator brings electricity to 85 customers in lower Manhattan (used 64 tons of copper for wire and equipment) Rich copper veins discovered in Butte Westinghouse patents transformer which uses pre-wound copper coils 1889 First A/C hydroelectric plant delivers electricity to Portland, OR 1892 The World's Columbian Exhibition opens in Chicago. Westinghouse wins bid for electrifying A/C current Use of Niagara to generate electricity for Buffalo, NY 1899 Daly teams up with Rockefeller s Standard Oil to create the giant Amalgamated Copper Mining Company General Electric patents tungsten filament light bulbs 1910 Butte s population peaks at 100,000 people 1913 Electric refrigerator invented 1914 Beginning of World War I The Russian Revolution. The United States declares war on the Central Powers. Flu epidemic kills nearly 500,000 Americans Copper production from the Butte mines peaks Speculator Mine (Granite Mountain) fire kills 168 miners. Greatest hard rock mining disaster in U.S. history. MINERALS, SPECIFICALLY COPPER During the early half of the 19 th century, copper was used for utensils and sheathing on the bottoms of ocean-going wooden ships, for art, in coins, plumbing, roofing and alloys such as brass, bell metal, and gun metal. However, Edison's invention of the electric light in the 1870s created the biggest market for copper. After the 1870s, over half of copper output was used in products for the electrical industry, and despite copper s 10,000 year history of use by humans, 75% of all copper EVER consumed has been since World War II! HISTORY Evidence that people were aware of electricity in 600 BC Thales of Miletos did some experiments with amber rods (electricity comes from the Greek word for amber) William Gilbert studies electricity and argued that electricity and magnetism were not the same thing Ben Franklin and his kite experiment 1879 Thomas Edison and the light bulb 1882 Pearl Street Power Station in Manhattan 1895 Westinghouse A/C power plant 1930 about 90% of people living in cities had electricity 1935 Rural Electric Administration sought to bring electricity to rural areas 2

3 VISUAL IMPACT What significance did Montana play in the electrification of the nation? Take a look at the map handouts. Can you reach a preliminary thesis based on what you already know? POPULATION DENSITY ETHNICITY DISTRIBUTION 3

4 PERCENT INCREASE IN POPULATION "WITHOUT MINERALS, WE COULD NOT TILL OUR SOIL, BUILD OUR MACHINES, SUPPLY OUR ENERGY, TRANSPORT OUR GOODS, OR MAINTAIN ANY SOCIETY BEYOND THE MOST PRIMITIVE. OUR HORN OF PLENTY STARTS WITH A HOLE IN THE GROUND. FROM CNET, HOW MINING NEARLY KILLED THE RICHEST HILL ON EARTH _ HTML THE WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY "Those who saw this [nighttime illumination] declared that the nineteenth century is indeed the century of progress and enlightenment." (Eg gleston, 42) 4

5 ACTIVITY AND DISCUSSION Institute EQ: How did the U.S. reconstruct itself after the Civil War? Split into grade-level groups that includes teachers from all three communities. Discuss ways to incorporate what we have done over the course of this week. What people might you use to incorporate biography? How would you teach this in your classroom? Did we challenge or expand your understanding of American history during this period? Report out: Share with all of us your grade level and discussion ideas. EXTENSION Formative Assessment Concept Maps Opinion/Proof Paragraphs Activities Genealogy of Industrialization Annotated Map Genealogy of minerals (how minerals are used in the products we buy, where they come from, and possible consequences for their continued use) Music Glen Campbell, Wichita Lineman (1968) Projects Research local/state EPA sites Mining community simulation Research minerals used today Superfund research (connect to what was happening historically when the site was created/used) Industrialization and consequences in historical context and an analysis to today (common threads; positive and negative consequences) Genealogy 5

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