Utility Scale Solar PV Riley Saito 2011 SunPower Corporation

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1 Asia Pacific Clean Energy Summit and Expo Utility Scale Solar PV Riley Saito September 13, 2011

2 Outline Utility Scale Solar PV Introduction to SunPower SunPower s Utility Experience History of Grid Interconnected PV Modernizing PV Power Plants 2

3 SunPower 2011 World-leading solar conversion efficiency >2 GW solar PV deployed by year-end Diversified portfolio: roofs to power plants More than 140 patents 5,000+ Employees >825 MW guided 2011 cell production 3

4 SunPower Utility Solar PV Power Plants Examples of Project Experience YEAR MARKET MW NAME 2004 Germany 10 Solar Bavaria 2006 Portugal 11 Serpa 2007 U.S. - Nevada 14 Nellis Air Force Base 2008 Spain 18 Olivenza 2009 U.S. - Florida 25 Desoto (FPL) 2010 Italy 72 Montalto di Castro Desoto FPL: 25 MVA, U.S. - Colorado 19 Greater Sandhill (Xcel) 2011 U.S. - Colorado 30 Iberdrola (Xcel) 2011 Canada 20 Amherstburgrg Solar Farm 2011 U.S.- California 250 CVSR (PG&E) 2013 U.S.- California 601 So. Calif. Edison (SCE) 4

5 What are the NA Utility Requirements? IEEE 1547 Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources UL 1741 listed inverters with known grid functionality Limited to below 10 MW on Distribution Networks Typically residential and commercial systems, very little systems engineering required for utility compliance Plug and Play! Greater than 10 MW, Less than 20 MW on Distribution Networks Lack of product and performance standards Greater interaction between developer and utility May require enhanced grid support 5

6 What are the NA Utility Requirements? (con t) Transmission Interconnected typically > 20 MVA Requirements can vary by state, utility and Independent System Operator NERC sponsored task forces developed to recommend national interconnection standards for variable generation WECC REMTF Develop Generic PV Plant Models NERC IVGTF Recommend National Interconnection Standards PRC-24-1 Draft Requirements for Voltage and Frequency Ride Thru Until National Standards are Set Utility Negotiations are Required 6

7 Outline Modernizing PV Power Plants The Modern Inverter Voltage Support Fault Ride Throughh Active Power Management Battery Storage as a possible solution - Island grids 7

8 Modernizing PV Power Plants - Good News! Modern inverters have the ability to adapt to changing utility requirements Requires Plant Level Inverter Communication and Control Increased transmission network reliability Utility PV plants have demonstrated utility compliance: Reactive Power Support Voltage and Frequency Ride Through Real Power Curtailment 8

9 OASIS Grid Integration Options Reactive Power +/ PF at POI Voltage, Power Factor, or Reactive Power Control Fault Ride-Through Configurable Voltage and Frequency Ride though Windows Active Power Curtailment from 0 to 100% 9

10 Reactive Power Requirements Illustration of Example Reactive Power Requirement at POI Lagging Leading Shaded Area 1 B Reactiv ve Power (Q) [p pu] P < 20 0% P max A ax = 1pu P ma Real Power (P) [pu] 10

11 Example of Test Demonstration Successful test t of reactive power capabilities for SunPower Utility Scale Solar PV Plant Re eal and Reactive Power (pu) Demonstration of Reactive Power Reactive Power (pu) Real Power (pu) Voltage at POI (pu) Demonstrated at range of Power outputs during the morning Reaches Full Reactive Power 7:30 7:40 7:50 8:00 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10 9:20 9:30 Requirements (+/ pf) (pu) Voltage at POI 11

12 Voltage Control (1) Rise in transmission system voltage (2) SunPower PV Plant absorbs reactive power to reduce transmission voltage (3) Transmission voltage returns to setpoint SunPower PV Plant operational in North America with automated voltage control on the transmission system 12

13 Ride Through Example of operational Solar PV Plant riding through a disturbance Voltage and Frequency Ride Through Plant remains online and continues providing power as the grid recovers See: METHODS OF INTEGRATING A HIGH PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT INTO A MICRO GRID, Lars Johnson, 35thIEEE PVSC, Honolulu, Hawaii, June

14 Lanai (Hawaii) 1.2 MW Project Lanai peak net load: 4.7 MW Operational since: December, 2008 Lanai City & Koele Lodge Miko Basin Power Plant PV Plant Manele Hotel 14

15 Lana i PV Power Plant Project Overview Overhead Lines to Miko Basin Power Plant PV Array Inverters 1 4 PV Array Inverters 5 8 PV Array Inverters 9 12 Inverters kV Switchgear Inverters 5 9 Inverters 9 12 Overhead Lines to Manele Bay Hotel

16 Lana i PV Power Plant Each String, 8 Panels in series: Open Circuit Voltage: VDC Short Circuit Current: 3.79A Maximum Power: 3.53A and 442V Inverter: 2 Sub Arrays, 100kW Farm: 12 Inverters, 1.2MW

17 Example of Active Power Curtailment Curtailment Set Point Plant Output Ati Active Power Curtailment t kw) lant Output ( P Utility sets plant output from 150kW to 200kW Ramp rate is 4.3 kw/s Setpoint reduced to 50kW to 200kW :52 13:58 14:04 14:10 14:16 14:22 14:28 14:34 14:40 14:46 See: METHODS OF INTEGRATING A HIGH PENETRATION PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT INTO A MICRO GRID, Johnson R, Johnson L, Nelson L, Lenox C, Stein J. 17

18 Lana i PV Power Plant Single Line Provisions for energy storage system Single Line

19 MECO Control Requirements The PPA signed between LSR and MECO stipulates t several site control features: Curtailment Control Utility provides set point in fairly continuous increments between kW Plant response should be rapid without violating ramp-rates limits Utility receives status indicating achievement of set point Power Factor Control Utility provides set point between 0.95 lagging to 0.98 leading Utility receives status indicating achievement of set point The PV Plant produces and consumes reactive power at utility command Ramp-Rate Limiting Plant output fluctuations need to be limited to 6kW/s during beginning/end g of day and startup and shutdown periods Plant output fluctuations needed to be limited to kw/s at other times

20 Design PV Site Controller - Architecture Grid Operators on Maui control power output and power factor set points from their Areva HMI Data is transmitted Ethernet over a microwave uplink Redundant control is available at Lanai Control Center should communication fail with Maui. Set points pass through to data gateway at PV site Data is transmitted via DNP3 protocol over fiber to the on site data gateway (Orion 5r) Data Gateway (Orion 5r) acts as both master and slave device. It translates set points from DNP3 to modbus and receives set points from PV Site Controller PV Site controller maps set points, status points and process values between Utility SCADA and site devices Data is transmitted via modbus over RS232 and RS485 to PV Site Controller Communication to inverters and other devices is via modbus TCP over fiber and copper

21 Control System Communication Network There are several devices to integrate into the control system From the Utility Data Gateway downward to the PV Site controller, all communication is handled with the open Modbus protocol The Modicon PV Site Controller executes the end device communication and control algorithms

22 SCADA Control of Plant Controller Modes of Operation: Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) Manual Reactive Power (Q) Manual Plant Set point Manual Inverter Set point AVR has sub modes of operation and transitions are automatic Normal Max Reactive Power Limit Morning Ramp Up Evening Ramp Down Failsafe 1 (Comms Loss) Failsafe 2 (Bad Data)

23 In Summary Grid Interconnected PV Power Plant requirements continue to evolve No one answer on PV Utility requirements get to know your utility and ISO Technical solutions exist via modern inverters, plant controllers and battery storage as a potential solution. Shared goal of requirements that promote grid reliability and stability while avoiding market barriers 23

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