Energy Storage Applications. For the Electric Grid

Transcription

1 Energy Storage Applications For the Electric Grid IMRE GYUK, PROGRAM MANAGER ENERGY STORAGE RESEARCH, DOE GE

2 Energy Storage provides Energy when it is needed just as Transmission provides Energy where it is needed

3 Storage links Variable Load with Variable Generation

4 Domains of Power Military Current (A) Consumer Products Hybrid Electric Vehicles Utility Ships Utility 10 1 Aerospace Traction k 10k 100k Voltage (V)

5 DRIVERS FOR THE MODERN GRID: DIGITIZATION OF SOCIETY: INCREASED POWER QUALITY ECOLOGICAL CONCERN: DISPATCHABLE RENEWABLES GROWTH IN ENERGY CONSUMPTION: INCREASED ASSET UTILIZATION *** SECURITY STORAGE CONTRIBUTES TO SOLUTION!

6 Storage Technologies and Regimes of Application A. Nourai

7 POWER QUALITY, VOLTAGE and FREQUENCY REGULATION

8 Ni-Cd Battery for Voltage Support Golden Valley Co-op World s most Powerful Battery 40 MW in Fairbanks, Alaska! In 2006: responded to 82 events preventing 311,000 member outages U.S. Industry Loss from Outages: $79 Billion Short Outages: $52 Billion

9 Grid Frequency Regulation with Fast Storage: Current method to balance constantly shifting load fluctuation is to vary the frequency and periodically adjust generation in response to an ISO signal. Fast storage could respond instantaneously!

10 A flywheel being assembled CEC / DOE PROJECT: Beacon Power 100 kw Flywheel System for Grid Frequency Regulation Design for a 20MW Facility with 100kW flywheels funded by DOE Containerized 7 Flywheel System

11 Regulation by fast storage may be twice as effective than gas turbines and 20 times more effective than steam turbines. (Y. Makarov, PNNL, 1908) Flywheels represent a 70-80% reduction in CO2 emission over present methods (Fioravanti, KEMA, 2007)

12 New Developments: AES tests 2 x 1MW / 15min Altairnano Lithium-Titanate batteries for regulation services. To be deployed in PJM. Integration of new 100kW Beacon Flywheel to be tested on SCE grid in CA in conjunction with Intelligent Agent Technology 1MW / 15 min Flywheel System ready for installation at New York site

13 Regulation can best be effected by fast storage Flywheel or Battery Another, supplemental, option is demand reduction, either by large industrial customers or by smartgrid enabled household appliances After widespread introduction of PHEVs Incidental charging could also contribute

14 FERC Order No. 890, issued in 2007 is intended to promote greater competition in electricity markets, strengthen the reliability of the grid, and allow so-called non-generation resources to participate in regulation markets on a nondiscriminatory basis. What is needed: Permanent market rules that will allow fast storage technologies to provide regulation services based on terms and conditions comparable to those under which other market participants operate. A faster Area Control Signal that allows storage system to utilize their instantaneous response possibly two ACE signals

15 PEAK SHAVING ENERGY MANAGEMENT UPGRADE DEFERRAL

16 100 Peak load 25% higher than 95% load level Load (GW) % Load Level MISO Load Duration Curve Number of Hours Energy Storage will allow increased Asset Utilization for Generation and Transmission thereby reducing the Number of Polluting Peaker Plants

17 FLOW BATTERIES: Power and Energy are separated. Power Depends on the Conversion Cell Energy Depends on the Stored Electrolyte Vanadium Redox Zinc-Bromine

18 CASTLE ROCK, UTAH VRB TANK INSTALLATION Peaking Without Upgrade 209 mile feeder 500kW / 2MWh Vanadium Redox Battery By VRB Power Systems 5 years unmanned Service

19 Charleston, WV Appalachian Power Substation 1.2 MW / 6hr NaS Battery for Substation Support: First Commercial Application in US. Provides Backup during Peak Load Deferred Upgrade for 3 Years Reduces Transformer Heat up Potential Arbitrage Benefits 10K/month AEP / DOE PROJECT Generic Design funded by DOE S&C Power Conditioning System developed with DOE Funding (R&D 100) Commissioned June 26, 2006

20 1MW NaS Battery to Store Off Peak Power NYSERDA / DOE PROJECT: For 1,800HP Natural Gas Compressor in a Long Island NG Refueling Station for 220 Busses Relieves LIPA Peak Load, Eliminates Night Shift at Plant Partnership with NYPA Costshares from NY ISO, TVA, EPRI, Southern, First Energy, ComEd, PSE&G, APPA, LIPA, Hydro Quebec, San Diego G&E Three 600-HP compressors + 1 MW NaS battery

21 Several similar projects coming up: AEP: 3 2MW each (NaS) PG&E: 6 MW (NaS) Duke: 1 MW (ZnBr, Premium Power) Delhi Co-op (NY): 500 kw (Axion, Zebra)...

22 RENEWABLES DISPATCH SMOOTHING, RAMPING, and PEAK SHIFTING

23 Aggressive Renewable Standards: CA 20% by 2010 NV 20% by 2015 NY - 24% by 2013 Kyoto Protocol!!!

24 Such Mandates imply Backup by Standby Fossil Fuel Generation or Sizable Energy Storage Deployment to achieve Grid Stability

25 A little Semantics: Are Renewables intermittent, variable, or flexible? Is Smoothing and Ramping Backup required for Renewables or necessary for grid stability?

26 July 14-Aug.14 Wind fluctuates fast! Condon,Oregon Wind Voltage, 5 minute samples

27 Variable Renewable Generation will increase the Need for Regulation 20% Renewables expected in CA by % Increase in Regulation expected (Hawkins, CA-ISO, 2007)

28 An Urban Legend: Random Fluctuations from geographically diverse sources do not cancel out. Instead: R = sqrt ( (R R 2 2 )/2) Noise + Noise = more Noise

29 It doesn t matter whether Fluctuations come from Load or Generation they still need Regulation! and that can be provided most efficiently by Storage.

30 Wind will ramp up or down very fast! (BPA Data)

31 In Texas on Feb. 26, 2008 Wind Power dropped 1200MW in 10 Minutes. The Disturbance was registered throughout the U.S. and as far as Manitoba! Blackouts were avoided by massive Load shedding by industrial customers.

32 The Wind doesn t blow when you need it! Texas wind is anti-correlated too.

33 Padre Cocha, Peru Load: 300 kwh/day Peak: 42 kw Generator: 100 kw PV: 30 kw peak L/A Gel Battery System: 384 kwh Battery SOC and Generator Power vs. Time of Day RAPS - Community Power System 90.0% Generator and PV Array Power (kw) Generator Power Load kw Battery SOC 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% BSOC % 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 Tim e of Day

34 Diesel / Wind / Battery Hybrid at King Island, Tasmania 1500 kw Diesel 2450 kw Wind 200 kw / 4 hrs VRB Batteries Batteries will: Smooth short term Wind Firm Capacity Load Shift to optimize Diesel Operation Schematic

35 Experience shows that running Diesel Generators at constant Power Output Saves some 20% in Fuel, Decreases Pollution, and Increases Lifetime of the Generator

36 NYSERDA / DOE Project CUNY La Guardia Campus, 100kW PV + 150kW / 2hr Storage Axion Lead / Carbon Battery Intended to provide 250kW Peaking as Part of NYCity 8 MW Solar Target Kickoff Oct. 2, 2008

37 Rokkasho Windfarm in Northern Japan Night Charge Day Discharge Wind Compens. Power Japan Target: 3,000 MW Wind by 2010 Rokkasho: 51 MW Wind 34 MW / 7 hr NaS Storage 24 Hour Advance Planning depending on Wind and Load Forecast

38 Compressed Air Energy Storage CAES Inexpensive Off-Peak Power is used to Compress Air for Storage in Aquifers, Salt Domes or Caverns. On-Peak, Compressed Air is used as Input for Gas Turbine Compressor, increasing Efficiency

39 EXISTING CAES PLANTS: Huntdorf, Germany (290 MW) McIntosh, Alabama. (110 MW)

40 COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE: A DOE/ Iowa Muni Project Glacial Drift Devonian Carbonates Maquoketa Shale Galena Decorah-Platteville St. Peter (Storage Zone) Prairie Du Chein Jordan Eau Clair Sand & Shale Mt. Simon Sandstone 268 MW Aquifer Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) using offpeak Power MW of Wind at play in Iowa. Planned by Iowa Associated Municipal Utilities. Several other CAES projects are under consideration by EPRI and others (PSEG, NYSEG)

41 Energy Storage can: Provide Power Quality and Digital Reliability, Provide Voltage and Frequency Regulation and smooth Renewable Contributions Allow better Asset Utilization of Generation and Transmission Provide Spinning Reserve and Energy Management to Accommodate Renewables Resources

42 IGCC - FC Hybrid, Biomass, Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon FC Wind Bulk Generation Transmission & Distribution Transmission Substation Commercial Residential Distribution Substation Industrial Gensets, Solar, FC, LM Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells (FC), Load Management (LM) Gensets, FC, LM Nourai, AEP Distributed Storage, Distributed Generation, and Distributed Intelligence will be essential for the Grid of the Future

43 Energy Storage is a Disruptive Technology whose Adoption will induce a Paradigm Shift in the Entire Utility Industry!!!

44 RESOURCES EPRI/DOE Energy Storage Handbook ESA (DC, May 09), EESAT (Seattle,Oct. 09)

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