Evaluating and Applying Utility-Scale Energy Storage Part I

Transcription

1 Evaluating and Applying Utility-Scale Energy Storage Part I TechAdvantage Conference and Expo March 5, 2014 Doug Danley, Senior Consultant and Contractor to CRN Doug.Danley@nreca.coop Dale Bradshaw, Senior Consultant and Contractor to CRN Dale.Bradshaw@nreca.coop

2 The Business Case Is Energy Storage Ready to Help Your Co-op Manage Renewables, Demand Response, and Improve T&D Asset Use? 2

3 Quick Snapshot Costs are dramatically dropping Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle (MiEV) 66 mile range 80 MPH Charge at 110 V, 15 amp circuit Faster acceleration than a Corvette Dynamic breaking to recharge 3

4 Energy Storage Technologies 4

5 CRN Energy Storage Research Worked with Sandia National Laboratory, EPRI, DOE to help establish library of energy storage knowledge as the Energy Storage Handbook (on flash drive) CRN has developed a Toolkit Simplifies Sandia Handbook Shows actual value calculations Provides an RFI and RFP process Help co-ops acquire and install batteries. Find the lessons learned, spread the word. 5

6 Energy Storage Breakthroughs Longer Life - 5,000 to 10,000 cycles now possible Costs have decreased by over 50% with multiple value streams now providing payback in less than five years Large battery complexes are being built in >1 MW Acceptable efficiency of 70% or more Multiple value streams are possible Peak shaving Frequency regulation T&D asset deferral Minimize cycling and two-shift damage to fossil plants 6

7 Energy Storage at Electric Cooperatives PowerSouth (McIntosh) CAES (Alabama) OPG Rocky Mountain Pumped Hydro GVEA NiCad (Alaska) KIUC Xtreme (Hawaii) Kodiak Xtreme (Alaska) MVEC Residential Storage (Minnesota) General Compression test at Lea Electric Cooperative (Texas) 7

8 Categories of Energy Storage Systems Scale Bulk storage (transmission / generation) Substation (distribution) Distributed (community / residential storage) Technology Electro-chemical (Li Ion, Xtreme, Flow Batteries) Electro-mechanical (CAES, Thermal-Mechanical, Flywheels, rocks, water) Thermal (controlled water heaters) Ownership Utility (G&T, Distribution co-op) Third party commercial (wind farm, lease, PPA, STEM proposing no money down for energy storage?) Private (commercial, homeowner) 8

9 Storage Evaluations Many companies and technologies choices Wide range of applications Short-duration needs (high current inrush for motor start, frequency regulation, ramp requirement of renewables) Long-duration needs (peak shaving, storing renewables) Focus on your needs and the value streams to your co-op first, the technology choice second 9

10 DOE-NRECA Smart Grid Demonstration Project ENERGY STORAGE The Benefits of Behind-the-Meter Storage We are grateful for the input from GRE, MVEC, Wright Hennepin EC, Federated, Meeker, Silent Power, and Steffes Corporation 10

11 DOE/NRECA SGDP Silent Power Valve Regulated Lead Acid Batteries 4.6 kw and 9.2 kw VRLA batteries with 11.8 kwh and 23.6 kwh if discharged over 20 hours 30 milliseconds response Wired to critical circuits Solar PV is self commutated 11

12 Statement of the Problem and Co-op Need for Energy Storage Load Serving Entities (LSE s) need Low-cost (lower than current demand charges) methods to trim peaks Dispatchable and controllable technologies Low Cost back up power for Grid Resiliency Increase electric loads during the off-peak hours ( valley filling ). Generation and Transmission (G&T s) electric cooperatives in wholesale markets need low-cost methods to provide fast frequency response for wholesale markets. low cost synchronous spinning reserves 12

13 Description of the Work Done in the Project 16 of 18 Silent Power (SP) battery storage appliances have been installed in the field at WHEC, MVEC, Federated, and Meeker electric cooperatives Provide peak shave of peak demand Valley Filling Back up power and improve grid resiliency Share SP inverter with Solar PV Great River Energy (GRE) G&T deployed 10 hot water heaters with Steffes Corporation Grid interactive Energy Thermal Storage or the GETS system. Demand-side management Fast response frequency regulation systems during off peak recharge times (11 pm to 7 am) 13

14 Analysis of the SP Batteries SP monitoring of the 16 units in service Nine are considered in good condition and are given a green status Five batteries are given a yellow status as the batteries are reporting a State Of Charge or SOC of 80% or lower Two are in a red status and ready for replacement One SP unit inverter integrated with a Solar PV (shared inverter) SP units used to provide back up power to critical circuits 14

15 Installation Details Co-op kw Rating Solar? Location MVEC 4.6 Yes Residential member location MVEC 9.2 No Residential member location MVEC 9.2 No MVEC Headquarters MVEC 4.6 No MVEC Headquarters MVEC 4.6 No MVEC Headquarters Federated 4.6 No Federated Headquarters Meeker 4.6 No Meeker Headquarters Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No WHEC Headquarters-Energy Park Wright-Hennepin 94.6 No WHEC Headquarters-Commercial Building Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 9.2 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No TBD Wright-Hennepin 9.2 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No TBD Wright-Hennepin 4.6 No Residential member location Wright-Hennepin 9.2 No Residential member location 15

16 Lead Acid Cycle Lifetime vs. Depth of Discharge (DOD) 16

17 The Analysis of GETS Steffes Corporation dynamically provides fast response frequency regulation for all 10 hot water heaters from 11 PM until 7 AM during the hot water heater recharge time interval in response to a signal. Fast frequency response provided: With load response Latency of 4 to 6 seconds Reporting Latency of 90 seconds Reporting Latency to be reduced to 10 seconds 17

18 Results Obtained GETS System Successful in providing valley filling during off peak periods while also providing frequency regulation The MISO market does not currently pay for performance for fast response frequency regulation in accordance with FERC order 755. PJM RTO market prices provide 11 year payback, 6 % ROI Reporting the latency of 90 seconds now but soon to be 10 seconds 18

19 Results Obtained GETS System Silent Power advanced lead acid battery storage used 5 to 8 times a month for small residential and commercial load management (peak shave) Wright Hennepin EC used for two hours and <50% DOD MVEC used for one hour and <80% DOD Used during outages for back-up power for critical circuits Over time MVEC noticed 30% capacity derate Steffes Corporation GETS system Successful in providing fast response frequency regulation during off peak period but No payback possible The cost of the system is > 2 X s too high and The MISO market does not currently pay for performance for fast response frequency regulation in accordance with FERC order

20 Advances in Energy Storage Technology Note that sealed battery systems have difficulty achieving low cost for long discharge applications except for the possibility of EOS energy storage Zynth hybrid. Zinc air cathode battery 20

21 Aquion Energy Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI ) 1.7 kwh modules, 48 V, >5000 cycles at 100% DOD, Low Cost?, 3 X1 X1, 85% AC to AC, Mn is cheap at $1000/T 21

22 Aquion Energy Aqueous Hybrid Ion (AHI ) Current Internal Demos 500 MWH manufacturing facility is being built in southwest Pennsylvania to be operational by the end of Spinoff technology from Carnegie Melon University 22

23 AMBRI Liquid Metal Battery Two liquid metal electrodes separated by a molten salt electrolyte that self-segregate into three layers based upon density and immiscibility Cycle life >1000 cycles? >200C T 70% to 80% AC to AC efficiency for 5 to 7 C/D Low cost? Antimony (Sb) is expensive, at $10,000 per ton while magnesium (Mg) is relatively cheap at $2000 per ton 23

24 AMBRI Commercialization Plans 24

25 Xtreme Power Battery Energy Storage Ability to pair different battery chemistries such as dry cell, Li ion and others with a variety of PCS to power ratings to add or decrease power and duration Ensures each system is designed to best suit its application. Bankrupt? 25

26 Xtreme Power Battery Energy Storage at Co-ops 26

27 Xtreme Power Battery Energy Storage at Co-ops 27

28 Deka UltraBattery Hybrid of a Asymmetric Super capacitor and a Lead Acid Cell 28

29 UltraBattery - Highly Efficient Partial States of Charge Batteries for PJM are used for frequency regulation and provide about 3 MW, and Batteries for PNM provide 500 KW DCE of power smoothing and 250 kw DCE of peak shaving. 29

30 Sun Catalytix Coordination Chemistry Flow Battery (CCFB) 30

31 Sun Catalytix Coordination Chemistry Flow Battery (CCFB) 31

32 Sodium Sulfur Battery Attributes Attribute Capital cost Roundtrip efficiency Lifetime in Cycle Life Rating Fair at >$500/kW 75% to 80% Estimated 3,000 deep cycles Need for a Back up Gas or Oil Fired Generator NAS operates at high temperatures is very flammable and highly corrosive. At least three fires have been reported in the last five years. 32

33 EOS Energy Storage (Zinc Air) rechargeable zinc hybrid cathode battery technology 33

34 EOS Energy Storage (Zinc Air) rechargeable zinc hybrid cathode battery technology 34

35 Kotzebue Electric Association (KEA) Zinc Bromide Demonstration 35

36 PPC Adding Electrolyte at KEA Site 36

37 Premium Power Corporation (PPC) TransFlow (Zinc Bromide) 500 kw, 7.4 hours and 3.8 MW-hr ~$1 million Current AC to AC efficiency is about 67%. The zinc bromide flow battery is now configured into four 20' x 20' containers with flow cells and a 20 x 20' container with the PCS 37

38 Primus Power Zinc Bromide Improvements 38

39 Primus Power Zinc Bromide 39

40 Primus Power Zn/Br Flow Battery vs. Natural Gas Reciprocating Engine 40

41 Redflow ZnBr flow battery Power+BOS unit (5kW/20kWh) Grid+BOS unit (3kW/10kWh) Multiple units deployed on a single feeder work together On-board remote communications and control system Units use RedFlow s ZBM zinc-bromine battery Price of about $3000/kW for 200 kw and 2 hour battery, 75% AC to AC, >1000 cycles 100% DOD with 150 units in the field 41

42 42

43 Operational Safety PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and proper, documented maintenance procedures For example, GVEA isolates a string and does maintenance on one string at a time. Chemical response kits readily available Proper monitoring and dedicated response plan in case of faults, emergencies It helps to catch it early and know what to do Training, Training, Training it must be part of the culture! 43

44 Grid Safety Adherence to IEE 1547, appropriate UL listings, NEC, NESC and other standards GIS integration as energy storage systems become more common, it is important to know where they are. Documented procedures (lockouts, etc.) for outage events 44

45 Fire Safety Consider whether it is better to put a large system inside a warehouse type structure, or install as smaller, individual modules. Fixed Extinguishing Systems Are they appropriate for the planned facility? Easier for containerized vs. warehouse systems Need to address both electrical and chemical fires Know what type of fire will occur Different procedures for electrochemical and electro-mechanical systems Delta Class (combustible metal) fires are more difficult than simple structure fires 45

46 Fire Safety (continued) Consider what is downwind of the site. What would the effect of a fire with potentially noxious fumes be? Work with the local fire authorities in advance to make sure they understand what is installed, and what plans have been developed to deal with fire emergencies. 46

47 General Compression Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (ICAES) Attribute Capital cost Round-trip efficiency Lifetime in Cycle Life Rating Excellent at $1000/kW for 10 hours and $2 to $5/kW-hr 60% now at 2 MW 75% future at 10 MW No known limitation in cycle life 2 MW GC Isothermal CAES demo in Gaines County, Texas undergoing test protocols 47

48 General Compression Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage (ICAES) 48

49 Texas Dispatchable Wind Project - Gaines County, TX Everything is bigger in Texas! 49

50 Texas Dispatchable Wind Project - Gaines County, TX Everything is bigger in Texas! 50

51 Texas Dispatchable Wind Project - Gaines County, TX Everything is bigger in Texas! 51

52 GC ICAES 100 MW Reference Design 52

53 ICAES Geologic Locations Relative to Class IV Wind Resources (in Blue) 53

54 Possible Risks and Cautions Technologies are changing rapidly, so difficult to pick a winner Promising technologies can fail due to corporation failings If Energy Storage is sited for delaying T&D assets, it must be mobile to prevent being stranded in the future. 54

55 Evaluating and Applying Utility-Scale Energy Storage Part I Questions? Doug Danley Doug.Danley@nreca.coop Dale Bradshaw Dale.Bradshaw@nreca.coop