Power Electronics and Power Systems

Transcription

1 Power Electronics and Power Systems For further volumes:

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3 Rodrigo Garcia-Valle João A. Peças Lopes Editors Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks

4 Editors Rodrigo Garcia-Valle Electrical Engineering Department, Technical University of Denmark Electrovej Building 325 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark João A. Peças Lopes Campus da FEUP INESC TEC Porto, Portugal ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface The need to largely reduce the amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the coming years all over the world requires a large effort in decarbonising the economy. One of the sectors most in need of this effort is the transportation sector. In fact, only a large reduction of CO 2 emissions in this sector will allow coping effectively with this problem. There are two ways to perform it (1) by increasing the amount of biofuels to be used by Internal Combustion Motors or (2) by making a shift towards electromobility. However, this shift towards the electrification of the transportation sector can only be well succeeded if one increases simultaneously the proportion of non-co 2 -emitting power generation technologies, namely renewable based power sources. European Union (EU) is developing a large effort on these matters. In fact, the energy-related targets set by EU policy require careful examination of potential solutions for the integration of renewable energy sources to meet the electricity demand. On the other side, the expected growing energy demand resulting from the introduction of electric-powered cars needs the development of innovative concepts to exploit the variable power supply. The application of dynamic techniques for prediction of electricity supply and demand, including electricity prices in the market, is expected to support the optimisation of the grid balance. The European wind markets predict an installed capacity that would provide 14 % of the electricity consumption in Today in Denmark and Portugal, the wind power accounts for more than 20 % of the power production. However, the variable character of this renewable power supply imposes special requirements on the whole system, including the future adoption of active load management and storage. Several recent research projects and studies indicate that the battery capacity of electric cars could contribute to obtain an efficient way of dealing with the variable power supply from wind plants. Also the relative static grid system will have to become intelligent in order to deal with the future electricity supply and demand. Utilities will have to integrate large-scale renewable power technologies as core parts of their long-term generation strategies. In parallel electric cars may ease the integration of renewable energies in the electricity networks and markets since they are very flexible loads and will be therefore most suited to provide balancing services to the grids. This book aims at v

6 vi Preface establishing a state of the art and at identifying the needed solutions to support a massive integration of electricity consuming cars in our society. The book includes some material from the EU-funded project MERGE (Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity) and from the Danish EDISON project (Electric vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable energy and Open Networks). This book was inspired by the two courses held under the EES-UETP (Electric Energy Systems University Enterprise Training Partnership) umbrella, in 2010 and 2011, in Denmark and Portugal, respectively. This book encompasses nine chapters written by leading researchers and professionals from industry and academia who have a vast experience within this field. Chapter 1 is the introductory part and gives an overview about the state of the art of this technology. Chapter 2 describes the battery technology, including the modelling and performance of these devices for electric vehicle applications. Chapter 3 demonstrates the influence of electric vehicle charging and its impact on the daily load consumption. The developed methodology may be used for new business models and management architectures for electric vehicle grid integration as further described in Chaps. 4 and 8, respectively. Chapter 4 discusses different business models and control management architectures. The fuelling functions of an electric vehicle, how they influence the design of the electric vehicle and their grid connection infrastructure as enablers and limiters to the possible business models are mentioned. The comparison among three large electric vehicle integration projects is presented. Chapter 5 shows up-to-date smart grid communication methods and related standardisation work for electric vehicle integration into modern power networks. A very extensive description of the information and communications technology solutions to incorporate electric vehicles is provided. In Chaps. 6 and 7, steady state and dynamic behaviour advanced models, simulation tools and results for electric vehicle power system integration are presented. These chapters focus mainly on the development of different approaches and strategies to explain several important issues within this particular topic such as creation of load scenarios to evaluate electric vehicle grid impact, identification of charging management strategies for electric vehicle high controllability, identification of feasible electric vehicle penetration, feasibility of having electric vehicle participation in frequency control and electric vehicle contribution for the automatic generation control (AGC) to enable a higher renewable energy penetration into the electric system. Chapter 8 gives a tutorial overview of the main regulatory issues of integrating electric vehicles into modern power networks, with more emphasis on the general role allocation and usual distribution of crucial functions. It describes and proposes a conceptual regulatory framework for various charging modes, such as home charging, public charging on streets and dedicated charging stations, giving justification for the development of two new entities as intermediary facilitators of the final service.

7 Preface vii Chapter 9 illustrates the development of electric vehicle adoption from its very first steps to the numerous electric vehicle projects and activities around the world. The actual electric vehicle availability and the different electric vehicle manufactures are shown in this chapter with authentic photographs for the different electric vehicle technologies.

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9 Acknowledgments The editors would like to acknowledge all the different people involved in the creation of this manuscript, M. A. Pai for his encouragement to the realisation of this volume and Allison Michael from Springer US for her assistance and constant feedback during all this period. Special thanks must be given to the all contributors for their effort, great work and time spent to make this book a success. ix

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11 Contents 1 State of the Art on Different Types of Electric Vehicles... 1 F.J. Soares, P.M. Rocha Almeida, João A. Peças Lopes, Rodrigo Garcia-Valle, and Francesco Marra 2 Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies Kwo Young, Caisheng Wang, Le Yi Wang, and Kai Strunz 3 The Impact of EV Charging on the System Demand N. Hatziargyriou, E.L. Karfopoulos, and K. Tsatsakis 4 Business Models and Control and Management Architectures for EV Electrical Grid Integration Willett Kempton, F. Marra, P.B. Andersen, and Rodrigo Garcia-Valle 5 ICT Solutions to Support EV Deployment Anders Bro Pedersen, Bach Andersen, Joachim Skov Johansen, David Rua, José Ruela, and João A. Peças Lopes 6 Advanced Models and Simulation Tools to Address Electric Vehicle Power System Integration (Steady-State and Dynamic Behavior) F.J. Soares, P.M. Rocha Almeida, and João A. Peças Lopes 7 Impacts of Large-Scale Deployment of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Power System P.M. Rocha Almeida, F.J. Soares, and João A. Peças Lopes 8 Regulatory Framework and Business Models Integrating EVs in Power Systems Ilan Momber, TomásGómez, and Michel Rivier 9 Electrical Vehicles Activities Around the World Gerd Schauer and Rodrigo Garcia-Valle Index xi